Prevalence and Associated Factors of Caesarean Section and its Impact on Early Initiation of Breastfeeding in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the early initiation of breastfeeding. Research shows that factors such as mode of delivery may interfere with the early initiation of breastfeeding. However, data in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) on these findings is limited. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of caesarean sections (CSs) and evaluate their effect on breastfeeding initiation among mothers of children under the age of two years in Abu Dhabi. Data were collected in clinical and non-clinical settings across various geographical areas in Abu Dhabi during 2017 using consent and structured questionnaires for interviews with mothers. Data analysis included both descriptive and inferential statistics. Among the 1624 participants, one-third (30.2%) reportedly delivered by CS, of which 71.1% were planned, while 28.9% were emergency CS. More than half of all mothers (62.5%) initiated early breastfeeding. Multivariable logistic regression indicated factors that were associated positively with CS included advanced maternal age, nationality, and obesity. However, gestational age (GA) was negatively associated with CS. This study shows that the prevalence of CS is high in Abu Dhabi, UAE. CS is associated with lower early initiation rates of breastfeeding. The early initiation rates of breastfeeding were 804 (79.2%) 95% confidence interval (CI) (76.4, 82.0), 162 (16.0%) 95% CI (10.4, 21.6), and 49 (4.8%) 95% CI (1.2, 10.8) among vaginal delivery, planned CS, and emergency CS, respectively. Regarding the mode of delivery, vaginal were 2.78 (Adjusted Odd Ratio (AOR)): CI (95%), (2.17–3.56, p < 0.001) times more likely related to an early initiation of breastfeeding. CS in general, and emergency CS, was the main risk factor for the delayed initiation of breastfeeding. The study provides valuable information to develop appropriate strategies to reduce the CS rate in UAE. Maternal literacy on CS choices, the importance of breastfeeding for child health, and additional guidance for mothers and their families are necessary to achieve better breastfeeding outcomes.

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Risk Factors Associated with Initiation of Breastfeeding among Mothers with Low Birth Weight Babies: A Cross-Sectional Multi-Centre Study in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2019.855 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (23) ◽

Author(s):

Zainab Taha ◽

Ahmed Ali Hassan ◽

Ludmilla Wikkeling-Scott ◽

Dimitrios Papandreou

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

United Arab Emirates ◽

Early Initiation ◽

Abu Dhabi ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Early Initiation Of Breastfeeding ◽

Delayed Initiation ◽

The Mean ◽

Initiation Of Breastfeeding

BACKGROUND: Early initiation of breastfeeding is important for good lactation outcomes and has long been recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Recommendations are based on research showing that breastfeeding saves children’s lives, particularly among vulnerable populations such as low birth weight (LBW) neonates. In spite of a consistent rise in LBW deliveries, and in spite of the importance of breastfeeding for the survival of LBW neonates, a dearth of research exists regarding early initiation of breastfeeding for this population. AIM: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of, and factors associated with the initiation of breastfeeding among mothers with children aged less than two years who were low birth weight in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE). METHODS: The data for this cross-sectional study were extracted from a larger project on evaluation of breastfeeding practices in Abu Dhabi. The original data were collected from seven healthcare centres located in different urban and suburban areas of Abu Dhabi during 2017. A structured questionnaire was used by trained research assistants who collected relevant data from mothers during the interview. RESULTS: The study included a total of 1,822 mothers of children below the age of two years; 175 (9.6%) of those children were identified as LBW. The mean (standard deviation [SD] ages of the mothers and the children were 30.5 (5.0) years and 6.0 (5.1) months, respectively. The mean birth weight (SD) of the LBW children was 2079.6 (255.0) grams. Forty (29.9%) mothers of LBW children initiated breastfeeding within the first hour. Sixty-four (47.8%) were delivered vaginally, and 70 (52.2%) were delivered via caesarean section (CS). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, the only factor associated with delayed initiation of breastfeeding among the LBW children was CS (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.33; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07, 5.07). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of LBW was 9.6%, and it was associated with delayed initiation of breastfeeding as compared to the normal birth weight babies. While early initiation of breastfeeding should be promoted for all newborns, LBW infants are recognised as a vulnerable group and thus require additional support. There should be more emphasis on promoting and facilitating breastfeeding for LBW babies, especially those delivered by CS.

