Blood SIRT1 Shows a Coherent Association with Leptin and Adiponectin in Relation to the Degree and Distribution of Adiposity: A Study in Obesity, Normal Weight and Anorexia Nervosa

Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a sensor of cell energy availability, and with leptin and adiponectin, it regulates metabolic homeostasis. Widely studied in tissues, SIRT1 is under evaluation as a plasmatic marker. We aimed at assessing whether circulating SIRT1 behaves consistently with leptin and adiponectin in conditions of deficiency, excess or normal fat content. Eighty subjects were evaluated: 27 with anorexia nervosa (AN), 26 normal-weight and 27 with obesity. Bloodstream SIRT1, leptin and adiponectin (ELISA), total and trunk fat mass (FM) %, abdominal visceral adipose tissue, liver steatosis and epicardial fat thickness (EFT) were assessed. For each fat store, the coefficient of determination (R2) was used to evaluate the prediction capability of SIRT1, leptin and adiponectin. Plasma SIRT1 and adiponectin coherently decreased with the increase of FM, while the opposite occurred with leptin. Mean levels of each analyte were different between groups (p < 0.005). A significant association between plasma variables and FM depots was observed. SIRT1 showed a good predictive strength for FM, particularly in the obesity group, where the best R2 was recorded for EFT (R2 = 0.7). Blood SIRT1, adiponectin and leptin behave coherently with FM and there is synchrony between them. The association of SIRT1 with FM is substantially superimposable to that of adiponectin and leptin. Given its homeostatic roles, SIRT1 may deserve to be considered as a plasma clinical/biochemical parameter of adiposity and metabolic health.

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Overcoming limitations of self-report: an assessment of fear of weight gain in anorexia nervosa and healthy controls using implicit association tests

Journal of Eating Disorders ◽

10.1186/s40337-021-00379-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tiana Borgers ◽

Nathalie Krüger ◽

Silja Vocks ◽

Jennifer J. Thomas ◽

Franziska Plessow ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anorexia Nervosa ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Self Report ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Drive For Thinness ◽

Implicit Association ◽

Association Tests ◽

Implicit Assessment ◽

Fear Of Weight Gain

Abstract Background Fear of weight gain is a characteristic feature of anorexia nervosa (AN), and reducing this fear is often a main target of treatment. However, research shows that 20% of individuals with AN do not report fear of weight gain. Studies are needed that evaluate the centrality of fear of weight gain for AN with a method less susceptible to deception than self-report. Methods We approximated implicit fear of weight gain by measuring implicit drive for thinness using implicit association tests (IATs). We asked 64 participants (35 AN, 29 healthy controls [HCs]) to categorize statements as pro-dieting vs. non-dieting and true vs. false in a questionnaire-based IAT, and pictures of underweight vs. normal-weight models and positive vs. negative words in a picture-based IAT using two response keys. We tested for associations between implicit drive for thinness and explicitly reported psychopathology within AN as well as group differences between AN and HC groups. Results Correlation analyses within the AN group showed that higher implicit drive for thinness was associated with more pronounced eating disorder-specific psychopathology. Furthermore, the AN group showed a stronger implicit drive for thinness than HCs in both IATs. Conclusion The results highlight the relevance of considering fear of weight gain as a continuous construct. Our implicit assessment captures various degrees of fear of weight gain in AN, which might allow for more individually tailored interventions in the future.

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Early Childhood Fat Tissue Changes—Adipocyte Morphometry, Collagen Deposition, and Expression of CD163+ Cells in Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissue of Male Children

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18073627 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (7) ◽

pp. 3627

Author(s):

Robert Mujkić ◽

Darija Šnajder Mujkić ◽

Ivana Ilić ◽

Edi Rođak ◽

Antun Šumanovac ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Early Childhood ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Surface Area ◽

Visceral Adipose Tissue ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Collagen Deposition ◽

