scholarly journals Vitamin A Fortification Quality Is High for Packaged and Branded Edible Oil but Low for Oil Sold in Unbranded, Loose Form: Findings from a Market Assessment in Bangladesh

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 794
Author(s):  
Svenja M. Jungjohann ◽  
Gulshan Ara ◽  
Catia Pedro ◽  
Valerie M. Friesen ◽  
Mansura Khanam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Edible Oil ◽  
Standard Requirement ◽  
Bulk Oil ◽  
Oil Market ◽  
Urban Market ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Retail Outlets ◽  
Market Volume

Although mandatory fortification of oil with vitamin A is efficacious, its effectiveness can be compromised by suboptimal compliance to standards. In this study, we assessed (1) the availability of oil brands across the eight divisions of Bangladesh, (2) fortification quality (the extent to which vitamin A content is aligned with fortification standards) of oil brands and producers and (3) the market volume represented by available edible oil types. We visited different retail outlets in rural and urban market hubs to ascertain available oil brands and bulk oil types and collected samples. We used high-performance liquid chromatography to quantify average vitamin A content and compared them to the national oil fortification standards. Among the 66 packaged brands analyzed, 26 (39%) were not fortified, and 40 (61%) were fortified, with 28 (42%) fortified above the standard vitamin A minimum. Among the 41 bulk oil type composites analyzed, 24 (59%) were not fortified, and 17 (41%) were fortified, with 14 (34%) fortified below and 3 (7%) fortified above the standard minimum. Vitamin A fortification is high for packaged and branded edible oil but low for oil sold in unbranded, loose form. As bulk oil makes up a large proportion of the oil market volume, this means the majority of the oil volume available to the population is either not (25%) or fortified below the standard requirement (39%). Regulatory inspections of producers selling bulk oil should be prioritized to support and incentivize the industry to make all oil traceable and fortified to standard.

scholarly journals Fortification Quality Is High for Packaged and Branded Edible Oil but Low for Oil Sold in Unbranded, Loose Form : Findings from a Market Assessment in Bangladesh (P24-047-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Svenja Jungjohann ◽  
Gulshan Ara ◽  
Catia Pedro ◽  
Mansura Khanam ◽  
Valerie Friesen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Low Income ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Bulk Oil ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Oil Type ◽  
Composite Samples

Abstract Objectives Mandatory fortification of oil with vitamin A has been identified as a key strategy to address prevalent micronutrient deficiency in the Bangladesh population. However, the effectiveness of fortification can be compromised by sub optimal compliance to standards. This study assessed (1) the availability of oil brands across the 8 divisions of Bangladesh and (2) fortification quality (extent to which levels of fortification are aligned with oil standards) of oil brands and producers. Methods Between March and June 2017, we visited different retail outlets in markets of rural and urban market hubs in all divisions of Bangladesh to ascertain available oil brands and bulk oil types. 12 oil samples were collected from different batches of the main packaged oil brands and each unpackaged oil type sold in bulk/loose by division. Composite samples were prepared by bulk oil type per division or by brand and the average vitamin A content was quantified using High Performance Liquid Chromatography and compared to the national oil fortification standards. Results We identified 3 oil types (palm, soybean, super palm oil) sold in bulk and 97 packaged brands available in Bangladesh. Dhaka had the largest variety of available brands (46), and Khulna and Rangpur divisions the lowest (19). Fortified oil was available in all divisions of Bangladesh. Of the 66 packaged brands analysed, 40 brands were fortified (61%) and 28 of these above the standard minimum. Of the 41 bulk oil composite samples, 59% were not fortified, 34% were fortified below and only 7% above the standard vitamin A minimum. Conclusions While fortified oil was available in all divisions and most of the packaged oil in Bangladesh was fortified, this study revealed important differences in fortification quality between packaged/branded and unpackaged/bulk oil. Of concern, unbranded loose oil is likely predominantly purchased by low-income consumers, due to the lower price and ability to purchase in small quantities. In addition to the poor performance outcomes observed in bulk oil, the lack of a labelling system and therefore traceability means that there is no way to guarantee that the oil is authentic, of good quality and safe. Regulatory inspections of producers selling bulk oil should be prioritized to support them to make all oil traceable and fortified according to standard. Funding Sources Government of the Netherlands.