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Risk Factors Associated with Initiation of Breastfeeding among Mothers with Low Birth Weight Babies: A Cross-sectional Multicenter Study in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2020.3867 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (B) ◽

pp. 38-44

Author(s):

Zainab Taha ◽

Ahmed Ali Hassan ◽

Ludmilla Wikkeling-Scott ◽

Dimitrios Papandreou

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

United Arab Emirates ◽

Early Initiation ◽

Abu Dhabi ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Early Initiation Of Breastfeeding ◽

Delayed Initiation ◽

The Mean ◽

Initiation Of Breastfeeding

BACKGROUND: Early initiation of breastfeeding is important for good lactation outcomes and has long been recommended by the World Health Organization. Recommendations are based on research showing that breastfeeding saves children’s lives, particularly among vulnerable populations such as low birth weight (LBW) neonates. In spite of a consistent rise in LBW deliveries, and in spite of the importance of breastfeeding for the survival of LBW neonates, a dearth of research exists regarding early initiation of breastfeeding for this population. AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of, and factors associated with the initiation of breastfeeding among mothers with children aged <2 years who were LBW in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE). METHODS: The data for this cross-sectional study were extracted from a larger project on the evaluation of breastfeeding practices in Abu Dhabi. The original data were collected from seven health-care centers located in different urban and suburban areas of Abu Dhabi during 2017. A structured questionnaire was used by trained research assistants who collected relevant data from mothers during the interview. RESULTS: The study included a total of 1822 mothers of children below the age of 2 years; 175 (9.6%) of those children were identified as LBW. The mean standard deviation [SD] ages of the mothers and the children were 30.5 (5.0) years and 6.0 (5.1) months, respectively. The mean birth weight (SD) of the LBW children was 2079.6 (255.0) grams. Forty (29.9%) mothers of LBW children initiated breastfeeding within the 1 st h. Sixty-four (47.8%) were delivered vaginally, and 70 (52.2%) were delivered through cesarean section (CS). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, the only factor associated with delayed initiation of breastfeeding among the LBW children was CS (adjusted odds ratio 2.33; 95% confidence interval 1.07, 5.07). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of LBW was 9.6%, and it was associated with delayed initiation of breastfeeding as compared to the normal birth weight babies. While early initiation of breastfeeding should be promoted for all newborns, LBW infants are recognized as a vulnerable group and thus require additional support. There should be more emphasis on promoting and facilitating breastfeeding for LBW babies, especially those delivered by CS.

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Determinants of early initiation of breastfeeding in Ghana: a population-based cross-sectional study using the 2014 Demographic and Health Survey data

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth ◽

10.1186/s12884-020-03308-w ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Abdul-Aziz Seidu ◽

Edward Kwabena Ameyaw ◽

Bright Opoku Ahinkorah ◽

Freda Bonsu

Keyword(s):

Birth Order ◽

Health Survey ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Early Initiation ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

World Health ◽

Binary Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Breastfeeding Initiation ◽