Healthy Male ◽

Visceral Adipose ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

Childhood obesity is a complex health problem, and not many studies have been done on adipose tissue remodeling in early childhood. The aim of this study was to examine extracellular matrix remodeling in the adipose tissue of healthy male children depending on their weight status. Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue was obtained from 45 otherwise healthy male children who underwent elective surgery for hernia repairs or orchidopexy. The children were divided into overweight/obese (n = 17) or normal weight groups (n = 28) depending on their body mass index (BMI) z-score. Serum was obtained for glucose, testosterone, triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) measurements. Sections of adipose tissue were stained with hematoxylin and eosin to determine the adipocytes’ surface area, and Masson’s trichrome stain was used to detect the adipocytes’ collagen content. Immunohistochemistry for CD163+ cells was also performed. The results showed that male children in the overweight group had higher serum triglyceride levels, greater adipocyte surface area and collagen content in their subcutaneous adipose tissue, more crown-like structures in fat tissues, and more CD163+ cells in their visceral adipose tissue than males in the normal weight group. In conclusion, in male children, obesity can lead to the hypertrophy of adipocytes, increased collagen deposition in subcutaneous adipose tissues, and changes in the polarization and accumulation of macrophages.

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Ultrasonic Adaptive Sound Speed Estimation for the Diagnosis and Quantification of Hepatic Steatosis: A Pilot Study

Ultraschall in der Medizin - European Journal of Ultrasound ◽

10.1055/a-0660-9465 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 40 (06) ◽

pp. 722-733 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Marco Dioguardi Burgio ◽

Marion Imbault ◽

Maxime Ronot ◽

Alex Faccinetto ◽

Bernard E. Van Beers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatic Steatosis ◽

Sound Speed ◽

Validation Cohort ◽

Liver Steatosis ◽

Receiver Operating Curve ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Proton Density ◽

Speed Estimation ◽

Training Cohort ◽

Receiver Operating Curve Analysis

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the ability of a new ultrasound (US) method based on sound speed estimation (SSE) with respect to the detection, quantification, and grading of hepatic steatosis using magnetic resonance (MR) proton density fat fraction (PDFF) as the reference standard and to calculate one US fat index based on the patient’s SSE. Materials and Methods This study received local IRB approval. Written informed consent was obtained from patients. We consecutively included N = 50 patients as the training cohort and a further N = 50 as the validation cohort who underwent both SSE and abdominal MR. Hepatic steatosis was classified according to MR-PDFF cutoffs as: S0 ≤ 6.5 %, S1 6.5 to 16.5 %, S2 16.5 to 22 %, S3 ≥ 22 %. Receiver operating curve analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of SSE in the diagnosis of steatosis (S1–S3). Based on the optimal data fit derived from our study, we proposed a correspondence between the MR-PDFF and a US fat index. Coefficient of determination R2 was used to evaluate fit quality and was considered robust when R2 > 0.6. Results The training and validation cohorts presented mean SSE values of 1.570 ± 0.026 and 1.568 ± 0.023 mm/µs for S0 and 1.521 ± 0.031 and 1.514 ± 0.019 mm/µs for S1–S3 (p < 0.01) patients, respectively. An SSE threshold of ≤ 1.537 mm/µs had a sensitivity of 80 % and a specificity of 85.7 % in the diagnosis of steatosis (S1-S3) in the training cohort. Robust correspondence between MR-PDFF and the US fat index was found both for the training (R2 = 0.73) and the validation cohort (R2 = 0.76). Conclusion SSE can be used to detect, quantify and grade liver steatosis and to calculate a US fat index.

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An assessment of carcass probes for use in Great Britain for the EC pig Carcass Grading Scheme

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100040423 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 427-434 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

G. L. Cook ◽

J. P. Chadwick ◽

A. J. Kempster

Keyword(s):

Great Britain ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Optical Probe ◽

Carcass Composition ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

The Third ◽

Slaughter Pigs ◽

Fat Thickness ◽

Statistical Criteria ◽

Do So

ABSTRACTTo gain approval for use in the revised European Community (EC) Pig Grading Scheme to be introduced in 1989, methods of estimating carcass lean proportion must be shown to do so with a coefficient of determination greater than 0·64 and a residual s.d. of less than 25 g/kg. A trial was carried out to assess a number of methods for use in the EC Scheme as applied in Great Britain. Subcutaneous fat and m. longissimus depths at the head of the last rib and at the third/fourth from last rib were measured using the optical probe (OP), the Fat-O-Meater (FOM), the Hennessy Grading Probe II (HGP) and the Destron PG-100 Probe (DST) on a broad sample of 162 commercial carcasses representative of the ranges in fatness and weight found nationally. The left side of each carcass was separated into component tissues. Although the instruments all achieved similar levels of accuracy in predicting carcass lean proportion, some differences were found. The DST just failed to reach the required statistical criteria for approval in the EC Scheme. The results for the other three instruments were submitted to Brussels as evidence of suitability and they have been approved.Using the regression relationships found between carcass composition and fat thickness together with results from earlier studies, it was estimated that the carcass separable fat proportion of British slaughter pigs has fallen at the annual rate of 7 g/kg since 1975.