Quantification of Vitamin A in Fortified Rapeseed, Groundnut and Soya Oils Using a Simple Portable Device: Comparison to High Performance Liquid Chromatography

2013 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Renaud ◽  
Jacques Berger ◽  
Arnaud Laillou ◽  
Sylvie Avallone
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Portable Device ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Control Food ◽  
Assay Precision

Vitamin A deficiency is still one of the major public health problems in least developed countries. Fortification of vegetable oils is a strategy implemented worldwide to prevent this deficiency. For a fortification program to be effective, regular monitoring is necessary to control food quality in the producing units. The reference methods for vitamin A quantification are expensive and time-consuming. A rapid method should be useful for regular assessment of vitamin A in the oil industry. A portable device was compared to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for three plant oils (rapeseed, groundnut, and soya). The device presented a good linearity from 3 to 30 mg retinol equivalents per kg (mg RE.kg- 1). Its limits of detection and quantification were 3 mg RE.kg- 1 for groundnut and rapeseed oils and 4 mg RE.kg- 1 for soya oil. The intra-assay precision ranged from 1.48 % to 3.98 %, considered satisfactory. Accuracy estimated by the root mean squares error ranged from 3.99 to 5.49 and revealed a lower precision than HPLC (0.4 to 2.25). Although it offers less precision than HPLC, the device estimates quickly the vitamin A content of the tested oils from 3 or 4 to 15 mg RE.kg- 1.

Tingginya tingkat konsumsi minyak goreng oleh Masyarakat Indonesia menjadikan minyak goreng digunakan sebagai food vehiclepada program fortifikasi vitamin A.Program tersebut dilakukan untuk mengatasi Kekurangan vitamin A (KVA). KVAsangat mempengaruhi kela

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
LILY RESTUSARI ◽  
SRI WIDIA NINGSIH ◽  
YULIANA ARSIL
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
High Performance

Tingginya tingkat konsumsi minyak goreng oleh Masyarakat Indonesia menjadikan minyak goreng digunakan sebagai food vehiclepada program fortifikasi vitamin A.Program tersebut dilakukan untuk mengatasi Kekurangan vitamin A (KVA). KVAsangat mempengaruhi kelangsungan hidup anak dan standar upaya penyelamatan proses kehamilan dan persalinan. Namun pemanasan yang terjadi selama proses penggorenganpada minyak dapatmerusak jumlah vitamin A yang difortifikasi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk membandingkan nilai retensi vitamin A di dalam kentang yang digoreng dengan menggunakan minyak goreng curah dan minyak goreng kemasan fortifikasi dengan pengaruh suhu dan waktu penggorengan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental disain rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan dua faktor, suhu (140dan 170oC) dan waktu penggorengan (10 dan 15 menit) tanpa pengulangan.Sampel penelitian yang digunakan adalah kentang beku, minyak goreng curah dan minyak goreng kemasan fortifikasi.Nilai retensi vitamin A kentang dan minyak goreng diukur dengan menggunakan metode High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).Analisis perbedaan dan interaksi variabel diolah dengan ANOVA dua arah. Berdasarkan luas area puncak vitamin A pada kromatogram sebelum dan setelah penggorengan, ditemukan kecenderungan penurunan persentase retensi vitamin A dari minyak goreng kemasan fortifikasi dibandingkan minyak goreng curah.Nilai retensi vitamin A pada kentang yang digoreng dengan minyak goreng curah adalah 217-251%,sedangkan retensivitamin A kentang yang digoreng dengan minyak goreng kemasan fortifikasi adalah 48-131%. Analisis ANOVA dua arah tanpa pengulangan untuk persen retensi vitamin A menunjukkan bahwa (p<0,05) variabel jenis minyak goreng berpengaruh secara nyata terhadap retensi vitamin A. Retensi vitamin A pada kentang goreng yang digoreng dengan minyak goreng curah jauh lebih tinggi dibanding minyak goreng kemasan fortifikasi