Early Initiation Of Breastfeeding ◽

Initiation Of Breastfeeding

Abstract Background The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends that breastfeeding should be initiated within the first hour of delivery followed by exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months. This study examined the determinants of early initiation of breastfeeding in Ghana using data from the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey. Methods A sample size of 4219 was used for the study. Descriptive statistics was conducted to ascertain the proportion of children who had early initiation of breastfeeding after which binary logistic regression analysis was carried out. Results were presented using frequencies, percentages, unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios. Statistical significance was pegged at p<0.05. Results Children of first birth order [AOR = 0.71, CI = 0.61–0.84], those who were delivered by non-professionals [AOR = 0.51, CI = 0.30–0.88] and those whose mothers were Traditionalists [AOR = 0.65, CI = 0.46–0.92] and Mole-Dagbanis [AOR = 0.69, CI = 0.54–0.89] were less likely to go through early initiation of breastfeeding compared to those of 2–4 birth order, those who were delivered by health professionals, those whose mothers were Christians and Akan, respectively. Conversely, children born to mothers who read newspaper/magazine at least once a week were more likely to go through early initiation of breastfeeding, compared to those who never read newspaper/magazine [AOR = 1.40, CI = 1.01–1.95]. Children born to mothers who watched television less than once a week were more likely to go through early initiation of breastfeeding compared to those who watched television at least once a week [AOR = 1.40, CI = 1.01–1.95]. Finally, women from the Northern [AOR = 2.40, CI = [1.77–3.26] and Upper East regions [AOR = 2.57, CI = [1.86–3.56] practiced early initiation of breastfeeding compared to those from the Ashanti region. Conclusions Empowering healthcare providers to be consistent in early breastfeeding initiation advocacy and effective community engagement on the need to embrace and practice early initiation of breastfeeding can improve the situation.

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Barriers to early initiation of breastfeeding in healthy neonates in an urban hospital setting.

10.1101/2021.03.19.21253932 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Davis Leonard Rubagumya ◽

Muzdalfat Abeid ◽

Eric Aghan ◽

Mariam Noorani

Keyword(s):

Hospital Setting ◽

Early Initiation ◽

World Health ◽

Urban Hospital ◽

Maternal Bonding ◽

Perineal Tear ◽

Early Initiation Of Breastfeeding ◽

Health Organization ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Initiation Of Breastfeeding

Background: Breastfeeding is a key intervention to improve global targets on nutrition, health and survival. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends early initiation of breastfeeding to prevent infections in the newborn and achieve targets of exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life. Early initiation of breastfeeding improves neonatal- maternal bonding, reduces jaundice and prevents gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections. Global prevalence of early initiation of breastfeeding is 45% and 51% for Tanzania. The recommended prevalence is at least 80% by WHO guidelines. Objective: To explore barriers to early initiation of breastfeeding in a hospital setting. Methods: A descriptive exploratory qualitative study with semi-structured individual interviews was employed to explore the barriers to early initiation of breastfeeding in a hospital setting. Three midwives and six mothers were interviewed. The interview topic guide covered experiences and challenges of early initiation of breastfeeding. Data was analyzed using Systematic Text Condensation as described by Malterud. Results: Participants perceived that inadequate breastfeeding information especially on ideal time to start breastfeeding contributed to delayed initiation. The practices and environment post-delivery such as perineal tear repair and dirty labor room prevented women from initiating breastfeeding immediately. Conclusions: The barriers identified were related to gaps in knowledge, immediate postpartum practices and individual perceptions of a non-conducive environment.

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Prevalence and factors affecting early initiation of breastfeeding in rural areas of Dibrugarh district, Assam

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20191856 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (5) ◽

pp. 2176

Author(s):

Monmohan Borah ◽

Jenita Baruah ◽

Rupali Baruah ◽

Manjit Boruah

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽

Early Initiation ◽

World Health ◽

Breastfeeding Initiation ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Timely Initiation ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Early Initiation Of Breastfeeding ◽