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Setting the scene for eating disorders: childhood care, classification and course of illness

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291700025447 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 663-672 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Ulrike Schmidt ◽

Jane Tiller ◽

Janet Treasure

Keyword(s):

Anorexia Nervosa ◽

Bulimia Nervosa ◽

Family Environment ◽

Parental Control ◽

Childhood Adversity ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Semistructured Interview ◽

Childhood Experiences ◽

Course Of Illness ◽

Childhood Care

SynopsisThe aim of this study was to determine whether the childhood experiences of patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa differ and affect the course of the illness. A semistructured interview developed by Harris et al. (1986) was used to assess the childhood family environment of 64 patients with restricting anorexia nervosa (RAN), 23 patients with bulimic anorexia nervosa (BAN), 37 bulimic patients with a history of anorexia nervosa (BN/HistAN) and 79 patients with normal weight bulimia nervosa (BN).There were no significant differences between groups in terms of parental mental disorder, low parental control or childhood sexual abuse. BN patients had had significantly more family arrangements and had experienced more parental indifference, excessive parental control, physical abuse, and violence against other family members than RAN patients with the BAN and BN/HistAN group being intermediate. There was a trend for BN-patients to have had more intra-familial discord than the other groups. Different aspects of adversity tended to cluster in the same patients and 65% of the bulimic group had experienced two or more types of childhood adversity. These results suggest that childhood experiences contribute to the form of eating disorder which later develops.

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Suboptimal bone microarchitecure in adolescent girls with obesity compared to normal-weight controls and girls with anorexia nervosa

Bone ◽

10.1016/j.bone.2019.03.007 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 122 ◽

pp. 246-253 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Vibha Singhal ◽

Smriti Sanchita ◽

Sonali Malhotra ◽

Amita Bose ◽

Landy Paola Torre Flores ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anorexia Nervosa ◽

Adolescent Girls ◽

Normal Weight

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The influence of homeostatic mechanisms on neural regulation of food craving in anorexia nervosa

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291719003970 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Marion A. Stopyra ◽

Hans-Christoph Friederich ◽

Esther Mönning ◽

Nora Lavandier ◽

Martin Bendszus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anorexia Nervosa ◽

Cognitive Control ◽

Caloric Intake ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Food Craving ◽

Glucose Load ◽

Neural Regulation ◽

Viewing Condition ◽

Cephalic Phase ◽

Specific Reactions

Abstract Background Restrictive food intake in anorexia nervosa (AN) has been related to an overactive cognitive control network inhibiting intuitive motivational responses to food stimuli. However, the influence of short-term homeostatic signaling on the neural regulation of cue-induced food craving in AN is still unclear. Methods Twenty-five women with AN and 25 matched normal-weight women were examined on two occasions after receiving either glucose or water directly into their stomach using a nasogastric tube. Participants were blinded to the type of infusion. An event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm was used to investigate the effect of intestinal glucose load on neural processing during either simple viewing or distraction from food stimuli. Results Neural differences between patients with AN and normal-weight participants were found during the distraction from food stimuli, but not during the viewing condition. When compared to controls, patients with AN displayed increased activation during food distraction in the left parietal lobule/precuneus and fusiform gyrus after water infusion and decreased activation in ventromedial prefrontal and cingulate regions after intestinal glucose load. Conclusions Independent of the cephalic phase and the awareness of caloric intake, homeostatic influences trigger disorder-specific reactions in AN. Food distraction in patients with AN is associated with either excessive higher-order cognitive control during physiological hunger or decreased internally directed attention after intestinal glucose load. These findings suggest that food distraction plays an important role in the psychopathology of AN. This study was registered on clinicaltrials.gov with identifier: NCT03075371.

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