Characterization and Pathogenicity of Fusarium Species Associated with Soybean Pods in Maize/Soybean Strip Intercropping

Intercropping has been considered as a kind of a sustainable agricultural cropping system. In southwest China, maize/soybean strip intercropping has commonly been practised under local limited agricultural land resources. However, heavy rainfall in combination with high humidity and low temperatures cause severe pod and seed deterioration in the maturity and pre-harvesting stages of intercropped soybean. Numerous Fusarium species have been reported as the dominant pathogens of soybean root rot, seedling blight, as well as pod field mold in this area. However, the diversity and pathogenicity of Fusarium species on soybean pods remain unclear. In the current study, diseased soybean pods were collected during the cropping season of 2018 from five different intercropped soybean producing areas. A total of 83 Fusarium isolates were isolated and identified as F. fujikuroi, F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, and F. incarnatum-equiseti species complex based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence of EF1-α and RPB2 genes. Pathogenicity tests demonstrated that all Fusarium species were pathogenic to seeds of the intercropped soybean cultivar Nandou12. Fusarium fujikuroi had the maximum disease severity, with a significant reduction of seed germination rate, root length, and seed weight, followed by F. equiseti, F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, and F. incarnatum. Additionally, the diversity of Fusarium species on soybean pods was also considerably distinct according to the geographical origin and soybean varieties. Thus, the findings of the current study will be helpful for the management and resistance breeding of soybean pod decay in the maize/soybean intercropping system.

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Identification of Fusarium Species Isolated From Stored Apple Fruit in Croatia / Identifikacija Vrsta Roda Fusarium Izoliranih S Plodova Jabuke Nakon Skladištenja

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology ◽

10.2478/10004-1254-63-2012-2227 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 63 (4) ◽

pp. 463-470 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Zdravka Sever ◽

Dario Ivić ◽

Tomislav Kos ◽

Tihomir Miličević

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Species ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Molecular Data ◽

Apple Fruit ◽

Fusarium Avenaceum ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Low Oxygen ◽

Fusarium Rot ◽

Pathogenicity Tests ◽

Apple Fruits

AbstractSeveral species of the genus Fusarium can cause apple fruit to rot while stored. Since Fusarium taxonomy is very complex and has constantly been revised and updated over the last years, the aim of this study was to identify Fusarium species from rotten apples, based on combined morphological characteristics and molecular data.We identified 32 Fusarium isolates from rotten apple fruit of cultivars Golden Delicious, Jonagold, Idared, and Pink Lady, stored in Ultra Low Oxygen (ULO) conditions. Fusarium rot was detected in 9.4 % to 33.2 % of naturally infected apples, depending on the cultivar. The symptoms were similar in all four cultivars: a soft circular brown necrosis of different extent, with or without visible sporulation. Fusarium species were identified by the morphology of cultures grown on potato-dextrose agar (PDA) and carnation leaf agar (CLA). Twenty one isolates were identified as Fusarium avenaceum and confirmed as such with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primer pair FA-ITSF and FA-ITSR. F. pseudograminearum,F. semitectum, F. crookwellense, and F. compactum were identified by morphological characteristics. F.avenaceum can produce several mycotoxins and its dominance in Fusarium rot points to the risk of mycotoxin contamination of apple fruit juices and other products for human consumption. Pathogenicity tests showed typical symptoms of Fusarium rot in most of the inoculated wounded apple fruits. In this respect Fusarium avenaceum, as the dominant cause of Fusarium rot in stored apple fruits is a typical wound parasite.