Initiation Of Breastfeeding

Background: Early or timely initiation of breastfeeding, specifically within 1 hour of birth has benefits for survival and beyond and it is recommended by the World Health Organization. Breastfeeding initiation after the first hour of birth doubles the risk of neonatal mortality. The present study has been conducted to estimate the prevalence and determine the factors affecting early initiation of breastfeeding in rural areas of Dibrugarh, district, Assam.Methods: Community based cross sectional study from May 2017 to April 2018 among mothers having children in the age group 0 to 23 months in the rural areas of Dibrugarh district. The sample size calculated for the study was 360 children.Results: The results were analyzed for 334 children. Prevalence of early initiation of breastfeeding was found to be 54.8%. On multivariate regression analysis the occupation and education of mothers, number of antenatal checkup visits, type of delivery and religion were found to be independently associated with early initiation of breastfeeding.Conclusions: This study reveals that the early initiation of breast feeding is lower in rural areas of Dibrugarh district. The findings clearly highlight the importance of imparting health education to family members and mothers right from antenatal period on infant and child feeding practices.

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Factors Affecting Midwives Knowledge About Early Initiation of Breastfeeding at Lut Tawar District Health Center of Central Aceh Regency in 2020

BioScientia Medicina ◽

10.32539/bsm.v5i11.427 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (11) ◽

pp. 1236-1243

Author(s):

Barirah Madeni ◽

Hasritawati

Keyword(s):

Health Center ◽

Early Initiation ◽

World Health ◽

Good Knowledge ◽

Survey Method ◽

Breastfeeding Initiation ◽

District Health ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Early Initiation Of Breastfeeding ◽

Initiation Of Breastfeeding

Background: Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) shows that there are 170 million children worldwide experiencing malnutrition, 3 million of whom leave each year due to malnutrition. Therefore, WHO recommends, all infants need to receive colostrum (first and second day milk) to fight infection and exclusively breastfed for 6 months to ensure adequate nutrition for infants. This study aims to determine the factors that influence the knowledge of midwives about early initiation of breastfeeding in the working area of the Lut Tawar City Health Center, Central Aceh Regency in 2020. Methods: The research method used is an analytical survey method with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study were all midwives in the area. The city health center serves as many as 59 people. The sampling method uses a total sampling technique that uses all members of the population as a sample. Data collection was carried out on November 15-19, 2020. Results: The results showed that respondents aged > 40 years had good knowledge, namely 64.3%, respondents with DIII education had less knowledge, namely 56.8%, respondents who had never attended breastfeeding initiation training 69.6% respondents who did not often do early initiation of breastfeeding have good knowledge that is 63.9%, respondents who do not get information about early initiation of breastfeeding mostly lack of knowledge that is 58.1%. Conclusion: Factors that influence the knowledge of midwives on early initiation of breastfeeding are education and experience participating in training related to early initiation of breastfeeding.

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GAMBARAN PELAKSANAAN INISIASI MENYUSUI DINI (IMD)

Jurnal Ilmiah PANNMED (Pharmacist, Analyst, Nurse, Nutrition, Midwivery, Environment, Dentist) ◽

10.36911/pannmed.v16i3.1185 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 511-515

Author(s):

Safrina ◽

Tengku Sri Wahyuni

Keyword(s):

World Health Organization ◽

Health Workers ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

Early Initiation ◽

World Health ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Early Initiation Of Breastfeeding ◽

Health Organization ◽

Initiation Of Breastfeeding

The World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) have recommended that children start breastfeeding within the first hour after birth and be exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life (no food or other fluids are given). , including water) (UNICEF & WHO, 2018). An estimated 78 million babies - or three in five babies - are not breastfed in the first hour of life. This puts them at a higher risk of death and disease and makes them less likely to continue breastfeeding (World Health Organization, 2018a). Data from WHO shows that only 40% of infants have received early initiation of breastfeeding (IMD). WHO itself targets that by 2030 70% of infants have received early initiation of breastfeeding (WHO & UNICEF, 2018). The type of research used is descriptive, namely research that clearly describes the variables studied without doing statistical tests. This research was conducted at BPM Pematangsiantar City. The study was conducted in March 2021 with a sample size of 29 people. The sampling method in this study was non-probability sampling, namely by consecutive sampling. The description of the IMD implementation shows that the majority of respondents are aged 20-35 years (65.5%) and the least is <20 years old (6.9), the highest parity is 3 (34.5%) and the least parity is 5 (6.9%). ), all respondents gave birth at term pregnancy (100%), and all respondents did early initiation of breastfeeding (100%) while the implementation of IMD was mostly carried out immediately after birth (89.7%) and the longest IMD implementation was between 30 minutes to 30 minutes. d 1 hour (69%) but there are also those who carry out IMD less than 30 minutes (10.3%). Type of Research Analytical survey with cross sectional design. It is hoped that health workers will carry out an IMD in every delivery immediately after the baby is born and the need for husband and family support in accompanying the delivery process in carrying out IMD.

