scholarly journals Intramuscular Mechanisms Mediating Adaptation to Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diets during Exercise Training

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily E. Howard ◽  
Lee M. Margolis
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Carbohydrate Oxidation ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Exercise Muscle ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
Fat Diets ◽  
Glycogen Stores

Interest in low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diets has increased over recent decades given the theorized benefit of associated intramuscular adaptations and shifts in fuel utilization on endurance exercise performance. Consuming a LCHF diet during exercise training increases the availability of fat (i.e., intramuscular triglyceride stores; plasma free fatty acids) and decreases muscle glycogen stores. These changes in substrate availability increase reliance on fat oxidation for energy production while simultaneously decreasing reliance on carbohydrate oxidation for fuel during submaximal exercise. LCHF diet-mediated changes in substrate oxidation remain even after endogenous or exogenous carbohydrate availability is increased, suggesting that the adaptive response driving changes in fat and carbohydrate oxidation lies within the muscle and persists even when the macronutrient content of the diet is altered. This narrative review explores the intramuscular adaptations underlying increases in fat oxidation and decreases in carbohydrate oxidation with LCHF feeding. The possible effects of LCHF diets on protein metabolism and post-exercise muscle remodeling are also considered.

scholarly journals Histamine H1 and H2 receptors are essential transducers of the integrative exercise training response in humans

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (16) ◽  
pp. eabf2856
Author(s):  
Thibaux Van der Stede ◽  
Laura Blancquaert ◽  
Flore Stassen ◽  
Inge Everaert ◽  
Ruud Van Thienen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Muscle Perfusion ◽  
Interval Exercise ◽  
Training Response ◽  
Exercise Muscle

Exercise training is a powerful strategy to prevent and combat cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, although the integrative nature of the training-induced adaptations is not completely understood. We show that chronic blockade of histamine H1/H2 receptors led to marked impairments of microvascular and mitochondrial adaptations to interval training in humans. Consequently, functional adaptations in exercise capacity, whole-body glycemic control, and vascular function were blunted. Furthermore, the sustained elevation of muscle perfusion after acute interval exercise was severely reduced when H1/H2 receptors were pharmaceutically blocked. Our work suggests that histamine H1/H2 receptors are important transducers of the integrative exercise training response in humans, potentially related to regulation of optimal post-exercise muscle perfusion. These findings add to our understanding of how skeletal muscle and the cardiovascular system adapt to exercise training, knowledge that will help us further unravel and develop the exercise-is-medicine concept.

scholarly journals Appetite and blood glucose profiles in humans after glycogen-depleting exercise

1999 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 947-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen J. Melanson ◽  
Margriet S. Westerterp-Plantenga ◽  
L. Arthur Campfield ◽  
Wim H. M. Saris
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Respiratory Quotient ◽  
Moderate Exercise ◽  
High Fat ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Glucose Profiles ◽  
Regulatory Functions ◽  
Glycogen Stores ◽  
The Relationship

Regulatory functions of glycogen stores and blood glucose on human appetite, particularly relating to exercise, are not fully understood. Ten men (age 20–31 yr) performed glycogen-depleting exercise in an evening, ate a low-carbohydrate dinner, and stayed overnight in the laboratory. The next day, blood glucose was monitored continuously for 517 ± 23 (SE) min. Subjects had access to high-fat and high-carbohydrate foods after baseline glucose and respiratory quotient were determined. In the afternoon, 1 h of moderate exercise was performed. Baseline respiratory quotient was 0.748 ± 0.008, plasma free fatty acids were 677 ± 123 μmol/l, insulin was 4.8 ± 0.5 μU/ml, and leptin was 1.9 ± 0.3 ng/ml. Postabsorptively, 8 of 10 meals were initiated during stability in blood glucose. Postprandially, the association between meal initiation and blood glucose declines became significant (χ2 = 7.82). During moderate exercise, blood glucose initially decreased but recovered before completion. When the glycogen buffer is depleted, meal initiation can occur during blood glucose stability; the relationship between blood glucose declines and meal initiation reestablishes with refeeding.

A Systematic Review of Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diets: Does the Research Evidence Support Practice?

2018 ◽  
Vol 118 (10) ◽  
pp. A126
Author(s):  
L. Ross ◽  
J. Musial ◽  
R. Hay ◽  
A. Cawte ◽  
D. McDermid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Research Evidence ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
High Fat Diets ◽  
Fat Diets

An Understanding of Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diets and Cancer

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 136-140
Author(s):  
Vasundara Venkateswaran ◽  
Ahmed Q. Haddad ◽  
Laurence H. Klotz ◽  
Rob Nam ◽  
Neil E. Fleshner
Keyword(s):  
High Fat ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
High Fat Diets ◽  
Fat Diets

scholarly journals Very low-carbohydrate high-fat diets are superior to low-fat diets in improving cardiovascular markers: meta-analysis of large, long-term randomised controlled trials

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teuta Gjuladin-Hellon ◽  
Ian Davies ◽  
Jackie Fealey ◽  
Alexander Montasem ◽  
Katie Lane
Keyword(s):  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Randomised Controlled Trials ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
High Fat Diets ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
Fat Diets

