scholarly journals Physcomitrium patens Mutants in Auxin Conjugating GH3 Proteins Show Salt Stress Tolerance but Auxin Homeostasis Is Not Involved in Regulation of Oxidative Stress Factors

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1398
Author(s):  
Haniyeh Koochak ◽  
Jutta Ludwig-Müller
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Additional Indication ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Auxin Homeostasis ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Stress Metabolites

Salt stress is among the most challenging abiotic stress situations that a plant can experience. High salt levels do not only occur in areas with obvious salty water, but also during drought periods where salt accumulates in the soil. The moss Physcomitrium patens became a model for studying abiotic stress in non-vascular plants. Here, we show that high salt concentrations can be tolerated in vitro, and that auxin homeostasis is connected to the performance of P. patens under these stress conditions. The auxin levels can be regulated by conjugating IAA to amino acids by two members of the family of GH3 protein auxin amino acid-synthetases that are present in P. patens. Double GH3 gene knock-out mutants were more tolerant to high salt concentrations. Furthermore, free IAA levels were differentially altered during the time points investigated. Since, among the mutant lines, an increase in IAA on at least one NaCl concentration tested was observed, we treated wild type (WT) plants concomitantly with NaCl and IAA. This experiment showed that the salt tolerance to 100 mM NaCl together with 1 and 10 µM IAA was enhanced during the earlier time points. This is an additional indication that the high IAA levels in the double GH3-KO lines could be responsible for survival in high salt conditions. While the high salt concentrations induced several selected stress metabolites including phenols, flavonoids, and enzymes such as peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, the GH3-KO genotype did not generally participate in this upregulation. While we showed that the GH3 double KO mutants were more tolerant of high (250 mM) NaCl concentrations, the altered auxin homeostasis was not directly involved in the upregulation of stress metabolites.

scholarly journals Salinity Effects on Gene Expression, Morphological, and Physio-Biochemical Responses of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni In Vitro

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 820
Author(s):  
Clara Azzam ◽  
Sudad Al-Taweel ◽  
Ranya Abdel-Aziz ◽  
Karim Rabea ◽  
Alaa Abou-Sreea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Stevia Rebaudiana ◽  
Multiple Shoots ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni ◽  
Nacl Concentration

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a little bush, which is cultivated on a large scale in many countries for medicinal purposes and used as a natural sweetener in food products. The present work aims to conduct a protocol for stevia propagation in vitro to produce and introduce Stevia rebaudiana plants as a new sweetener crop to Egyptian agriculture. To efficiently maximize its propagation, it is important to study the influence of stress factors on the growth and development of Stevia rebaudiana grown in vitro. Two stevia varieties were investigated (Sugar High A3 and Spanti) against salt stress. Leaves were used as the source of explants for callus initiation, regeneration, multiplication and rooting. Some stress-related traits, i.e., photosynthetic pigments, proline contents, and enzyme activity for peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were studied. Murashig and Skoog (MS) medium was supplemented with four NaCl concentrations: 500, 1000, 2000, and 3000 mgL−1, while a salt-free medium was used as the control. The data revealed that salinity negatively affected all studied characters: the number of surviving calli, regeneration%, shoot length, the number of multiple shoots, number of leaf plantlets−1, number of root plantlets−1, and root length. The data also revealed that Sugar High A3 is more tolerant than Spanti. The total chlorophyll content decreased gradually with increasing NaCl concentration. However, the opposite was true for proline content. Isozyme’s fractionation exhibited high levels of variability among the two varieties. Various biochemical parameters associated with salt tolerance were detected in POD. Namely, POD4, POD6, POD 9 at an Rf of 0.34, 0.57, and 0.91 in the Sugar High A3 variety under high salt concentration conditions, as well as POD 10 at an Rf of 0.98 in both varieties under high salt concentrations. In addition, the overexpression of POD 5 and POD 10 at Rf 0.52 and 0.83 was found in both varieties at high NaCl concentrations. Biochemical parameters associated with salt tolerance were detected in PPO (PPO1, PPO2 and PPO4 at an Rf of 0.38, 0.42 and 0.62 in the Sugar High A3 variety under high salt concentrations) and MDH (MDH 3 at an Rf of 0.40 in both varieties at high salt concentrations). Therefore, these could be considered as important biochemical markers associated with salt tolerance and could be applied in stevia breeding programs (marker-assisted selection). This investigation recommends stevia variety Sugar High A3 to be cultivated under salt conditions.

