A Plant-Based Meal Increases Gastrointestinal Hormones and Satiety More Than an Energy- and Macronutrient-Matched Processed-Meat Meal in T2D, Obese, and Healthy Men: A Three-Group Randomized Crossover Study

Gastrointestinal hormones are involved in regulation of glucose metabolism and satiety. We tested the acute effect of meal composition on these hormones in three population groups. A randomized crossover design was used to examine the effects of two energy- and macronutrient-matched meals: a processed-meat and cheese (M-meal) and a vegan meal with tofu (V-meal) on gastrointestinal hormones, and satiety in men with type 2 diabetes (T2D, n = 20), obese men (O, n = 20), and healthy men (H, n = 20). Plasma concentrations of glucagon-like peptide -1 (GLP-1), amylin, and peptide YY (PYY) were determined at 0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min. Visual analogue scale was used to assess satiety. We used repeated-measures Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for statistical analysis. Postprandial secretion of GLP-1 increased after the V-meal in T2D (by 30.5%; 95%CI 21.2 to 40.7%; p < 0.001) and H (by 15.8%; 95%CI 8.6 to 23.5%; p = 0.01). Postprandial plasma concentrations of amylin increased in in all groups after the V-meal: by 15.7% in T2D (95%CI 11.8 to 19.6%; p < 0.001); by 11.5% in O (95%CI 7.8 to 15.3%; p = 0.03); and by 13.8% in H (95%CI 8.4 to 19.5%; p < 0.001). An increase in postprandial values of PYY after the V-meal was significant only in H (by 18.9%; 95%CI 7.5 to 31.3%; p = 0.03). Satiety was greater in all participants after the V-meal: by 9% in T2D (95%CI 4.4 to 13.6%; p = 0.004); by 18.7% in O (95%CI 12.8 to 24.6%; p < 0.001); and by 25% in H (95%CI 18.2 to 31.7%; p < 0.001). Our results indicate there is an increase in gut hormones and satiety, following consumption of a single plant-based meal with tofu when compared with an energy- and macronutrient-matched processed-meat meat and cheese meal, in healthy, obese and diabetic men.

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Short-term treatment with olanzapine does not modulate gut hormone secretion: olanzapine disintegrating versus standard tablets

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje-09-0433 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 162 (1) ◽

pp. 75-83 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Solrun Vidarsdottir ◽

Ferdinand Roelfsema ◽

Trea Streefland ◽

Jens J Holst ◽

Jens F Rehfeld ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Peptide Yy ◽

Hormone Secretion ◽

Gut Hormones ◽

Term Treatment ◽

Short Term ◽

Short Term Treatment ◽

Healthy Men ◽

Gut Hormone ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide 1

BackgroundTreatment with olanzapine (atypical antipsychotic drug) is frequently associated with various metabolic anomalies, including obesity, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. Recent data suggest that olanzapine orally disintegrating tablets (ODT), which dissolve instantaneously in the mouth, might cause less weight gain than olanzapine standard oral tablets (OST).Design and methodsTen healthy men received olanzapine ODT (10 mg o.d., 8 days), olanzapine OST (10 mg o.d., 8 days), or no intervention in a randomized crossover design. At breakfast and dinner, blood samples were taken for measurement of pancreatic polypeptide, peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide-1, total glucagon, total ghrelin, and cholecystokinin (CCK) concentrations.ResultsWith the exception of pre- and postprandial concentration of ghrelin at dinner and preprandial CCK concentrations at breakfast, which were all slightly increased (respectivelyP=0.048,P=0.034 andP=0.042), olanzapine did not affect gut hormone concentrations. Thus, olanzapine ODT and OST had similar effects on gut hormone secretion.ConclusionShort-term treatment with olanzapine does not have major impact on the plasma concentration of gut hormones we measured in healthy men. Moreover, despite pharmacological difference, gut hormone concentrations are similar during treatment with olanzapine ODT and OST. The capacity of olanzapine to induce weight gain and diabetes is unlikely to be caused by modulation of the secretion of gut hormones measured here. We cannot exclude the possibility that olanzapine's impact on other gut hormones, to impair insulin sensitivity and stimulate weight gain, exists.

