scholarly journals Solar Radiation Flux Provides a Method of Quantifying Weed-Crop Balance in Present and Future Climates

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2657
Author(s):  
Geoffrey R. Squire ◽  
Mark W. Young ◽  
Cathy Hawes
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Solar Flux ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Transmitted Radiation ◽  
Intercepted Radiation

A systematic approach to quantifying the weed–crop balance through the flux of solar radiation was developed and tested on commercial fields in a long-established Atlantic zone cropland. Measuring and modelling solar energy flux in crop stands has become standard practice in analysis and comparison of crop growth and yield across regions, species and years. In a similar manner, the partitioning of incoming radiation between crops and the in-field plant community may provide ‘common currencies’ through which to quantify positive and negative effects of weeds in relation to global change. Here, possibilities were explored for converting simple ground-cover measures in commercial fields of winter and spring oilseed rape in eastern Scotland, UK to metrics of solar flux. Solar radiation intercepted by the crops ranged with season and sowing delay from 129 to 1975 MJ m−2 (15-fold). Radiation transmitted through the crop, together with local weed management, resulted in a 70-fold range of weed intercepted radiation (14.2 to 963 MJ m−2), which in turn explained 93% of the corresponding between-site variation in weed dry mass (6.36 to 459 g m−2). Transmitted radiation explained almost 90% of the variation in number of weed species per field (12 to 40). The conversion of intercepted radiation to weed dry matter was far less variable at a mean of 0.74 g MJ−1 at both winter and spring sites. The primary cause of variation was an interaction between the temperature at sowing and the annual wave of incoming solar radiation. The high degree of explanatory power in solar flux indicates its potential use as an initial predictor and subsequent monitoring tool in the face of future change in climate and cropping intensity.

scholarly journals Occurrence of woolly cupgrass (Eriochloa villosa /Thunb./ Kunth) in Hajdú-Bihar county, Hungary

2011 ◽  
pp. 119-123
Author(s):  
Noémi Somogyi ◽  
László Szabó ◽  
István Dávid
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Deep Layer ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Maize Field ◽  
Woolly Cupgrass ◽  
Infected Area ◽  
Eriochloa Villosa

Woolly cupgrass (Eriochloa villosa /Thunb./ Kunth) is native to East Asia, it spreads in several parts of the World and causes difficulties in plant protection, especially in maize. Difficulties in control of Eriochloa villosa originated from several reasons: seeds continue to germinate later in the season, significant part of seeds emerges from a deep layer of the soil, and the species is less susceptible to some herbicides applied to maize than other annual grass weeds.The first report on the occurrence of woolly cupgrass in Hungary was published in 2008, and it reported about the appearance of this species near to Gesztely village (Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county), however, no information has been added about spread of the weed in Hungary until now.A significant population was discovered next to Debrecen (Hajdú-Bihar county) in summer, 2011, and then weed associations were examined in maize, sunflower and stubble-fields on several km2 in the area to estimate the Eriochloa villosa infection. The weed species was found on every maize field bordering with a ground cover of 0.5-4%. Woolly cupgrass occurred inside of the 50% of maize fields, and reached a ground cover of 76% in case of most infected area, in addition it was found in sunflower and stubble-fields.The spread of woolly cupgrass is expected in this area, which requires the consideration of this species in the planning of weed management technologies.

scholarly journals The Use of Soil Parameters in Predicting Weed Infestation in Maize (Zea mays L.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Gabriel Olulakin Adesina ◽  
Yetunde Bunmi Oyeyiola ◽  
Kasali Amofe Adelasoye ◽  
Akinpelu Festus Akin
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Weed Species