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A Survey of Trunk Disease Pathogens within Citrus Trees in Iran

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9060754 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 754

Author(s):

Nahid Espargham ◽

Hamid Mohammadi ◽

David Gramaje

Keyword(s):

Sequence Data ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Elongation Factor ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽

Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽

Lasiodiplodia Theobromae ◽

Dna Sequence Data ◽

Pathogenicity Tests ◽

Citrus Trees

Citrus trees with cankers and dieback symptoms were observed in Bushehr (Bushehr province, Iran). Isolations were made from diseased cankers and branches. Recovered fungal isolates were identified using cultural and morphological characteristics, as well as comparisons of DNA sequence data of the nuclear ribosomal DNA-internal transcribed spacer region, translation elongation factor 1α, β-tubulin, and actin gene regions. Dothiorella viticola, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Neoscytalidium hyalinum, Phaeoacremonium (P.) parasiticum, P. italicum, P. iranianum, P. rubrigenum, P. minimum, P. croatiense, P. fraxinopensylvanicum, Phaeoacremonium sp., Cadophora luteo-olivacea, Biscogniauxia (B.) mediterranea, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, C. boninense, Peyronellaea (Pa.) pinodella, Stilbocrea (S.) walteri, and several isolates of Phoma, Pestalotiopsis, and Fusarium species were obtained from diseased trees. The pathogenicity tests were conducted by artificial inoculation of excised shoots of healthy acid lime trees (Citrus aurantifolia) under controlled conditions. Lasiodiplodia theobromae was the most virulent and caused the longest lesions within 40 days of inoculation. According to literature reviews, this is the first report of L. theobromae and N. hyalinum on citrus in Iran. Additionally, we report several Phaeoacremonium species, S. walteri, Pa. pinodella and C. luteo-olivacea on citrus trees for the first time in the world.

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Fusarium fujikuroi Species Complex Associated With Rice, Maize, and Soybean From Jiangsu Province, China: Phylogenetic, Pathogenic, and Toxigenic Analysis

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-09-19-1909-re ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 104 (8) ◽

pp. 2193-2201 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jianbo Qiu ◽

Yunan Lu ◽

Dan He ◽

Yin-Won Lee ◽

Fang Ji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Species Complex ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Germination Rate ◽

Population Level ◽

Jiangsu Province ◽

Fusarium Fujikuroi ◽

Rice Seed ◽

Fusarium Fujikuroi Species Complex

Species belonging to the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) are of vital importance and are a major concern for food quantity and quality worldwide, as they not only cause serious diseases in crops but also produce various mycotoxins. To characterize the population structure and evaluate the risk of poisonous secondary metabolites, a total of 237 candidate strains were isolated from rice, maize, and soybean samples in Jiangsu Province, China. Species identification of the individual strain was accomplished by sequencing the translation elongation factor 1α gene (TEF-1α) and the fumonisin (FB) synthetic gene (FUM1). The distribution of Fusarium species among the different crops was observed. The maize seeds were dominated by F. proliferatum (teleomorph, Gibberella intermedia) and F. verticillioides (teleomorph, G. moniliformis), whereas F. fujikuroi (teleomorph, G. fujikuroi) was the most frequently isolated species from rice and soybean samples. In addition, phylogenetic analyses of these strains were performed, and the results suggested clear groups showing no obvious relationship with the origin source. FFSC species pathogenicity and toxigenicity were studied. All of the species reduced the rice seed germination rate, with no significant differences. F. fujikuroi showed two distinct patterns of influencing the length of rice seedlings, which were correlated with FBs and gibberellic acid synthesis. FBs were mainly produced by F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum. F. proliferatum and F. fujikuroi also produced moniliformin and beauvericin. The toxigenicity of F. andiyazi (teleomorph, G. andiyazi) was extremely low. Further analysis indicated that the sequence variations in TEF-1α and the differences in the expression levels of the toxin synthesis genes were associated with the diversity of secondary metabolites in F. fujikuroi strains. These findings provide insight into the population-level characterization of the FFSC and might be helpful in the development of strategies for the management of diseases and mycotoxins.