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The Effect of Multidisciplinary Lifestyle Intervention on the Pre- and Postprandial Plasma Gut Peptide Concentrations in Children with Obesity

ISRN Endocrinology ◽

10.5402/2011/353756 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rimke C. Vos ◽

Hanno Pijl ◽

Jan M. Wit ◽

Erik W. van Zwet ◽

Chris van der Bent ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Peptide Yy ◽

Multidisciplinary Treatment ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Gut Hormones ◽

Obese Children ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽

Treatment Of Obesity ◽

Ghrelin Secretion

Objective. This study aims to evaluate the effect of a multidisciplinary treatment of obesity on plasma concentrations of several gut hormones in fasting condition and in response to a mixed meal in children. Methods. Complete data were available from 36 obese children (age 13.3±2.0 yr). At baseline and after the 3-month multidisciplinary treatment, fasting and postprandial blood samples were taken for glucose, insulin, ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Results. BMI-SDS was significantly reduced by multidisciplinary treatment (from 4.2±0.7 to 4.0±0.9, P<.01). The intervention significantly increased the area under the curve (AUC) of ghrelin (from 92.3±18.3 to 97.9±18.2 pg/L, P<.01), but no significant changes were found for PYY or GLP-1 concentrations (in fasting or postprandial condition). The insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) remained unchanged as well. Conclusion. Intensive multidisciplinary treatment induced moderate weight loss and increased ghrelin secretion, but serum PYY and GLP-1 concentrations and insulin sensitivity remained unchanged.

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Sir David Cuthbertson Medal Lecture Bariatric surgery as a model to study appetite control

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665109001256 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 68 (3) ◽

pp. 227-233 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Marco Bueter ◽

Carel W. le Roux

Keyword(s):

Bariatric Surgery ◽

Peptide Yy ◽

Gastrointestinal Hormones ◽

Gut Hormones ◽

Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide ◽

Appetite Regulation ◽

Appetite Control ◽

Obesity Epidemic ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽

Underlying Mechanisms

The obesity epidemic and its associated morbidity and mortality have led to major research efforts to identify mechanisms that regulate appetite. Gut hormones have recently been found to be an important element in appetite regulation as a result of the signals from the periphery to the brain. Candidate hormones include ghrelin, peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide-1 and gastric inhibitory polypeptide, all of which are currently being investigated as potential obesity treatments. Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective therapy for substantial and sustained weight loss. Understanding how levels of gut hormones are modulated by such procedures has greatly contributed to the comprehension of the underlying mechanisms of appetite and obesity. The present paper is a review of how appetite and levels of gastrointestinal hormones are altered after bariatric surgery. Basic principles of common bariatric procedures and potential mechanisms for appetite regulation by gut hormones are also addressed.

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Neurotensin Is Coexpressed, Coreleased, and Acts Together With GLP-1 and PYY in Enteroendocrine Control of Metabolism

Endocrinology ◽

10.1210/en.2015-1600 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 157 (1) ◽

pp. 176-194 ◽

Cited By ~ 75

Author(s):

Kaare V. Grunddal ◽

Cecilia F. Ratner ◽

Berit Svendsen ◽

Felix Sommer ◽

Maja S. Engelstoft ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Peptide Yy ◽

Secretory Granules ◽

Gut Hormones ◽

Distal Small Intestine ◽

Cell Ablation ◽

Target Organs ◽

Gut Hormone ◽

Toxin Receptor ◽

Functional Consequences ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide 1

