scholarly journals Do Human Milk Oligosaccharides Protect Against Infant Atopic Disorders and Food Allergy?

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 3212
Author(s):  
Soo Min Han ◽  
Aristea Binia ◽  
Keith M. Godfrey ◽  
Sarah El-Heis ◽  
Wayne S. Cutfield
Keyword(s):  
Food Allergy ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
The Impact

Atopic disorders (AD), often coexistent with food allergy (FA), start developing in early life and have lifelong health consequences. Breastfeeding is thought to be protective against AD and FA, but the data are controversial, and mechanisms are not well understood. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are complex carbohydrates that are abundant in human milk. These are thought to contribute to the development of the infant immune system by (i) promoting healthy microbiome, (ii) inhibiting pathogen binding to gut mucosa and (iii) modulating the immune system. Differences in microbiome composition between allergic and healthy infants have been observed, regardless of breastfeeding history. To date, limited studies have examined the preventive effects of HMOs on AD and FA in infants and current data relies on observation studies as trials of varying HMO intake through randomising individuals to breastfeeding are unethical. There is evidence for beneficial effects of breastfeeding on lowering the risks of FA, eczema and asthma but there are inconsistencies amongst studies in the duration of breastfeeding, diagnostic criteria for AD and the age at which the outcome was assessed. Furthermore, current analytical methods primarily used today only allow detection of 16–20 major HMOs while more than 100 types have been identified. More large-scale longitudinal studies are required to investigate the role of HMO composition and the impact of changes over the lactation period in preventing AD and FA later in life.

scholarly journals New strategies for profiling and characterization of human milk oligosaccharides

Glycobiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 774-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Porfirio ◽  
Stephanie Archer-Hartmann ◽  
G Brett Moreau ◽  
Girija Ramakrishnan ◽  
Rashidul Haque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Human breast milk is an incredibly rich and complex biofluid composed of proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates, including a diverse repertoire of free human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). Strikingly, HMOs are not digested by the infant but function as prebiotics for bacterial strains associated with numerous benefits. Considering the broad variety of beneficial effects of HMOs, and the vast number of factors that affect breast milk composition, the analysis of HMO diversity and complexity is of utmost relevance. Using human milk samples from a cohort of Bangladeshi mothers participating in a study on malnutrition and stunting in children, we have characterized breast milk oligosaccharide composition by means of permethylation followed by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. This approach identified over 100 different glycoforms and showed a wide diversity of milk composition, with a predominance of fucosylated and sialylated HMOs over nonmodified HMOs. We observed that these samples contain on average 80 HMOs, with the highest permethylated masses detected being >5000 mass units. Here we report an easily implemented method developed for the separation, characterization and relative quantitation of large arrays of HMOs, including higher molecular weight sialylated HMOs. Our ultimate goal is to create a simple, high-throughput method, which can be used for full characterization of sialylated and/or fucosylated HMOs. These results demonstrate how current analytical techniques can be applied to characterize human milk composition, providing new tools to help the scientific community shed new light on the impact of HMOs during infant development.

scholarly journals Screening natural libraries of human milk oligosaccharides against lectins using CaR-ESI-MS

The Analyst ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
pp. 536-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amr El-Hawiet ◽  
Yajie Chen ◽  
Km Shams-Ud-Doha ◽  
Elena N. Kitova ◽  
Pavel I. Kitov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Esi Ms ◽  
Protein Receptors ◽  
Non Covalent Interactions ◽  
Protection Against Infection ◽  
Covalent Interactions ◽  
Breast Fed

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) afford many health benefits to breast-fed infants, such as protection against infection and regulation of the immune system, through the formation of non-covalent interactions with protein receptors.

scholarly journals Effects of Human Milk Oligosaccharides on the Adult Gut Microbiota and Barrier Function

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2808
Author(s):  
Tanja Šuligoj ◽  
Louise Kristine Vigsnæs ◽  
Pieter Van den Abbeele ◽  
Athanasia Apostolou ◽  
Katia Karalis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Gut Barrier ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Caco2 Cell ◽  
Gut Barrier Function ◽  
The Impact