A field work was carried out to investigate the extent to which selected soil chemical properties can influence weed species distribution. There were sixteen treatments of two factors (Fertilizer type and weeding regimes) laid out in RCBD. The treatments included four fertilizer types; no fertilizer (F1), inorganic fertilizer – NPK 15:15:15 applied at 100 kg NPK/ha (F2), organic fertilizer – phosphocompost applied at 2.5 t/ha and organomineral – 50% NPK 15:15:15 plus 50% phosphocompost. Four weeding regimes: weedy treatment (W1), weeding once (W2), weeding twice (W3) and weed free (W4). Weed free and weed once significantly improved maize growth and yield parameter under inorganic and organomineral fertilizer types. Increasing soil pH, organic carbon and available phosphorus significantly reduced total weed biomass with plot that received no fertilizer been responsible for highest weed population. In organic fertilizer treatment significantly reduced soil pH from the initial 6.5 to 6.0 though, it combination with weed once or weed twice gave highest grain yield. Better nutrition (in terms of improved soil nutrient especially macro nutrient and organic carbon) when combined with weeding once can ascertain proper weed management and sustainable maize production.

WEED COMMUNITY ANALYSIS IN MAIZE CROP IN NATURAL CLIMATE OF KHAIRPUR DISTRICT, PAKISTAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
Naeema Khatoon Khaskheli ◽  
Muzafar Hussain Sirohi ◽  
Abdul Razak MAhar ◽  
Ameer Ahmed Mirbahar ◽  
Mumtaz Ali Saand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Community Analysis ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Trianthema Portulacastrum ◽  
Plant Families ◽  
Study Sites

Weeds are the noxious plants that stunt growth and yield of many crops. This study recorded the community composition of weeds in maize crops grown at District Khairpur, Sindh Pakistan. The weeds were collected from the maize crops at three different localities using the quadrat method (60 quadrats/site). The species were identified and herbarium samples were preserved in Herbarium, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Sindh Pakistan, for future reference. The species community composition, habit, and life span were determined. The study confirmed 35 weed species belonging to 14 plant families. The weed community was dominated by the plant families Poaceae (8 spp.), Amaranthaceae (7 spp.), and Aizoaceae (3 spp.). The most frequent species with relatively higher densities include Digera muricata (Amaranthaceae), Trianthema portulacastrum (Aizoaceae), and Corchorus olitorius (Malvaceae). The weed community was dominated with annual herbs. The community composition among the study sites was highly comparable. The study found a lack of weed management practices across the sites.

scholarly journals Rice Ecosystem, Allelopathy and Environment – A Review

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
AB Siddique ◽  
BS Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Resource Competition ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Evolution Of Resistance ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Repeated Use ◽  
Rice Ecosystem

Allelopathy is an important factor which contributes in determining distribution of species and their abundance within communities. Plant-plant interference is the combined effect of allelopathy, resource competition, and many other factors. Weed infestation is a major problem limiting the growth and yield of rice. Synthetic herbicide has been used for over 50 years as the prime source of weed control. The repeated use of herbicides in rice has already led to the evolution of resistance in some weed species. The conventional synthetic herbicides are becoming less effective against the resistant weed biotypes. Due to increase in the number of herbicide-resistant weeds and environmental concerns in the use of synthetic herbicides, allelopathy has been gaining preference as one of the considerable efforts in designing alternative weed management strategies. Modern ecotoxicologists and allelopathy researchers have been trying to identify allelochemicals to use as biodegradable pesticide. Two allelochemicals have been discovered, namely hexanedioic acid dioctyl ester and di-n-octyl phthalate which can be used as biopesticide. However, still there is enough scope to conduct such research that will contribute to protect our environment as well as increase food safety. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v11i1.15251 The Agriculturists 2013; 11(1) 112-121

Effects of Planting Pattern and Cultivar on Weed and Crop Growth in Aerobic Rice System

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gulshan Mahajan ◽  
Bhagirath S. Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Aerobic Rice ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Planting Pattern