Abstract The 2 gut hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) are well known to be coexpressed, costored, and released together to coact in the control of key metabolic target organs. However, recently, it became clear that several other gut hormones can be coexpressed in the intestinal-specific lineage of enteroendocrine cells. Here, we focus on the anatomical and functional consequences of the coexpression of neurotensin with GLP-1 and PYY in the distal small intestine. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, laser capture, and triple staining demonstrated that GLP-1 cells in the crypts become increasingly multihormonal, ie, coexpressing PYY and neurotensin as they move up the villus. Proglucagon promoter and pertussis toxin receptor-driven cell ablation and reappearance studies indicated that although all the cells die, the GLP-1 cells reappear more quickly than PYY- and neurotensin-positive cells. High-resolution confocal fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that neurotensin is stored in secretory granules distinct from GLP-1 and PYY storing granules. Nevertheless, the 3 peptides were cosecreted from both perfused small intestines and colonic crypt cultures in response to a series of metabolite, neuropeptide, and hormonal stimuli. Importantly, neurotensin acts synergistically, ie, more than additively together with GLP-1 and PYY to decrease palatable food intake and inhibit gastric emptying, but affects glucose homeostasis in a more complex manner. Thus, neurotensin is a major gut hormone deeply integrated with GLP-1 and PYY, which should be taken into account when exploiting the enteroendocrine regulation of metabolism pharmacologically.

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Differences in the Postprandial Release of Appetite-Related Hormones Between Active and Inactive Men

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0303 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (6) ◽

pp. 602-610

Author(s):

Linn Bøhler ◽

Sílvia Ribeiro Coutinho ◽

Jens F. Rehfeld ◽

Linda Morgan ◽

Catia Martins

Keyword(s):

Plasma Concentration ◽

Peptide Yy ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Random Order ◽

High Energy ◽

Low Energy ◽

Adult Males ◽

Appetite Control ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide 1

Active, as opposed to inactive, individuals are able to adjust their energy intake after preloads of different energy contents. The mechanisms responsible for this remain unknown. This study examined differences in plasma concentration of appetite-related hormones in response to breakfasts of different energy contents, between active and inactive men. Sixteen healthy nonobese (body mass index = 18.5–27 kg/m2) adult males (nine active and seven inactive) participated in this study. Participants were given a high-energy (570 kcal) or a low-energy (205 kcal) breakfast in a random order. Subjective feelings of appetite and plasma concentrations of active ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide-1, total peptide YY (PYY), cholecystokinin, and insulin were measured in fasting and every 30 min up to 2.5 hr, in response to both breakfasts. Mixed analysis of variance (fat mass [in percentage] as a covariate) revealed a higher concentration of active ghrelin and lower concentration of glucagon-like peptide-1, and cholecystokinin after the low-energy breakfast (p < .001 for all). Postprandial concentration of PYY was greater after the high energy compared with the low energy, but for inactive participants only (p = .014). Active participants had lower postprandial concentrations of insulin than inactive participants (p < .001). Differences in postprandial insulin between breakfasts were significantly lower in active compared with inactive participants (p < .001). Physical activity seems to modulate the postprandial plasma concentration of insulin and PYY after the intake of breakfasts of different energy contents, and that may contribute, at least partially, to the differences in short-term appetite control between active and inactive individuals.

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DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF BILE ACIDS ON THE POST-PRANDIAL SECRETION OF GUT HORMONES: a randomised crossover study

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00580.2020 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Emma Rose McGlone ◽

