scholarly journals Deciphering the Physicochemical and Microscopical Changes in Ganoderma boninense-Infected Oil Palm Woodblocks under the Influence of Phenolic Compounds

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthy Surendran ◽  
Yasmeen Siddiqui ◽  
Khairulmazmi Ahmad ◽  
Rozi Fernanda
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Ganoderma Boninense ◽  
Weakest Link ◽  
Disease Management Strategy ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Oil Palm Industry

The threat of Ganoderma boninense, the causal agent of basal stem rot disease, in the oil palm industry warrants finding an effective control for it. The weakest link in the disease management strategy is the unattended stumps/debris in the plantations. Hence, this study aimed to determine whether the selected phenolic compounds could control G. boninense in inoculated oil palm woodblocks and restrict wood biodegradation. Results indicated a significant reduction in the wood mass loss when treated with all the phenolic compounds. Surprisingly, syringic and vanillic acids behaved ambivalently; at a lower concentration, the wood mass loss was increased, but it decreased as the concentrations were increased. In all four phenolic compounds, the inhibition of mass loss was dependent on the concentration of the compounds. After 120 days, the mass loss was only 31%, with 63% relative degradation of lignin and cellulose, and 74% of hemicellulose and wood anatomy, including silica bodies, were intact in those woodblocks treated with 1 mM benzoic acid. This study emphasizes the physicochemical and anatomical changes occurring in the oil palm wood during G. boninense colonization, and suggests that treating oil palm stumps with benzoic acid could be a solution to reducing the G. boninense inoculum pressure during replantation in a sustainable manner.

scholarly journals PKS-A Clade of Oil Palm Might Play Role During Defense Against Ganoderma boninense Infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zulfikar Achmad Tanjung ◽  
Redi Aditama ◽  
Condro Utomo ◽  
Tony Liwang ◽  
Reno Tryono
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Polyketide Synthase ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Ganoderma Boninense ◽  
Protein Database ◽  
Defense Compounds ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Phylogeny Analysis ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Root Tissues

ABSTRACTSPolyketide synthase (PKS) is an essential catalyzing enzyme in the polyketide (PK) biosynthesis pathway of bacteria, fungi and plants which have diverse beneficial functions such as antibiotic and antiparasitic. This study was aimed to identify specific plant type III PKSs in the African oil palm, Elaeis guineensis, and predict its biosynthesized metabolites as plant defense compounds against the most threatening fungal pathogen, Ganoderma boninense that causing the basal stem rot disease. We used the oil palm protein database to detect the presence of type III PKS domains using the HMMER version V3.1b2. An artificial inoculation was made on oil palm root tissues and RNA sequencing was performed to obtain the transcriptome profile after 7 days exposure to G. boninense. Among 40,421 proteins, we identified 38 of which containing type III PKS domains. Signal peptide signature motifs were absence in all PKSs suggesting their intracellular functions during the polyketide biosynthesis. A molecular phylogeny analysis reflected the relationships among these PKSs that clustered into PKS-A, -B and -C clades. Most of the PKS-A members were up-regulated after G. boninense infection, indicating their essential role in the biosynthesis of PK products which might needed for defense.

scholarly journals Suppression of Ganoderma boninense Using Benzoic Acid: Impact on Cellular Ultrastructure and Anatomical Changes in Oil Palm Wood

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1231
Author(s):  
Rozi Fernanda ◽  
Yasmeen Siddiqui ◽  
Daarshini Ganapathy ◽  
Khairulmazmi Ahmad ◽  
Arthy Surendran
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Ganoderma Boninense ◽  
Tem Analysis ◽  
Component Structure ◽  
Wood Component ◽  
Cellular Ultrastructure

Basal stem rot (BSR) caused by a wood degrading fungus, Ganoderma boninense, is the major constraint in palm oil production. It degrades the wood components and causes palms to collapse, leading to heavy losses. Inefficacy in controlling this disease could be caused by the lack of understanding in how the pathogen establishes itself on the host concerning wood decay stages. This study aimed to understand and determine the role of benzoic acid on the suppression of G. boninense and production of ligninolytic enzymes responsible for wood decay. Further, the alteration in wood component structure due to G. boninense infection and its prevention were studied. Benzoic acid treatment resulted in more than 80% of inhibition in G. boninense growth. SEM and HR-TEM analysis confirmed the antifungal activity of benzoic acid by disruption of mycelial morphology and cellular ultrastructure. Moreover, the membrane permeability assay recorded enhanced cell mortality in benzoic acid treated mycelium. The degradation of oil palm woodblock caused 58.86 % wood dry weight loss at day 120. In contrast, reduction in dry weight loss (58.82%) was recorded in woodblock treated with concentrations of benzoic acid of 5 mM and above. It is concluded that the use of benzoic acid could inhibit or delay pathogen establishment in oil palm wood, leading to the sustainable management of BSR disease. Further, glasshouse and field trials are required to prove the consistency in current findings which may contribute to reduced land expansion to create new disease-free land for oil palm planting.