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) shape the gut microbiota in infants by selectively stimulating the growth of bifidobacteria. Here, we investigated the impact of HMOs on adult gut microbiota and gut barrier function using the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME®), Caco2 cell lines, and human intestinal gut organoid-on-chips. We showed that fermentation of 2’-O-fucosyllactose (2’FL), lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), and combinations thereof (MIX) led to an increase of bifidobacteria, accompanied by an increase of short chain fatty acid (SCFA), in particular butyrate with 2’FL. A significant reduction in paracellular permeability of FITC-dextran probe was observed using Caco2 cell monolayers with fermented 2’FL and MIX, which was accompanied by an increase in claudin-8 gene expression as shown by qPCR, and a reduction in IL-6 as determined by multiplex ELISA. Using gut-on-chips generated from human organoids derived from proximal, transverse, and distal colon biopsies (Colon Intestine-Chips), we showed that claudin-5 was significantly upregulated across all three gut-on-chips following treatment with fermented 2’FL under microfluidic conditions. Taken together, these data show that, in addition to their bifidogenic activity, HMOs have the capacity to modulate immune function and the gut barrier, supporting the potential of HMOs to provide health benefits in adults.

scholarly journals Neutral Human Milk Oligosaccharides Are Associated with Multiple Fixed and Modifiable Maternal and Infant Characteristics

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meichen Wang ◽  
Zhenwen Zhao ◽  
Ai Zhao ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Wei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactation Stage

We aimed to identify if maternal and infant factors were associated with neutral human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) variability and examined the associations between HMOs concentration and infant growth and disease status in healthy Chinese mothers over a 6-month lactation period. We recruited mothers and their full-term infants as our subjects. At 1–5 days, 8–14 days, 4 weeks, and 6 months postpartum, all participants were interviewed to collect breast milk samples, obtain follow-up data and measure infant length and weight at their local hospital. A total of 23 neutral HMOs were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)- mass spectrometer (MS). Secretor and Lewis phenotype were determined by the concentration of 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) and Lacto-N-fucopentaose (LNFP)-II. The associations between maternal and infant factors with HMOs concentrations were investigated. A total of 464 human breast milk samples were collected from 116 mothers at four different time points. In total, 76.7% mothers were found to be Secretor and Lewis positive phenotype (Se+Le+), 17.2% were Se-Le+, 4.3% were Se+Le-, and 1.7% were Se-Le-. Several individual HMOs, including 2′-FL, Lactodifucotetraose (LDFT), LNFP-I were determined by Secretor phenotype. Most individual HMOs decreased at the later stage of lactation, except 3′-FL. We suggest that Secretor phenotype and lactation stage could influence most of the neutral HMOs. Concentrations of specific HMOs may be associated with maternal age, allergic history, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), parity, delivery mode, infant gestational age and gender.

scholarly journals Profiles of Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Their Relations to the Milk Microbiota of Breastfeeding Mothers in Dubai

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1727
Author(s):  
Carole Ayoub Moubareck ◽  
Maryam Lootah ◽  
Muna Tahlak ◽  
Koen Venema
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides

The composition of human breast milk is affected by several factors, including genetics, geographic location and maternal nutrition. This study investigated the human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) of breastfeeding mothers living in Dubai and their relations with the milk microbiota. A total of 30 breast milk samples were collected from healthy Emirati and UAE-expatriates at Latifa Hospital. HMO profiling was performed using UHPLC-MS. Microbiota profiles were determined by sequencing amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. HMO concentrations were significantly higher in Emirati, and dropped with the lactation period in both groups of mothers. The Le (a−b+)-secretor (Le+Se+) type was the most abundant in Dubai mothers (60%), followed by the Le(a−b−)-secretor (Le−Se+) type (23%). Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were considerably lower in Dubai-based mothers, while Pseudomonas and Delftia (Hydrogenophaga) were detected at a higher abundance compared to mothers from other countries. Atopobium was correlated with sialyl-lacto-N-tetraose c, Leptotrichia and Veillonella were correlated with 6’-sialyl-lactose, and Porphyromonas was correlated with lacto-N-hexaose. The study highlights the HMO profiles of breastfeeding mothers in Dubai and reveals few correlations with milk microbial composition. Targeted genomic analyses may help in determining whether these differences are due to genetic variations or to sociocultural and environmental factors.