Khalefah Malallah ◽

Joyceline Cuenco ◽

Nicolai J. Wewer Albrechtsen ◽

Jens J. Holst ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bile Acids ◽

Peptide Yy ◽

Gut Hormones ◽

Mixed Meal ◽

Gut Hormone ◽

Mixed Meal Test ◽

Hormone Responses ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽

Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 ◽

Insulinotropic Peptide

AIMS Bile acids (BA) regulate post-prandial metabolism directly and indirectly by affecting the secretion of gut hormones like glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). The post-prandial effects of BA on the secretion of other metabolically active hormones are not well understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of oral ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) on post-prandial secretion of GLP-1, oxyntomodulin (OXM), peptide YY (PYY), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), glucagon and ghrelin. METHODS Twelve healthy volunteers underwent a mixed meal test 60 minutes after ingestion of UDCA (12-16 mg/kg), CDCA (13-16 mg/kg) or no BA in a randomised cross-over study. Glucose, insulin, GLP-1, OXM, PYY, GIP, glucagon, ghrelin and fibroblast growth factor 19 were measured prior to BA administration at -60, 0 (just prior to mixed meal) and 15, 30, 60, 120, 180 and 240 minutes after the meal. RESULTS UDCA and CDCA provoked differential gut hormone responses: UDCA did not have any significant effects, but CDCA provoked significant increases in GLP-1 and OXM and a profound reduction in GIP. CDCA increased fasting GLP-1 and OXM secretion in parallel with an increase in insulin. On the other hand, CDCA reduced post-prandial secretion of GIP, with an associated reduction in post-prandial insulin secretion. CONCLUSIONS Exogenous CDCA can exert multiple salutary effects on the secretion of gut hormones; if these effects are confirmedin obesity and type 2 diabetes, CDCA may be a potential therapy for these conditions.

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Gut microbiome, metabolic syndrome, and atherosclerosis

ESC CardioMed ◽

10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0263 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 1082-1085

Author(s):

Eduard F. Stange

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Peptide Yy ◽

Endocannabinoid System ◽

Gut Hormones ◽

Adenosine Monophosphate ◽

Farnesoid X Receptor ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽

G Protein Coupled ◽

Definite Role

The link between the gut microbiome and metabolic syndrome is complicated and reaches far beyond energy conservation from dietary fibre through bacterial glycosidases. Involved mechanisms include fasting-induced adipose factor affecting lipoprotein lipase, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase regulating lipogenesis, and G protein-coupled receptors acting through the gut hormones peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1. In addition, farnesoid X receptor via ceramide secretion as well as the endocannabinoid system may induce obesity. Finally, there appears to be a definite role for gut bacteria-induced chronic (subclinical) inflammation. This state of metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and obesity clearly is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis.

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MON-589 Studying Mechanisms of Satiety in the Human Ileum and Colon

Journal of the Endocrine Society ◽

10.1210/jendso/bvaa046.1480 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Anya Ramgulam ◽

Martina Tashkova ◽

Maeve O’Driscoll ◽

Georgia Franco Becker ◽

Hannah Stephens ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Glucose Homeostasis ◽

Peptide Yy ◽

Gut Hormones ◽

16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Gut Contents ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Clinical Research Facility ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽

Rrna Gene Sequencing

Abstract Background The gut-brain axis plays important roles in the regulation of appetite and glucose homeostasis. The presence of nutrients and their digestive products in specific regions of the gastrointestinal tract modulates neuronal and hormonal signalling, including the release of the appetite-suppressing gut hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY). While there has been significant research into the upper gut mechanisms behind satiation, i.e. the termination of meal, the role of the ileum and colon in satiety, i.e. the process which delays a subsequent meal, has been relatively little investigated, particularly in humans. Methods Ten healthy volunteers attended our Clinical Research Facility for two visits of four days each. At each visit they had either a nasoileal or a nasocolonic tube inserted under fluoroscopy. They were then provided a diet rich in protein and fibre to promote satiety. Gut contents and blood samples were taken before and during test meals at the start and end of the visit, and visual analogue scales were used to measure subjective feelings of appetite. Metabonomic analysis of gut fluid was carried out using a combination of in-house NMR and LC-MS-based methods. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to investigate effects on the colonic microbiome. Circulating levels of glucose, the gut hormones GLP-1 and PYY, and the pancreatic hormones insulin and glucagon were measured. Results and discussion The test meals resulted in sustained suppression of appetite and release of GLP-1 and PYY. Ileal and colonic microbial profiles were distinct from those identified in stool samples, and changed with adaptation to the high protein and fibre diet. Integrating hormonal, metabonomic and bacterial datasets from these human studies gives insight into how nutrient and metabolite sensing in the gastrointestinal tract regulates appetite and glucose homeostasis, and may suggest novel therapeutic targets for metabolic disease.