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Diversity of the Seedborne Fungi and Pathogenicity of Fusarium Species Associated with Intercropped Soybean

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens9070531 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 531

Author(s):

Xiaoli Chang ◽

Hongju Li ◽

Muhammd Naeem ◽

Xiaoling Wu ◽

Taiwen Yong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sequence Analysis ◽

Southwest China ◽

Seed Quality ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Elongation Factor ◽

Resistance Breeding ◽

Distinct Species ◽

Germination Percentage ◽

Seedborne Fungi ◽

Strip Intercropping

Maize/soybean relay strip intercropping has been widely practiced in Southwest China due to its high productivity and effective application of agricultural resources; however, several seedborne diseases such as seedling blight, pod and seed decay are frequently observed causing severe yield loss and low seed quality. So far, the population and pathogenicity of the seedborne fungi associated with intercropped soybean remain unexplored. In this study, seeds of 12 soybean cultivars screened for intercropping were collected from three growing regions in Sichuan Province of Southwest China, and the seedborne fungi were isolated from the surface-sterilized seeds. Based on sequence analysis of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (rDNA ITS), 148 isolates were identified into 13 fungal genera, among which Fusarium covered 55.0% as the biggest population followed by Colletotrichum. Furthermore, Fusarium isolates were classified into five distinct species comprising F. fujikuroi, F. proliferatum, F. verticillioides, F. asiaticum and F. incarnatum through sequence analysis of translation elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1α) and DNA-directed RNA ploymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2). Among them, F. fujikuroi accounted for 51.22% (42/82) and was isolated from 91.7% (11/12) soybean varieties. Pathogenicity assay showed that five Fusarium species were able to infect the seeds of soybean cultivar “Nandou12” and caused water-soaked or rot symptoms, while F. fujikuroi and F. asiaticum had much higher aggressiveness than other species with significant reductions of seed fresh weight and germination percentage. Accordingly, this study indicates that Fusarium species are the dominant seedborne fungi in the intercropped soybean in Sichuan, China, and this provides some useful references for the effective management of seedborne fungal diseases as well as soybean resistance breeding in maize/soybean relay strip intercropping.

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Bakanae Disease of Rice in Malaysia and Indonesia: Etiology of the Causal Agent Based on Morphological, Physiological and Pathogenicity Characteristics

Journal of Plant Protection Research ◽

10.2478/v10045-008-0056-z ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 475-485 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Nur Izzati Mohd Zainudin ◽

Azmi Razak ◽

Baharuddin Salleh

Keyword(s):

Disease Incidence ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Peninsular Malaysia ◽

Causal Agent ◽

Fusarium Fujikuroi ◽

Bakanae Disease ◽

Agent Based ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Pathogenicity Tests ◽

Solvent Systems

Bakanae Disease of Rice in Malaysia and Indonesia: Etiology of the Causal Agent Based on Morphological, Physiological and Pathogenicity CharacteristicsBakanae disease on rice has been recorded almost in all countries where paddy is grown commercially, especially in Asian countries, including Malaysia and Indonesia. Bakanae disease was widespread in Peninsular Malaysia and three provinces of Indonesia with the range of disease severity from scale 1 to 5 and disease incidence from 0.5 to 12.5% during 2004-2005 main growing seasons. A total of fiveFusariumspecies belonging to section Liseola and their allied i.e.Fusarium fujikuroi, F. proliferatum, F. sacchari, F. subglutinans and F. verticillioideswere isolated and identified on the basis of their morphological characteristics. Literature data showed that the bakanae disease of rice all over the world is caused byF. fujikuroiand probably some otherFusariumspecies from section Liseola or allied. However, from pathogenicity tests that have been carried out by using variety MR 211 of rice it was evident thatF. fujikuroiwas highly virulent and the only species involved in causing bakanae disease. Therefore, this species was the only one detected to be able to produce gibberellic acid - (GA3) with Rfvalue 0.40 and 0.62, developed in solvent systems isopropanol:ammonia:water (10: 1: 1), v/v/ v and chloroform:ethyl acetate:formic acid (5: 4: 1), v/v/v, respectively. This knowledge would be invaluable in developing our understanding on the interaction betweenF. fujikuroiand the host plants.