scholarly journals Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs) and Infant Microbiota: A Scoping Review

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1429
Author(s):  
Cristina Sánchez ◽  
Cristina Fente ◽  
Patricia Regal ◽  
Alexandre Lamas ◽  
María Paz Lorenzo
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Maternal Factors ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
The Impact

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third most abundant solid component of breast milk. However, the newborn cannot assimilate them as nutrients. They are recognized prebiotic agents (the first in the newborn diet) that stimulate the growth of beneficial microorganisms, mainly the genus Bifidobacterium, dominant in the gut of breastfed infants. The structures of the oligosaccharides vary mainly according to maternal genetics, but also other maternal factors such as parity and mode of delivery, age, diet, and nutritional status or even geographic location and seasonality cause different breast milk oligosaccharides profiles. Differences in the profiles of HMO have been linked to breast milk microbiota and gut microbial colonization of babies. Here, we provide a review of the scope of reports on associations between HMOs and the infant gut microbiota to assess the impact of HMO composition.

scholarly journals Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Their Effects on the Host and Their Potential as Therapeutic Agents

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anaïs Rousseaux ◽  
Carole Brosseau ◽  
Sophie Le Gall ◽  
Hugues Piloquet ◽  
Sébastien Barbarot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Allergy Prevention ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Epithelial Barriers

Breastmilk is known to be very important for infants because it provides nutrients and immunological compounds. Among these compounds, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) represent the third most important component of breastmilk after lipids and lactose. Several experiments demonstrated the beneficial effects of these components on the microbiota, the immune system and epithelial barriers, which are three major biological systems. Indeed, HMOs induce bacterial colonization in the intestinal tract, which is beneficial for health. The gut bacteria can act directly and indirectly on the immune system by stimulating innate immunity and controlling inflammatory reactions and by inducing an adaptive immune response and a tolerogenic environment. In parallel, HMOs directly strengthen the intestinal epithelial barrier, protecting the host against pathogens. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of HMOs in these different compartments and highlight their potential use as new therapeutic agents, especially in allergy prevention.

scholarly journals Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Immune System Development

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio Plaza-Díaz ◽  
Luis Fontana ◽  
Angel Gil
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
System Development ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Maternal Milk ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
Immune System Development

Maternal milk contains compounds that may affect newborn immunity. Among these are a group of oligosaccharides that are synthesized in the mammary gland from lactose; these oligosaccharides have been termed human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). The amount of HMOs present in human milk is greater than the amount of protein. In fact, HMOs are the third-most abundant solid component in maternal milk after lactose and lipids, and are thus considered to be key components. The importance of HMOs may be explained by their inhibitory effects on the adhesion of microorganisms to the intestinal mucosa, the growth of pathogens through the production of bacteriocins and organic acids, and the expression of genes that are involved in inflammation. This review begins with short descriptions of the basic structures of HMOs and the gut immune system, continues with the beneficial effects of HMOs shown in cell and animal studies, and it ends with the observational and randomized controlled trials carried out in humans to date, with particular emphasis on their effect on immune system development. HMOs seem to protect breastfed infants against microbial infections. The protective effect has been found to be exerted through cell signaling and cell-to-cell recognition events, enrichment of the protective gut microbiota, the modulation of microbial adhesion, and the invasion of the infant intestinal mucosa. In addition, infants fed formula supplemented with selected HMOs exhibit a pattern of inflammatory cytokines closer to that of exclusively breastfed infants. Unfortunately, the positive effects found in preclinical studies have not been substantiated in the few randomized, double-blinded, multicenter, controlled trials that are available, perhaps partly because these studies focus on aspects other than the immune response (e.g., growth, tolerance, and stool microbiota).

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