Weeds are a major biotic constraint to aerobic rice production in Asia. Research is needed on the effects of cultural practices on weed management in aerobic rice, including techniques such as planting pattern and competitive cultivars. Field experiments were conducted in Punjab, India, in the wet seasons of 2008 and 2009 to study the growth of weeds and two rice cultivars [PR 115 and Punjab (P.) Mehak 1] in relation to planting pattern (uniform rows [23-cm row spacing] and paired rows [15-, 30-, and 15-cm row spacings]) under aerobic conditions. Junglerice and rice flatsedge were the dominant weed species during the early stages of the crop, while Chinese sprangletop and large crabgrass were the predominant species during flowering stage of the crop. Weed dry matter was not affected by planting pattern of P. Mehak 1; however, for PR 115, weed dry matter was greater in rice grown in uniform rows (244 g m−2) than in paired rows (183 g m−2). Planting patterns did not affect weed-free crop growth and yield, but weeds tended to be more abundant in the uniform planting system, particularly under cultivar PR 115. Consequently, this cultivar grew and yielded better under the paired rows when weeds were present. The cultivar PR 115 had greater yield potential than P. Mehak 1, but growth and productivity of P. Mehak 1 were unaffected by the planting patterns, suggesting better competitive ability against weeds than PR 115. The results imply that yield of some aerobic rice cultivars may be improved by exploring competitiveness of rice cultivars through paired row planting patterns. There is a need to study plasticity changes for cultivars which respond with more competiveness in paired rows. The identified traits could be useful as selection criteria for screening weed-competitive cultivars in paired row pattern.

scholarly journals WEED CONTROL UNDERSTORY WEED MANAGEMENT IN COCONUT LANDS

CORD ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 8 (01) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
L. V. K. LIYANAGE ◽  
M. DE. S. LIYANAGE
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cocos Nucifera L ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Small Holder

Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is by far the most extensively cultivated plantation crop in Sri Lanka. It is essentially a small holder crop comprising about 86% of small. holdings and homesteads and the balance belonging to the estate sector. The growth habit of the palm and its canopy structure requires a wide, spacing between palms, which permits abundant sunlight to the understory. As a result, the unutilised space beneath the plantation becomes invaded by a wide range of perennial and annual weed species. Such weeds invariably compete with coconut for soil moisture and nutrients, affecting its growth and yield and obstructing routine estate practices. Management of the understory weed growth is, therefore, considered an essential step in maintaining the plantation. In fact, the cost of weeding accounts for a substantial proportion of the total recurrent expenditure for maintenance.

scholarly journals Propiedades espectrales de la cubierta de macro túneles y su relación con el crecimiento y rendimiento del chile poblano (Capsicum annuum L.).

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Alejandro Zermeño González ◽  
José Ángel Marroquín Morales ◽  
Aaron Isain Melendres Alvarez ◽  
Homero Ramírez Rodríguez ◽  
Martín Cadena Zapata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
High Density Polyethylene ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
High Density ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Transmitted Radiation ◽  
Capsicum Annuum L

With protected agriculture, plants are sheltered from adverse climatic conditions, and the solar radiation that impacts the plants is modif ied with the purpose of improving their productivity. Therefore, the objective of our study was to evaluate the effect of the material and color of four greenhouse covers over the rate and spectral characteristics of the transmitted radiation, and their relation with chlorophyll content, growth and yield of poblano pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cv Ébano culture. The study was conducted in four oval shaped macro-tunnels (4 m wide, 2.5 m high and 12 m long). The covers of three macro-tunnels consisted of red, blue and translucent polycarbonate sheets, respectively, and the remaining macro-tunnel cover was high-density diffuse polyethylene. Spectral characteristics of the solar radiation transmitted in each cover were determined using a spectroradiometer. The photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) rate within and outside each macro-tunnel was obtained using quantum sensors. The results of our study showed that plants that grew under polycarbonate covers of different colors presented more chlorophyll content than plants under the high-density polyethylene cover and those from open f ield. Due to the lower rate of PAR and almost null radiation transmissivity from 400 to 570 nm, plants that grew under red polycarbonate sheets were taller and with more foliage, but with lower fruit yield. The highest fruit yield was observed under the translucent polycarbonate and high-density polyethylene covers.