Vitamin A deficiency enhances ozone-induced lung injury

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (3) ◽  
pp. L475-L482 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. C. Paquette ◽  
L. Y. Zhang ◽  
W. A. Ellis ◽  
A. L. Scott ◽  
S. R. Kleeberger
Keyword(s):  
Lung Injury ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Retinyl Palmitate ◽  
Differential Cell Count ◽  
Inbred Strains Of Mice

The present study determined the effects of vitamin A (vA) deficiency on the responses to ozone (O3) challenges in two inbred strains of mice that are differentially susceptible to O3-induced lung inflammation. Susceptible C57BL/6J (B6) and resistant C3H/HeJ (C3) dams at 2 wk gestation were fed test diets containing either 0 or 10 micrograms retinol/g diet. In mice that were maintained on vA-sufficient (vA+) diet, lung and liver tissue concentrations of vA and retinyl palmitate (RP) were significantly (P<0.05) lower in the B6 strain compared with C3, as measured by high-performance liquid chromatography techniques. vA and RP levels were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in lung and liver tissues of 8-wk old B6 and C3 mice that were maintained on a vA deficient (vA-) diet. vA+ and vA- mice of both strains were exposed to air or 0.3 ppm O3/72 h, and lung injury was assessed by differential cell count and total protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) returns. O3 exposure caused significantly (P<0.05) greater increases in inflammatory cells and a total protein in BAL returns of vA+ B6 mice than vA+ C3 mice. vA deficiency significantly (P<0.05) enhanced O3-induced increases in polymorphonuclear leukocytes in C3 mice and epithelial cells loss in both strains. Compared with vA+ mice, lung permeability was also significantly (P<0.05) enhanced in vA- mice of both strains exposed to O3. vA replacement partially reversed the O3-induced lung injury that was enhanced by vA- diet. Results indicate that vA may have an important role in the pathogenesis of O3-induced lung injury in differentially susceptible inbred strains of mice.

Comparison of Rural and Urban Consumer Behaviour in Punjab and Chandigarh: An Empirical Study

2002 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.S. Bhatia ◽  
Anupam Bawa
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Marketing Strategy ◽  
Brand Loyalty ◽  
Consumer Behaviour ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Rural Market ◽  
Urban Market ◽  
Rural And Urban

The region of Punjab and Chandigarh does not show the type of differences in consumer behaviour that are normally expected in a rural urban market comparison in India. In fact, the rural market shows more similarities than differences with the urban market. Many of these similarities are in those aspects about which earlier writers had found great differences, e.g. frequency of purchase, type of distribution outlet patronised, brand loyalty, exposure to advertisements, to name but a few. No stark differences in consumer behaviour were found on comparing the rural market with the urban market. The distinctive features of this region, including its prosperity and well connectedness may be responsible for these findings. The findings of this study have a bearing on the marketing strategy that should be designed for geographic region.

Selective utilization of serum vitamin A for visual pigment synthesis

1989 ◽  
Vol 142 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-214
Author(s):  
A. T. Tsin ◽  
S. N. Gentles ◽  
E. A. Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Pigment Synthesis ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Vitamin A2

Two groups of goldfish (Carassius auratus) were subjected to light and temperature conditions known to promote a contrast in their scotopic visual pigment compositions. After 3 weeks, the porphyropsin/rhodopsin ratio in the neuroretina of these goldfish ranged from 99% porphyropsin in one group to 59% in the other. Samples of blood, liver and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) were also removed from these animals and analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for vitamin A composition. There was consistently more vitamin A2 than vitamin A1 (over 50% vitamin A2) in both vitamin A alcohol and vitamin A esters extracted from the liver and the RPE. In contrast, only 30% of all vitamin A extracted from the blood was vitamin A2. These observations suggest that it is mainly vitamin A1 that is transported in the blood, whereas vitamin A2 is selectively retained in the liver and in the RPE and used to form porphyropsin in the eye.

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