scholarly journals Effect of air desiccation and salt stress factors on in vitro regeneration of rice (Oryza sativaL.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. e977209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abu Baker Siddique ◽  
Israt Ara ◽  
S M Shahinul Islam ◽  
Narendra Tuteja
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
In Vitro Regeneration ◽  
Stress Factors

scholarly journals Effect of Abiotic Stress on Irrigated Maize Forage Yield as Compared to Sorghum

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 27-36
Author(s):  
S.H. Mohammed ◽  
Maarouf I. Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Forage Maize

A study was conducted in Sudan (Africa) during the summer and winter seasons (2013 – 2014) at two locations: Shambat (normal soils) and Soba (salt affected soils). Nine maize (Zeamays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) cultivars were studied under two watering regimes arranged in split plot experiment in randomized complete block design. The eight test-environments created by the combination of locations, seasons and watering regimes were used to investigate the effect of salt, water and heat stresses on forage yield and some related traits. The results showed that separate and combined stress factors significantly reduced forage yield. The greatest reduction in dry matter yield caused by one factor was shown by salt stress (29.6%) and the least reduction was caused by heat stress (3.9%). Water stress coupled with either heat or salt stress caused the greater reduction in yield (37.0%-43.3%) than the combination of the other factors. Full stress caused 53.8% yield reduction. Days to tasseling was significantly reduced by heat stress whereas water and salt stress showed no significant effect on tasseling duration. Full stress caused the greatest effect on days to tasseling. Plant height and stem diameter were significantly reduced by salt and water stress. Two hybrids kept top rank in yield through most abiotic stress levels showing resilience to unfavorable environments. All maize genotypes significantly outyielded the sorghum check under no heat stress (winter sowing) regardless the effect of salt and water stresses while the opposite is true under the heat stress (summer sowing). It was concluded that salt and water stress are the major abiotic stresses limiting forage maize production. Maize tolerate better reduction in temperature than dose sorghum while the latter tolerate better salt and water stresses than dose maize. Forage maize could be competitively grown during summer if water and salt stresses are avoided

Cloning Na+/H+ Antiporter Gene (nhaA) and Analysis of Function in Soybean

2011 ◽  
Vol 183-185 ◽  
pp. 744-747
Author(s):  
Quan Wei Wang ◽  
Liang Chen ◽  
Hai Ling Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Electronic Conductivity ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Salt Resistance ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Salt Stress Tolerance ◽  
Transformed Plants

The osmotic stress and ion toxicity caused by high salt is one of the major abiotic stress factors that affect the crop growth and development. Na+/H+ antiporter is the key factor in the salt-stress tolerance in organism. It can maintain normal growth and metabolism of organism under high salt stress. PCR was per- formed to clone a plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter gene nhaA from Pseudomonas stutzeri, and the plant expression vector pBI121-nhaA was constructed. NhaA gene was trans- formed into soybean growing point via Agrobacterium- mediated transformation. PCR, Southern blot analysis showed that nhaA gene had been integrated into the soybean genome. Salt resistance analysis showed that the relative electronic conductivity of the transformed plants plasma membrane was signify- cantly lower than that of the control under salt stress. While the content of chlorophyll and proline in the transformed plants were significantly higher than that in the controls. The expression of nhaA gene increased the salt stress tolerance of the transgenic soybean and provided excellent candidate genes for improving salt tolerance of crops.

scholarly journals Allelic Variants of CRISPR/Cas9 Induced Mutation in an Inositol Trisphosphate 5/6 Kinase Gene Manifest Different Phenotypes in Barley

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vlčko ◽  
Ohnoutková
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Deletion Mutant ◽  
Inositol Phosphate ◽  
Inositol Trisphosphate ◽  
Insertion Mutant ◽  
Stress Signaling ◽  
Kinase Gene ◽  
Mutant Lines

Inositol trisphosphate 5/6 kinases (ITPK) constitute a small group of enzymes participating in the sequential phosphorylation of inositol phosphate to inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6), which is a major storage form of phosphate in cereal grains. The development of lines with reduced IP6 content could enhance phosphate and mineral bioavailability. Moreover, plant ITPKs participate in abiotic stress signaling. To elucidate the role of HvITPK1 in IP6 synthesis and stress signaling, a barley itpk1 mutant was created using programmable nuclease Cas9. Homozygous single bp insertion and deletion mutant lines were obtained. The mutants contained altered levels of phosphate in the mature grains, ranging from 65% to 174% of the wild type (WT) content. Homozygous mutant lines were tested for their response to salinity during germination. Interestingly, insertion mutant lines revealed a higher tolerance to salinity stress than deletion mutants. Mature embryos of an insertion mutant itpk1-2 and deletion mutant itpk1-33 were cultivated in vitro on MS medium supplemented with NaCl at 50, 100, and 200 mM. While both mutants grew less well than WT on no or low salt concentrations, the itpk1-2 mutant was affected less than the WT and itpk33 when grown on the highest NaCl concentration. The expression of all ITPKs was induced in roots in response to salt stress. In shoots, the differential effect of high salt on IPTK expression in the two iptk1 mutants was consistent with their different sensitivities to salt stress. The results extend the evidence for the involvement of ITPK genes in phosphate storage and abiotic stress signaling.

