scholarly journals Review of the Impact of Apple Fruit Ripening, Texture and Chemical Contents on Genetically Determined Susceptibility to Storage Rots

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 831
Author(s):  
Hilde Nybom ◽  
Masoud Ahmadi-Afzadi ◽  
Kimmo Rumpunen ◽  
Ibrahim Tahir
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Blue Mould ◽  
Storage Rots ◽  
Genetically Determined ◽  
The Impact

Fungal storage rots like blue mould, grey mould, bull’s eye rot, bitter rot and brown rot destroy large amounts of the harvested apple crop around the world. Application of fungicides is nowadays severely restricted in many countries and production systems, and these problems are therefore likely to increase. Considerable variation among apple cultivars in resistance/susceptibility has been reported, suggesting that efficient defence mechanisms can be selected for and used in plant breeding. These are, however, likely to vary between pathogens, since some fungi are mainly wound-mediated while others attack through lenticels or by infecting blossoms. Since mature fruits are considerably more susceptible than immature fruits, mechanisms involving fruit-ripening processes are likely to play an important role. Significant associations have been detected between the susceptibility to rots in harvested fruit and various fruit maturation-related traits like ripening time, fruit firmness at harvest and rate of fruit softening during storage, as well as fruit biochemical contents like acidity, sugars and polyphenols. Some sources of resistance to blue mould have been described, but more research is needed on the development of spore inoculation methods that produce reproducible data and can be used for large screenings, especially for lenticel-infecting fungi.

scholarly journals Incidence of storage diseases on apples of selected cultivars and advanced selections grown with and without fungicide treatments

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 87-94
Author(s):  
J. Blažek ◽  
J. Kloutvorová ◽  
J. Křelinová
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Storage Diseases ◽  
Blue Mould ◽  
Bitter Rot ◽  
Normal Storage

In the course of a 3-year study the natural occurrence of storage diseases in ambient air storage with <br />1 to 2&deg;C was evaluated on samples of 30 cultivars and advanced selections that were harvested from orchards with and without the use of fungicide treatments. Based upon the frequency of occurrence, bitter rot and grey mould were the most common diseases in this study followed by blue mould and brown rot. Fungicide treatments applied in the orchard with integrated plant protection reduced total fruit rotting with different cultivars two to four times. Significant losses caused by rotting usually took place in the last quarter of the normal storage life of each cultivar, but in the case of samples treated with fungicides it was mostly during the last month. Cultivars Angold, Gala, Florina, Melodie and Meteor proved to be partially resistant to the storage diseases, but the smallest shares of rotted fruits were recorded on apples of Zuzana andMelrose. Still, five advanced selections proved not to be so affected by fruit rotting asMelrose and Zuzana, from which HL 237 and HL 390 were the most remarkable. The majority of selections with resistance to storage diseases as well as Zuzana cv. contain Glockenapfel cv. in their pedigree. &nbsp;

scholarly journals Review: Impacts of shade on cattle well-being in the beef supply chain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily N Edwards-Callaway ◽  
M Caitlin Cramer ◽  
Caitlin N Cadaret ◽  
Elizabeth J Bigler ◽  
Terry E Engle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Stress Susceptibility ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Shade is a mechanism to reduce heat load providing cattle with an environment supportive of their welfare needs. Although heat stress has been extensively reviewed, researched, and addressed in dairy production systems, it has not been investigated in the same manner in the beef cattle supply chain. Like all animals, beef cattle are susceptible to heat stress if they are unable to dissipate heat during times of elevated ambient temperatures. There are many factors that impact heat stress susceptibility in beef cattle throughout the different supply chain sectors, many of which relate to the production system, i.e. availability of shade, microclimate of environment, and nutrition management. The results from studies evaluating the effects of shade on production and welfare are difficult to compare due to variation in structural design, construction materials used, height, shape, and area of shade provided. Additionally, depending on operation location, shade may or may not be beneficial during all times of the year, which can influence the decision to make shade a permanent part of management systems. Shade has been shown to lessen the physiologic response of cattle to heat stress. Shaded cattle exhibit lower respiration rates, body temperatures, and panting scores compared to un-shaded cattle in weather that increases the risk of heat stress. Results from studies investigating the provision of shade indicate that cattle seek shade in hot weather. The impact of shade on behavioral patterns is inconsistent in the current body of research, some studies indicating shade provision impacts behavior and other studies reporting no difference between shaded and un-shaded groups. Analysis of performance and carcass characteristics across feedlot studies demonstrated that shaded cattle had increased ADG, improved feed efficiency, HCW, and dressing percentage when compared to cattle without shade. Despite the documented benefits of shade, current industry statistics, although severely limited in scope, indicate low shade implementation rates in feedlots and data in other supply chain sectors do not exist. Industry guidelines and third party on-farm certification programs articulate the critical need for protection from extreme weather but are not consistent in providing specific recommendations and requirements. Future efforts should include: updated economic analyses of cost versus benefit of shade implementation, exploration of producer perspectives and needs relative to shade, consideration of shade impacts in the cow-calf and slaughter plant segments of the supply chain, and integration of indicators of affective (mental) state and preference in research studies to enhance the holistic assessment of cattle welfare.