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First Report of Root and Basal Rot of Angelica acutiloba Caused by Fusarium solani in Taiwan

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-94-9-1164a ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 94 (9) ◽

pp. 1164-1164 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

L. L. Chern ◽

C. T. Feng ◽

C. H. Yu ◽

W. C. Ho

Keyword(s):

Genomic Dna ◽

Vascular Tissue ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Fusarium Spp ◽

First Report ◽

Basal Rot ◽

Brown Discoloration ◽

Pathogenicity Tests ◽

Angelica Acutiloba

Angelica (Angelica acutiloba (Siebold. & Zucc.) Kitag.) is one of the most important traditional Chinese medicines in Taiwan. The medicinal herb has been mainly imported from China, but cultivation at a commercial scale has also been established in recent years in Hualien County, Taiwan. In September 2008, angelica plants in a field at Liou-shih-dan Mountain displayed symptoms of yellowing, stunting, rotting of roots and basal stem, and wilting. A severe brown discoloration of vascular tissue along the stems of infected plants was observed. One or more Fusarium spp. was consistently isolated from the roots and stems of diseased plants. Isolates R3, R4, and R5 were incubated for 14 days on celery tissues to produce chlamydospores, and 33 g of celery tissue with chlamydospores were mixed with 500 ml of soil per pot as inoculum. One 4-month-old angelica seedling was planted per pot. Three angelica plants were inoculated with each isolate in the first test and nine plants were inoculated with each isolate in the second test. Other seedlings were inoculated with water as checks. Pathogenicity tests were conducted twice. Incidence of diseased plants was 66, 100, and 33% in the first test, and 66, 100, and 44% in the second test for the R3, R4, and R5 isolates, respectively. Symptoms similar to those on the diseased plants in the field were produced, with leaves turning yellow starting 7 days after inoculation and wilt and discoloration of roots 14 days after inoculation. Fusarium spp. also were reisolated from the diseased plants. Genomic DNA was extracted from mycelium with a fungal genomic DNA purification kit, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA region was amplified and sequenced with primers ITS-4 and ITS-5. The sequence of the resulting ~550-bp amplicon was compared with those in GenBank. The ITS sequences of the R3, R4, and R5 isolates shared 98.7, 98.7, and 97.9% similarity with F. solani isolate AF129104 (3), respectively. Phylogenetic analysis also showed that the three isolates were closer to F. solani than to other Fusarium species. Both macroconidia and microconidia of the R4 isolate were produced on potato dextrose agar. Macroconidia were three to five septate and 27.2 to 37.8 × 4.4 to 6.2 μm; microconidia were zero to one septate and 9.3 to 14.7 × 2.9 to 4.8 μm. Chlamydospores produced on celery juice agar were terminal or intercalary, solitary, in pairs or in chains, and 9.3 to 12.1 μm. Morphological characteristics identified the three isolates as F. solani (Martius) Snyder & Hansen according to Fu and Chang (2) and Chung et al. (1), which agrees with the ITS comparison. To our knowledge, this is the first report of root and basal rot caused by F. solani on angelica in Taiwan. References: (1) W. C. Chung et al. Plant Prot. Bull. 40:177, 1998. (2) C. H. Fu and T. T. Chang. Taiwan J. For. Sci. 14:223, 1999. (3) H. Suga et al. Mycol. Res. 104:1175, 2000.