scholarly journals SOS1, SERK1 and WEE1, Confer a Defence Response to Salt Stress with Increasing NaCl in Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa L.) Callus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Büşra Yazıcılar ◽  
ismail Bezirganoglu
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Nacl Stress ◽  
Wildlife Habitat ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors ◽  
Gene Expression Levels

Abstract Alfalfa is an important forage that contributes wildlife habitat and soil conservation worldwide and has a high nutritional feeding quality and N fixation potential. However, alfalfa production is seriously reduced by abiotic stress factors. In this study, SOS1 ,SERK1, WEE1 genes were expressed in alfalfa callus cells to control NaCl stress under in vitro conditions. The important callus traits in terms of NaCl resistance were found among the genotypes. Higher sugar contents were accumulated in tested genotypes than in control callus when all were exposed to NaCl stress. Based on proline assay, there were inverse relationships between NaCl acclimated-callus and tested genotypes. Na+ and K+ showed an increasing trend in response to the increasing concentration of NaCl. The results showed that callus growth increased salt stress related gene expression. SOS1, SERK1 and WEE1 gene expression levels peaked at 50 mM while highest Na+ and K+ and sugar content happened at 110 mM NaCl. As a result of flow cytometry analysis, there were often endopolyploidy in the tested genotypes. Our findings indicated that the SOS1, SERK1 and WEE1 genes was effective in promoting the alfalfa callus cells in response to salt stress induced by NaCl.

Anamnestic factors that shape reproductive health of women with repeated unsuccessful popygamy in vitro fertilization

2016 ◽  
pp. 140-143
Author(s):  
N.V. Cotsabin ◽  
◽  
O.M. Makarchuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fertilization In Vitro ◽  
Infertile Women ◽  
Group I

The proportion of patients with multiple unsuccessful attempts of assisted reproductive technology (ART) is about 30% of all patients treated with the use of ART. Women with history of unsuccessful ART attempts - a special category of patients who require emergency attention and a thorough examination at the stage of preparation for superovulation stimulation,the selection of embryos and endometrium preparation for embryo transfer. The objective: to distinguish high-risk group of unsuccessful attempts based on a detailed analysis of anamnestic and clinical data of infertile women with repeated unsuccessful ART attempts that requires more in-depth study of hormonal features, ovarian reserve and condition of the endometrium. Materials and methods. For better understanding of the problem of repeated unsuccessful ART attempts and сreation of efficient infertility treatment algorithms for these couples we conducted a thorough analysis of anamnestic data of three groups of infertile women (105 patients), which were distributed by age: group I – younger than 35, the II group – from 35 to 40, the III group - over 40 years. These groups of patients were compared with each other and with the control group of healthy women (30 persons). Results. Leading stress factors in the percentage three times prevailed in the group of infertile women and had a direct connection with the fact of procedure «fertilization in vitro» and chronic stressors caused by prolonged infertility. Primary infertility was observed significantly more frequent in patients younger than 35 years (p <0.05), secondary infertility - mostly in the second and third experimental groups (p <0.05). Noteworthy significant percentage of wellknown causes of infertility and idiopathic factor in all groups, and the prevalence of tubal-peritoneal factor in the second and third experimental groups, and endocrine dysfunction in the I experimental group. The most common disorder among this category of woman was polycystic ovary syndrome. Frequency of usual miscarriage among patients of I ana II groups was two times higher than in the third group (p <0.05). Among the experimental groups the leading place belongs urinary tract infection, respiratory tract diseases, pathologies of the cardiovascular system. Data of the stratified analysis show an increase likelihood of repeated unsuccessful ART attempts under the influence of constant chronic stress (odds ratio OR=2.06; 95% CI: 0.95–3.17; p<0.05). Conclusions. Among infertile patients with repeated unsuccessful ART attempts must be separated a high risk group of failures. The identity depends on the duration of infertility, female age and leading combination of factors. Key words: repeated unsuccessful ART attempts, anamnesis, infertility, high risk.

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