AbstractOur recent study (1) showed that the amount of dietary carbohydrates in obesity interventions has differential effects on cardiovascular risk markers (CVM) and effects magnitude depends on intervention duration. Very-low carbohydrate high-fat diets (VLCD) were superior in ameliorating lipid markers compared to high-carbohydrate low-fat diets (LFD).We updated our systematic review and meta-analysis to include long-term effects of VLCD (< 50 g /day) on weight, glucose, total cholesterol, insulin and blood pressure (BP) among overweight/obese adults in comparison to LFD.Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Central, and CINAHLPlus were searched to identify large (n > 100) randomised controlled trials (RCT) with duration ≥ 6 months. Risk of bias, a random effects model and subgroup analyses based on duration of follow-up were performed using Review Manager. Results were reported according to PRISMA.Four open label RCT (n = 723; 362 VLCD; 361 LFD) with some form of behavioral intervention and duration 6–24 months were identified. VLCD showed more favorable effects on diastolic BP at 6 months (-1.96; 95%CI, -2.99 to 00.93; P = 0.0002) and 24 months (-2.69; 95%CI, -4.87 to -0.51; P = 0.001), near significant level at 12 months (-1.79; 95%CI, -3.56 to 0.04; P = 0.05) and an overall total favourable effect (-1.98; 95%CI, -2.73 to -1.22). The decrease in systolic BP was greater among VLCD for the whole period and the overall total effect reached the level of significance (-1.76; 95%CI, -3.56 to 0.04; P = 0.05). VLCD showed beneficial effect on total cholesterol level at 6 and 12 months (-0.01 mmol/L; 95%CI, -0.01 to –0.00; P = 0.002 and -0.01 mmol/L; 95%CI, -0.01 to –0.00; P = 0.005, respectively). The mean changes in weight, and fasting glucose and insulin levels revealed non-significant differences between both diets at any measured time, although these parameters decreased within both groups compared to baseline.VLCD led to significant total weighted mean decrease of diastolic BP and near significant decrease of systolic BP independent of changes in body weight, fasting glucose or insulin levels. The present data on decreased levels of diastolic BP and total cholesterol, combined with our recently published results on increased HDL-cholesterol, decreased triglycerides and no significant effect on LDL-cholesterol (1) provide evidence that VLCD are superior to LFD in improving traditional CVM in longer term.

Adipose tissue metabolism of obese mice on standard and high-fat diets

1961 ◽  
Vol 201 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serene Lochaya ◽  
Nicole Leboeuf ◽  
Jean Mayer ◽  
Bernard Leboeuf
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Carbon Incorporation ◽  
Adipose Tissue Metabolism ◽  
Glucose Carbon ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
High Fat Diets ◽  
Fat Diets ◽  
Fat Feeding

Adipose tissue metabolism in vitro was studied, after substitution for several weeks of synthetic low-carbohydrate, high-fat (saturated or unsaturated) diets for the standard chow diet, in obese hyperglycemic mice and in their nonobese littermates. In tissue from nonobese mice fed the high-fat diets, glucose metabolism to CO2 and to fatty acids was diminished in the absence of added hormone, while glucose carbon incorporation to glyceride-glycerol was increased. Under insulin (0.1 unit/ml) stimulation, total glucose uptake was relatively decreased by the diets, as was glucose metabolism to CO2, to fatty acids, and to glycogen; however, glucose carbon incorporation to glyceride-glycerol was unaltered. Under epinephrine stimulation, the sum of glucose carbon recovery was less after high-fat feeding. No effect of high-fat feeding was detected on base-line rates of free fatty acid release nor on the effects of insulin or epinephrine on this process. No differences were found between the effects of saturated- or unsaturated-fat diets on any parameters. The metabolism of adipose tissue from obese mice was slightly, if at all, affected by high-fat feeding. These results are discussed in reference to the normal adaptation to low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets and to the metabolic abnormalities present in obese hyperglycemic mice.

scholarly journals The role of high-fat diets and physical activity in the regulation of body weight

2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Schrauwen ◽  
Klaas R. Westerterp
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
High Fat ◽  
High Fat Diets ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Fat Diets

The prevalence of obesity is increasing in westernized societies. In the USA the age-adjusted prevalence of BMI ≫30 kg/m2 increased between 1960 and 1994 from 13 % to 23 % for people over 20 years of age. This increase in the prevalence of obesity has been attributed to an increased fat intake and a decreased physical activity. However, the role of the impact of the level of dietary fat intake on human obesity has been challenged. High-fat diets, due to their high energy density, stimulate voluntary energy intake. An increased fat intake does not stimulate its own oxidation but the fat is stored in the human body. When diet composition is isoenergetically switched from low to high fat, fat oxidation only slowly increases, resulting in positive fat balances on the short term. Together with a diminished fat oxidation capacity in pre-obese subjects, high-fat diets can therefore be considered to be fattening. Another environmental factor which could explain the increasing prevalence of obesity is a decrease in physical activity. The percentage of body fat is negatively associated with physical activity and exercise has pronounced effects on energy expenditure and substrate oxidation. High-intensity exercise, due to a lowering of glycogen stores, can lead to a rapid increase in fat oxidation, which could compensate for the consumption of high-fat diets in westernized societies. Although the consumption of high-fat diets and low physical activity will easily lead to the development of obesity, there is still considerable inter-individual variability in body composition in individuals on similar diets. This can be attributed to the genetic background, and some candidate genes have been discovered recently. Both leptin and uncoupling protein have been suggested to play a role in the prevention of diet-induced obesity. Indeed, leptin levels are increased on a high-fat diet but this effect can be attributed to the increased fat mass observed on the high-fat diet. No effect of a high-fat diet per se on leptin levels is observed. Uncoupling proteins are increased by high-fat diets in rats but no data are available in human subjects yet. In conclusion, the increased intake of dietary fat and a decreasing physical activity level are the most important environmental factors explaining the increased prevalence of obesity in westernized societies.

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