Impact of Weed Management Practices on Grapevine Growth and Yield Components

Weed Science ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo P. Sanguankeo ◽  
Ramon G. Leon ◽  
Julian Malone
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Grape Yield

The need for reducing costs and making grape production more sustainable has prompted the search for alternative weed control practices that optimize production while maintaining profits. For this reason, it is imperative to understand how different weed management practices modify vine–weed interactions. In the present study, we evaluated the effect on weed growth and Zinfandel grapevine growth and production of five weed control practices: (1) flumioxazin, (2) simazine, (3) cultivation, (4) cover crop, and (5) untreated control. The herbicide treatments had the lowest weed biomass, followed by the cultivation, being approximately 10 and 2 times lower than the weed biomass of either the cover crop or untreated control treatments, respectively. However, the differences in grape yield were not as evident. In 2006, a rainy year, the herbicides and cultivation treatments did not differ in grape yield, but the cover crop and untreated control had a reduction of approximately 20% compared with the other treatments. In 2007, a dry year, in comparison to the herbicide treatments, the grape yield reductions of cultivation were around 22%, and those of the cover crop and untreated control were around 48%. Although the cover crop reduced grape yield, it suppressed weed species considered important, such as horseweed, panicle willowherb, scarlet pimpernel, and sowthistle. Also, it was concluded that vines can tolerate a certain amount of weed competition, and that properly timed postemergence control actions (e.g., cultivation or POST herbicides) could provide the necessary level of control to obtain the desired yields. However, under limited soil moisture conditions, the use of PRE herbicides could prove important to maintain vine yield and vigor.

scholarly journals Abundancia y cobertura de arvenses bajo manejo convencional y orgánico de café y banano

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Renán Agüero-Alvarado ◽  
Ana María Rodríguez-Ruiz ◽  
María Isabel González-Lutz ◽  
Pamela Portuguez-García ◽  
Steven Brenes-Prendas
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Production System ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Coffee Plantations ◽  
Conventional Production

Certain weeds can be used as cover species in bananas and coffee plantations. The objective of this study was to compare ground cover and abundance of weed species, between the organic and conventional production systems of banana and coffee. Selected farms under organic or conventional management located at Limón and Alajuela were surveyed for weeds, during 2015 and 2016. The minimum area methodology was used to determine sampling site size. At each sampling site, all weed species were identified and grouped into their respective taxonomic families. Percent soil cover by each species was also estimated by means of a visual scale. In both crops, weed diversity was higher when the herbicide glyphosate was used for weed control, although the ground cover for these species was kept at a minimum. These results are thought to arise from the fact that under the organic production system, a hierarchy of dominant species is established, which in turn inhibit many of the somewhat less adapted species, whereas under the conventional production system, the use of a non-residual herbicide renders the ground with plenty of space for species regeneration from the soil propagule bank. Organic weed management in both crops showed higher soil cover by weeds, but from a lower number of species. In contrast, chemical weed management with glyphosate showed a higher number at species, but a significant reduction in ground cover by those weeds.

scholarly journals Weed interference on growth and yield of transgenic maize

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.M. Faria ◽  
R.E. Barros ◽  
L.D. Tuffi Santos
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Transgenic Maize ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Bidens Pilosa ◽  
Commelina Benghalensis ◽  
Randomized Block Design

Plants kept under competition tend to modify their morphology to optimize the use of production factors. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of competition between transgenic maize and five weed species on the growth and yield of transgenic maize hybrid. The experiment used a randomized block design with four replicates in a factorial 5 x 2 + 6 scheme consisting of a combination of maize under competition with five weed species (Bidens pilosa, Commelina benghalensis, Brachiaria brizantha, Sorghum arundinaceum and Ipomoea triloba) in two weed densities (15 or 30 plants m-2) plus six treatments corresponding to maize and weed species without competition. All the means for dry matter accumulated by maize plants in the stem and leaf in the density of 15 plants m ² were higher than the means for plants in coexistence with 30 plants m-². Number of kernels, diameter and length of cob were not affected by competition with weeds. The weeds that most interfered with maize biomass production were S.arundinaceum and B.brizantha. Leaf dry mass accumulation was more sensitive than the production of stem. It was observed that maize was usually very competitive with weeds, and there was a strong decrease in dry matter accumulation of all the weeds in the study when in coexistence with the crop.

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