scholarly journals RNA-seq data of Ganoderma boninense at axenic culture condition and under in planta pathogen-oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) interaction

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mui Yun Wong ◽  
Nisha T. Govender ◽  
Chia Sui Ong
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Ganoderma Boninense ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Rot Disease

Abstract Objective Basal stem rot disease causes severe economic losses to oil palm production in South-east Asia and little is known on the pathogenicity of the pathogen, the basidiomyceteous Ganoderma boninense. Our data presented here aims to identify both the house-keeping and pathogenicity genes of G. boninense using Illumina sequencing reads. Description The hemibiotroph G. boninense establishes via root contact during early stage of colonization and subsequently kills the host tissue as the disease progresses. Information on the pathogenicity factors/genes that causes BSR remain poorly understood. In addition, the molecular expressions corresponding to G. boninense growth and pathogenicity are not reported. Here, six transcriptome datasets of G. boninense from two contrasting conditions (three biological replicates per condition) are presented. The first datasets, collected from a 7-day-old axenic condition provide an insight onto genes responsible for sustenance, growth and development of G. boninense while datasets of the infecting G. boninense collected from oil palm-G. boninense pathosystem (in planta condition) at 1 month post-inoculation offer a comprehensive avenue to understand G. boninense pathogenesis and infection especially in regard to molecular mechanisms and pathways. Raw sequences deposited in Sequence Read Archive (SRA) are available at NCBI SRA portal with PRJNA514399, bioproject ID.

scholarly journals Efektifitas Dosis Biofungisida Pelet Trichoderma sp. Untuk Mencegah Perkembangan Jamur Ganoderma boninense Pada Pembibitan Kelapa Sawit

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Ikhsan Ikhsan ◽  
Hartati Oktarina ◽  
Tjut Chamzurni
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Age Factors ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Effective Dosage ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Ganoderma Boninense ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Trichoderma Sp ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Rot Disease

Abstrak. Ganoderma boninense adalah jamur patogen yang mengakibatkan tanaman yang belum menghasilkan dan tanaman menghasilkan pada kelapa sawit menjadi layu dan mati. Alternatif pengendalian yang dapat dilakukan untuk mencegah penyakit busuk pangkal batang (BPB) yang disebabkan jamur G.boninense pada bibit kelapa sawit adalah pengendalian biologis biofungisida pelet yang mengandung spesies Trichoderma harzianum dan Trichoderma virens. Faktor yang menentukan berhasilnya bioungisida pelet adalah dosis yang digunakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dosis efektif biofungisida pelet untuk mencegah penyakit BPB. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap Non Faktorial yang terdiri dari 7 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Tiap unit terdiri dai 4 bibit yang masing-masing ditanam pada 1 kg/polibag. Perlakuannya menggunakan dosis biofungisida pelet spesies T. harzianum dan T. Virens yaitu 0, 1.5, 2.5 dan 3.5 g/polybag. Data pengamatan yang diperoleh dari hasil analisis sidik ragam akan dilakukan uji lanjut Beda nyata terkecil (BNT) apabila perlakuan berbeda nyata. Hasil penelitian dari uji beberapa dosis biofungisida pelet spesies T. harzianum dan T.  virens pada masa inkubasi dan Persentase tanaman terserang menunjukkan pengaruh sangat nyata dalam mencegah jamur G. boninense. Pada jumlah daun  120 HSI juga menunjukkan pengaruh nyata terhadap beberapa dosis biofungisida pelet Trichoderma dan pengaruh faktor usia dari kelapa sawit.Effectivity Doses of Pellet biofungicides Trichoderma sp.To Prevent Fungal Development of Genoderma boninense In Oil Palm NusreriesAbstract. Ganoderma boninense is pathogenic fungi that attacks immature plants and plants producing oil palm be withered and died. Alternative control that can be done to prevent basal stem rot disease (BPB) which is caused by G. boninense on oil palm seeds is biological control of pellet biofungicides including T. harzianum  and  T. Virens species. The factor that determines the success of pellet biofungicide is the dose used. This study aims to determine the effective dosage of pellet biofungicides to prevent BPB. This research was using a Non Factorial Completely Randomized Design consisting of 7 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment used doses of pellet biofungicide of T. harzianum and T. Virens species which are 0, 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 g / polybag. Observation data was obtained from the results of the using variance that will be carried out by the least significant differences (LSD)  if the treatment is significantly different. The study results of several doses of pellet biofungicide T.  harzianum and T. Virens species during the incubation period and the percentage of attacked plants showed a very significant influence in preventing G.boninense fungi. The number of leaves  120 HSI also showed a significant effect on several doses of Trichoderma pellet biofungicide and the influence of age factors from oil palm.