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Plant-rich mixed meals based on Palaeolithic diet principles have a dramatic impact on incretin, peptide YY and satiety response, but show little effect on glucose and insulin homeostasis: an acute-effects randomised study

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114514004012 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 113 (4) ◽

pp. 574-584 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

H. Frances J. Bligh ◽

Ian F. Godsland ◽

Gary Frost ◽

Karl J. Hunter ◽

Peter Murray ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Peptide Yy ◽

Blood Glucose Control ◽

Gut Hormones ◽

Acute Effects ◽

Randomised Study ◽

Satiety Response ◽

Gut Hormone ◽

Palaeolithic Diet ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽

Few Data

There is evidence for health benefits from ‘Palaeolithic’ diets; however, there are a few data on the acute effects of rationally designed Palaeolithic-type meals. In the present study, we used Palaeolithic diet principles to construct meals comprising readily available ingredients: fish and a variety of plants, selected to be rich in fibre and phyto-nutrients. We investigated the acute effects of two Palaeolithic-type meals (PAL 1 and PAL 2) and a reference meal based on WHO guidelines (REF), on blood glucose control, gut hormone responses and appetite regulation. Using a randomised cross-over trial design, healthy subjects were given three meals on separate occasions. PAL2 and REF were matched for energy, protein, fat and carbohydrates; PAL1 contained more protein and energy. Plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and peptide YY (PYY) concentrations were measured over a period of 180 min. Satiation was assessed using electronic visual analogue scale (EVAS) scores. GLP-1 and PYY concentrations were significantly increased across 180 min for both PAL1 (P= 0·001 and P< 0·001) and PAL2 (P= 0·011 and P= 0·003) compared with the REF. Concomitant EVAS scores showed increased satiety. By contrast, GIP concentration was significantly suppressed. Positive incremental AUC over 120 min for glucose and insulin did not differ between the meals. Consumption of meals based on Palaeolithic diet principles resulted in significant increases in incretin and anorectic gut hormones and increased perceived satiety. Surprisingly, this was independent of the energy or protein content of the meal and therefore suggests potential benefits for reduced risk of obesity.

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Gastrointestinal Hormones Manipulation to Counteract Metabolic Syndrome Using Duodenal Targeted Embolization

Surgical Innovation ◽

10.1177/1553350619838098 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 280-292 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Raoul Pop ◽

Seong-Ho Kong ◽

Allan Langlois ◽

Francesco Marchegiani ◽

Eran Shlomovitz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glucose Transporter ◽

Peptide Yy ◽

Gastrointestinal Hormones ◽

Significant Drop ◽

Glucose Transporter 2 ◽

Group A ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽

Group B ◽

Insulinotropic Peptide ◽

The Impact

Purpose. Targeted embolization of gastrointestinal (GI) arteries can modify hormonal production. We aimed to evaluate the impact of the embolization of the gastroduodenal artery (GDA) on the activity of foregut mucosa. Methods. The GDA’s duodenal branch was embolized in 12 Yucatan pigs using 100-300 µm (group A; n = 4) or 300-500 µm (group B; n = 4) microspheres, followed by coiling of the branch. In 4 animals (sham), only saline was injected. The levels of GI hormones (ghrelin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide [GIP], glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1], insulin, peptide YY [PYY], leptin) and the gene expression of sodium-glucose–linked transporter-1 (SGLT-1) and glucose transporter-2 (GLUT-2) were assessed before (T0), 1 hour (T1), 1 month (T2), 3 months (T3), and 6 months (T4) after embolization. Results. In group A, a segmental duodenal stenosis occurred in all cases, which required balloon dilatation. There was a significant drop in the baseline glycemia in group A at T1 and T4 versus sham. Ghrelin was reduced in group A versus baseline and versus group B at T2 and T3 and versus sham at T1 and T3. Insulin was significantly lower in group A versus B at T1 and at T4 but not versus sham. SGLT-1 expression increased in B and sham at T4, while it remained stable in group A. GLUT-2 expression increased in sham at T4 but not in A or B. Conclusions. GDA embolization induced a decrease in ghrelin production and influenced expression of glucose carriers in the foregut mucosa.

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