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FEATURES OF MONITORING OF DEGRADED LANDS TO ASSESS POSSIBILITIES FOR THEIR REHABILITATION

Prirodoobustrojstvo ◽

10.26897/1997-6011-2020-4-37-43 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 37-43

Author(s):

B.I. KORZHENEVSKIY ◽

◽

N.V. KOLOMIYTSEV ◽

G.YU. TOLKACHEV

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Land ◽

Meteorological Data ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Energy Reserves ◽

Land Restoration ◽

Degraded Land ◽

Degraded Lands ◽

The Past ◽

Unused Land ◽

Restoration Work

Putting out of using large areas of agricultural lands in the central region over the past years has led to worsening the prospects of their purposed use, although the problem of the relevance of their restoration still remains. For many years the unused land was exposed to both natural exogenous processes such as erosion, suffusion, etc. and biological and chemical changes, usually for the worse for agriculture. There are considered elements of monitoring aimed at assessing the prospects or lack of perspectives of rehabilitation of degraded lands. An energy approach to assessing the state of slopes and soils located within these slopes is presented. The main factors of natural and anthropogenic character in assessing the prospects for land restoration are their steepness, excess relative to local bases of erosion other morphological characteristics of slopes which in general is reduced to an assessment of the energy provision of slopes and soils. So the higher the energy capacity of slopes – they are less promising for development, for soils – there is a reverse picture – the higher their energy reserves, the more promising is their use. Approaches to zoning the territory for monitoring from larger taxons of natural and anthropogenic genesis to the sites of special surveillance within which the prospects for rehabilitation of the agricultural land are evaluated. The most important factor is the material expediency of such actions, i.e. before starting the restoration work it is necessary to assess the profitability or loss of the proposed event. In cases of the material expediency it is feasible as further actions to include energy assessments of slopes and soils; zoning of the object according to the steepness and oriented characteristics of soil washout; and the possibility of obtaining agronomic and meteorological data on a timely basis. The result of the work is a forecast assessment of the prospects for restoring degraded land for the intended purpose using modern databases and WEB-systems.

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Incidence and Etiology of Postharvest Fungal Diseases Associated with Bulb Rot in Garlic (Alllium sativum) in Spain

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10051063 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 1063

Author(s):

Laura Gálvez ◽

Daniel Palmero

Keyword(s):

Negative Impact ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Postharvest Disease ◽

Dry Rot ◽

Fusarium Dry Rot ◽

Causative Agents ◽

Postharvest Handling ◽

Pathogenicity Tests ◽

Bulb Rot

In recent years, different postharvest alterations have been detected in garlic. In many cases, the symptoms are not well defined, or the etiology is unknown, which further complicates the selection of bulbs during postharvest handling. To characterize the different symptoms of bulb rot caused by fungi, garlic bulb samples were collected from six Spanish provinces in two consecutive years. Eight different fungal species were identified. The most prevalent postharvest disease was Fusarium dry rot (56.1%), which was associated with six Fusarium species. Fusarium proliferatum was detected in more than 85% of symptomatic cloves, followed by F. oxysporum and F. solani. Pathogenicity tests did not show a significant correlation between virulence and mycotoxin production (fumonisins, beauvericin, and moniliformin) or the mycelial growth rate. Penicillium allii was detected in 12.2% of the samples; it was greatly influenced by the harvest season and garlic cultivar, and three different morphotypes were identified. Stemphylium vesicarium and Embellisia allii were pathogenic to wounded cloves. Some of the isolated fungal species produce highly toxic mycotoxins, which may have a negative impact on human health. This work is the first to determine the quantitative importance, pathogenicity, and virulence of the causative agents of postharvest garlic rot in Spain.

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Outbreak of Leaf Spot and Fruit Rot in Florida Strawberry Caused by Neopestalotiopsis spp.