scholarly journals Uji Antagonisme Lentinus cladopus LC4 terhadap Ganoderma boninense Penyebab Penyakit Busuk Pangkal Batang Kelapa Sawit

Biosfera ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erni Angraini
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Ganoderma Boninense ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Disease Attack ◽  
And Control

The growth of oil palm can not be separated from disease attack. One of the diseases that attack is the Base Stem Rot disease caused by Ganoderma boninense. Efforts to control the pest and disease one of them by using Lentinus Cladopus LC4 biological controller so that the purpose of this study is to determine the potential of L.cladopus LC4 as biological controlling agent G. boninense. The method used is L. cladopus LC4 antagonism test against G. boninense. The results showed that L. cladopus LC4 had antagonistic potency against G. boninense pathogen, although the mechanism did not show any inhibition zone. Therefore, L.cladopus LC4 may be considered for the prevention and control of plant diseases in the field.

scholarly journals Identification of Oil Palm’s Consistently Upregulated Genes during Early Infections of Ganoderma boninense via RNA-Seq Technology and Real-Time Quantitative PCR

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2026
Author(s):  
Liyana Mohd Zuhar ◽  
Ahmad Zairun Madihah ◽  
Siti Aqlima Ahmad ◽  
Zamri Zainal ◽  
Abu Seman Idris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Ganoderma Boninense ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Real Time Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Infected Root ◽  
Oil Palm Industry

Basal stem rot (BSR) disease caused by pathogenic fungus Ganoderma boninense is a significant concern in the oil palm industry. G. boninense infection in oil palm induces defense-related genes. To understand oil palm defense mechanisms in response to fungal invasion, we analyzed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) derived from RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) transcriptomic libraries of oil palm roots infected with G. boninense. A total of 126 DEGs were detected from the transcriptomic libraries of G. boninense-infected root tissues at different infection stages. Functional annotation via pathway enrichment analyses revealed that the DEGs were involved in the defense response against the pathogen. The expression of the selected DEGs was further confirmed using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) on independent oil palm seedlings and mature palm samples. Seven putative defense-related DEGs consistently showed upregulation in seedlings and mature plants during G. boninense infection. These seven genes might potentially be developed as biomarkers for the early detection of BSR in oil palm.

scholarly journals Ganoderma diversity from smallholder oil palm plantations in peatlands of Kampar District, Indonesia based on mycelia morphology and somatic incompatibility

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Hamzah ◽  
Rachmad Saputra ◽  
Fifi Puspita ◽  
Besri Nasrul ◽  
Irfandri Irfandri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Growth Speed ◽  
Ganoderma Boninense ◽  
Basal Stem Rot ◽  
Somatic Incompatibility ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Morphology Characteristics

Abstract. Hamzah A, Saputra R, Puspita F, Nasrul B, Irfandri, Depari NS. 2021. Ganoderma diversity from smallholder oil palm plantations in peatlands of Kampar District, Indonesia, based on mycelia morphology and somatic incompatibility. Biodiversitas 22: 16-22. Basal Stem Rot disease is caused by the pathogenic fungus Ganoderma boninense which has caused major economic losses in the palm oil industry. Ganoderma boninense has been reported not only infecting crops in the field, but also attacking at the immature phase of the plant even in the nursery. Studies related to Ganoderma diversity in oil palm plantations in Riau, Indonesia have not been widely reported. Ganoderma genetic diversity is important because its provide information regarding the mechanism of infection and the spatial distribution. The Ganoderma spp. isolates were collected from three blocks of smallholder oil palm plantation in Deli Makmur Village, Kampar District, Riau Province, Indonesia and brought to Plant Disease Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Riau University, Pekanbaru, Indonesia. This experimental research was conducted using six Ganoderma isolates (Gan1, Gan2, Gan3, Gan4, Gan5, and Gan6) on the parameters of colony diameter and growth speed, while for the parameters of the morphological diversity of Ganoderma mycelium and the diversity based on somatic incompatibility assay was carried out descriptively. The results of this study show that oil palm plants in smallholder plantations in Kampar District are infected by two groups of Ganoderma based on morphology characteristics using UPGMA dendrogram, but different among isolates based on genetically using somatic incompatibility assay. For the next confirmation, it is necessary to further identify whether the six isolates are different species using molecular identification.

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