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Determinants of Early Initiation of Breastfeeding in Lamongan Public Health Center

STRADA JURNAL ILMIAH KESEHATAN ◽

10.30994/sjik.v9i2.443 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 1151-1159

Author(s):

Husnul Muthoharoh

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Health Center ◽

Service Providers ◽

Early Initiation ◽

World Health ◽

P Value ◽

Breastfeeding Initiation ◽

Public Health Center ◽

Early Initiation Of Breastfeeding ◽

Initiation Of Breastfeeding

The World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) recommend initiation of breastfeeding within the first hour of life. This research aimed to investigated the determinants of breastfeeding practices in Lamongan Public Health Center. This study used an observational analytic research design with a cross-sectional approach. The population in this study were all mothers giving birth at the Lamongan Public Health Center when the study was running in May-July 2020. The sampling technique used total sampling. The sample in this study are 43 people. The factors associated with the implementation of early breastfeeding initiation were knowledge about early initiation of breastfeeding (p value = 0.000) and family support (p value = 0.006). It is recommended that childbirth service providers provide education to families before childbirth in order to facilitate the implementation of early initiation of breastfeeding.

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Trends of inequalities in early initiation of breastfeeding in Ethiopia: Evidence from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys, 2000-2016

10.21203/rs.3.rs-394530/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tsegaw Amare ◽

Endalkachew Dellie

Keyword(s):

National Level ◽

Population Attributable Risk ◽

Early Initiation ◽

World Health ◽

Demographic And Health Surveys ◽

Dispersion Measure ◽

Breastfeeding Initiation ◽

Early Initiation Of Breastfeeding ◽

Index Of Inequality ◽

Initiation Of Breastfeeding

Abstract Background Early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) is a cost-effective and straightforward activity with numerous neonates' survival benefits. Thus, any disparity would result in an unacceptably high rate of neonatal death at the national level, and disparities among sub-groups regarding EIBF have not been well explored in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the trends of socioeconomic inequalities in EIBF in Ethiopia. Methods The Ethiopian demographic and health survey 2000 to 2016 data and the World Health Organization's (WHO) Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT) were used to investigate the inequalities in early breastfeeding initiation across the wealth quantile, educational level, residence and subnational region. Difference, ratio, slope index of inequality, relative index of inequality and population attributable risk were used as equity summary measures. A 95% uncertainty interval was calculated to declare the significance of the disparity in each point estimate. Results The magnitude of EIBF practice has fluctuated over the last seventeen years, with 47.4% in 2000, 66.2% in 2005, 51.5% in 2011 and 73.3% in 2016. In 2011, a significant change in inequality was observed in wealth- and educational status, whereas in 2016, inequalities were found in the subnational regions. Furthermore, in all survey years, the simple dispersion measure indicated no inequality in EIBF based on residence differences. However, there was high dispersion both in Difference and Ratio in Ethiopia across all survey years based on Ethiopia's sub-national region. In 2016, Afar (42.0%; 95% UI: 34.7–49.7), Tigray (63.0%; 95% UI: 56.6–69.0) and Amhara (66.0%; 95% UI: 59.7–71.8) were the three least EIBF practiced regions in Ethiopia. If the regional performance disparities in 2016 were reduced to an insignificant level, the EIBF proportion at the national level would increase by 17.2% (95% UI: 2.2–32.2). Conclusion In Ethiopia, the trend of socioeconomic inequality in EIBF has increased significantly over the past seventeen years. The disparity in EIBF was observed in all measures of dispersion in 2011. In all survey years, the northern part of Ethiopia (Afar, Tigray and Amhara regions) performed worse than the rest of the country. Therefore, interventions targeting them would significantly improve the national level performance of EIBF for the subsequent reduction of neonatal mortality.