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-06-20-1290-re ◽

2021 ◽

pp. PDIS-06-20-1290

Author(s):

Juliana S. Baggio ◽

Bruna B. Forcelini ◽

Nan-Yi Wang ◽

Rafaela G. Ruschel ◽

James C. Mertely ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Taxonomic Status ◽

Spore Production ◽

Potato Dextrose Agar ◽

Fruit Rot ◽

Low Genetic Diversity ◽

Pathogenicity Tests ◽

A New Species

Pestalotiopsis-like species have been reported affecting strawberry worldwide. Recently, severe and unprecedented outbreaks have been reported in Florida commercial fields where leaf, fruit, petiole, crown, and root symptoms were observed, and yield was severely affected. The taxonomic status of the fungus is confusing because it has gone through multiple reclassifications over the years. Morphological characteristics, phylogenetic analyses, and pathogenicity tests were evaluated for strawberry isolates recovered from diseased plants in Florida. Phylogenetic analyses derived from the combined internal transcribed spacer, β-tub, and tef1 regions demonstrated that although there was low genetic diversity among the strawberry isolates, there was a clear separation of the isolates in two groups. The first group included isolates recovered over a period of several years, which was identified as Neopestalotiopsis rosae. Most isolates recovered during the recent outbreaks were genetically different and may belong to a new species. On potato dextrose agar, both groups produced white, circular, and cottony colonies. From the bottom, colonies were white to pale yellow for Neopestalotiopsis sp. and pale luteous to orange for N. rosae. Spores for both groups were five-celled with three median versicolored cells. Mycelial growth and spore production were higher for the new Neopestalotiopsis sp. isolates. Isolates from both groups were pathogenic to strawberry roots and crowns. However, the new Neopestalotiopsis sp. proved more aggressive in fruit and leaf inoculation tests, confirming observations from the recent outbreaks in commercial strawberry fields in Florida.

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Red soils of different origins from southwest Nigeria: Characteristics, classification, and management considerations

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/s96-069 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 77 (2) ◽

pp. 295-307 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

T. A. Okusami ◽

R. H. Rust ◽

A. O. Alao

Keyword(s):

Clay Mineral ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Clay Fraction ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Cropping System ◽

Clay Content ◽

Parent Material ◽

Classification Systems ◽

Biotite Gneiss ◽

Variable Charge

Representative profiles of the Owena, Egbeda, Alagba, and Balogun series were studied. The Owena soil is formed in amphibolite whereas Egbeda and Balogun soils are formed in biotite gneiss derived parent materials. The Alagba soil is formed in sandstone parent rock. The main objectives were to characterize the soils and their clay fraction, and to classify and interpret soil properties for agricultural land use. Most soils exhibit 2.5 YR hues in subsurface horizons. A pedon formed in biotite gneiss has the highest dithionite Fe content and Fed/clay ratio. The relationships between clay content and Fed values vary according to parent material origin and, therefore, would have to be interpreted differently for soil weathering processes. Clay coatings were noticeable in some soil horizons of all pedons studied. Soils are generally medium to slightly acid with sandstone-derived soils being the most acid. The clay mineral suite in all soils is dominated by kaolinite with traces of 2:1 and 2:2 clay minerals, goethite, hematite, anatase, maghemite, and rutile. In addition, some soils contain trace amounts of gibbsite. Kandic horizons have been identified in all soils. The low charge properties of the soils reflect the intensely weathered clay mineral suite. The base status is probably influenced by the cropping system and therefore may tend to unnecessarily differentiate highly weathered soils at the order level. The Egbeda and Balogun series were classified as Rhodic Kandiudults, clayey-skeletal, oxidic and Rhodic Kandiudalfs, clayey-skeletal, oxidic, respectively. Others, Owena, and Alagba series, were classified as Typic Kanhaplohumults, clayey, oxidic and Rhodic Kanhaplustults, fine loamy or clayey, oxidic, respectively. In the FAO-Unesco legend, all soils become Rhodic Ferralsols. In addition, the Owena (with its nitic properties) is further classified as niti-rhodic Ferralsol. The two classification systems are at variance for highly weathered (variable charge property) soils and this difference will definitely influence management decisions depending on which system is used at any particular time. Soil attributes favorable for agricultural use include thick sola and favorable structures. Chemical properties suggest minimal fixation of phosphorus. Key words: Dithionite Fe, kandic, oxidic, variable charge, ferralic, exchangeable Al

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