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HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN SIKAP DENGAN INISIASI MENYUSU DINI PADA IBU POST PARTUM DI RUANG VK IRINA D BLU RSUP PROF R.D. KANDOUMANADO

e-NERS ◽

10.35790/ens.v1i1.1795 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Fransisca M.A. Wowiling ◽

Benny Wantouw ◽

Julia Rottie

Keyword(s):

Post Partum ◽

Early Initiation ◽

Breastfeeding Initiation ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significance Level ◽

Early Initiation Of Breastfeeding ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Knowledge And Attitude ◽

Initiation Of Breastfeeding

Abstract: Early Initiation of Breastfeeding is the baby starts to suckle his own soon after birth, as long as the skin is left in contact with his mother, at least 1 hour after birth. How to initiate early breastfeeding baby was named after the breast crawl or crawl seek his own breast. This study aims to gain an overview of the relationship between knowledge and attitude of mothers VK (maternity) Prof Dr Irina D BLU. R.D. Kandou Manado. Design of this study used cross sectional method where the entire population is a normal post partum mothers in space VK (Maternity) Prof Dr Irina D BLU. R.D. Kandou Manado with a sample size of 30 responden. Data responde collected using questionnaires and observation sheets then the data presented preformance cross tabulation tables and chi square test with a significance level of 0.05. Based on the results of the study showed that of the chi square test results obtained ρ value > 0.05. It states that there is no correlation between knowledge and attitude with the implementation of early breastfeeding initiation (IMD) in mothers post partum in space VK (maternity) Prof. Dr Irina D BLU R.D. Kandou Manado. Keywords: Knowledge and Attitude Post Partum Mom, Implementation of Early Initiation of Breastfeeding (IMD). Abstrak: Inisiasi Menyusu Dini adalah bayi mulai menyusu sendiri segera setelah lahir, asalkan dibiarkan kontak dengan kulit ibunya, setidaknya 1 jam setelah lahir. Cara bayi melakukan inisiasi menyusu dini ini dinamakan the breast crawl atau merangkak mencari payudara sendiri. Penelitian ini bertujuan memperoleh gambaran mengenai hubungan pengetahuan dan sikap ibu post partum dengan pelaksanaan inisiasi menyusu dini (IMD) di Ruang VK (bersalin) Irina D BLU RSUP Prof. R.D. Kandou Manado. Desain penelitian ini menggunakan metode cross sectional dimana populasinya adalah keseluruhan ibu post partum secara normal di Ruang VK (Bersalin) Irina D BLU RSUP Prof. R.D. Kandou Manado dengan besar sampel 30 responden.Data dikumpulkan dari responde dengan menggunakan lembar kuisioner dan observasi kemudian data disajikan dalm tabel tabulasi silang dan uji chi square dengan derajat kemaknaan 0,05. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari hasil uji chi square didapatkan nilai ρ > 0,05. Ini menyatakan bahwa tidak ada hubungan pengetahuan dan sikap dengan pelaksanaan inisiasi menyusu dini (IMD) pada ibu post partum di Ruang VK (bersalin) Irina D BLU RSUP Prof.Dr. R.D. Kandou Manado. Kata kunci: PengetahuandanSikapIbuPost Partum, Pelaksanaan Inisiasi Menyusu Dini (IMD).

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