scholarly journals Improving the Biocontrol Potential of Bacterial Antagonists with Salicylic Acid against Brown Rot Disease and Impact on Nectarine Fruits Quality

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Nadia Lyousfi ◽  
Rachid Lahlali ◽  
Chaimaa Letrib ◽  
Zineb Belabess ◽  
Rachida Ouaabou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Antagonistic Bacteria ◽  
Biological Treatments ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
The Impact

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of both antagonistic bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (SF14) and Alcaligenes faecalis (ACBC1) used in combination with salicylic acid (SA) to effectively control brown rot disease caused by Monilinia fructigena. Four concentrations of salicylic acid (0.5%, 2%, 3.5%, and 5%) were tested under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Furthermore, the impact of biological treatments on nectarine fruit parameters’ quality, in particular, weight loss, titratable acidity, and soluble solids content, was evaluated. Regardless of the bacterium, the results indicated that all combined treatments displayed a strong inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of M. fructigena and disease severity. Interestingly, all SA concentrations significantly improved the biocontrol activity of each antagonist. The mycelial growth inhibition rate ranged from 9.79% to 88.02% with the highest reduction rate recorded for bacterial antagonists in combination with SA at both concentrations of 0.5% and 3.5%. The in vivo results confirmed the in vitro results with a disease severity varying from 0.00% to 51.91%. A significant biocontrol improvement was obtained with both antagonistic bacteria when used in combination with SA at concentrations of 0.5% and 2%. The lowest disease severity observed with ACBC1 compared with SF14 is likely due to a rapid adaptation and increase of antagonistic bacteria population in wounded sites. The impact of all biological treatments revealed moderate significant changes in the fruit quality parameters with weight loss for several treatments. These results suggest that the improved disease control of both antagonistic bacteria was more likely directly linked to both the inhibitory effects of SA on pathogen growth and induced fruit resistance.

Unraveling the natural durability of wood: revealing the impact of decay-influencing characteristics other than fungicidal components

Holzforschung ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liselotte De Ligne ◽  
Jan Van den Bulcke ◽  
Jan M. Baetens ◽  
Bernard De Baets ◽  
Gang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Species ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Natural Durability ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Material Characteristics ◽  
The One ◽  
Block Test ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe effect of fungicidal components in wood has been known for ages, yet there is no method to assess the impact of such components on the durability of a wood species, as compared to other material characteristics that influence decay. In this paper, the importance of fungicidal effects on the natural durability of 10 wood species is assessed in relation to other decay-influencing factors with a new test, the so-called ‘paste test’. By comparing results from this test with the ‘mini-block test’, on both heartwood and leached sapwood, insight is gained into the significance of fungicidal components on the one hand and other material characteristics on the other hand. The durability of species such as Prunus avium was attributed mainly to fungicidal components. For species such as Pterocarpus soyauxii, durability seemed to be an effect of both fungicidal components and moisture-regulating components, while the latter seemed to be of main importance in regulating the decay of Aucoumea klaineana and Entandrophragma cylindricum. Wood-anatomical features, such as the parenchyma content (in case of brown rot fungi) and the vessel-fiber ratio, possibly affect degradation as well. This work shows that fungicidal components are not always of major importance for the durability of a wood species. The authors hereby emphasize the importance of moisture-regulating components and wood anatomy on the durability of wood.

Governance of differential stakeholder interests in supply chains and networks

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.F.M. Wubben ◽  
H.J. Bremmers ◽  
P.T.M. Ingenbleek ◽  
A.E.J. Wals
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Stakeholder Management ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Health Claims ◽  
Stakeholder Dialogue ◽  
Stakeholder Interests ◽  
Multi Stakeholder ◽  
The Impact

Competing frames and interests regarding food provision and resource allocation, adding to the increased global interdependencies, necessitate agri-food companies and institutions to engage themselves in very diverse multi-stakeholder settings. To develop new forms of interaction, and governance, researchers with very different backgrounds in social sciences try to align, or at least share, research trajectories. This first paper in a special issue on governance of differential stakeholder interests discusses, first, different usages of stakeholder categories, second, the related intersubjectivity in sciences, third, an rough sketch of the use of stakeholder management in different social sciences. Social science researchers study a wide variety of topics, such as individual stakeholder impact on new business models, stakeholder group responses to health claims, firm characteristics explaining multi-stakeholder dialogue, and the impact of multi-stakeholder dialogue on promoting production systems, and on environmental innovations. Interestingly, researchers use very different methods for data gathering and data analysis.

scholarly journals Overexpression of a Redox-Regulated Cutinase Gene, MfCUT1, Increases Virulence of the Brown Rot Pathogen Monilinia fructicola on Prunus spp.

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miin-Huey Lee ◽  
Chiu-Min Chiu ◽  
Tatiana Roubtsova ◽  
Chien-Ming Chou ◽  
Richard M. Bostock
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Redox Regulation ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Gus Expression ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Gus Activity ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Gus Reporter ◽  
Flanking Regions ◽  
Prunus Spp

A 4.5-kb genomic DNA containing a Monilinia fructicola cutinase gene, MfCUT1, and its flanking regions were isolated and characterized. Sequence analysis revealed that the genomic MfCUT1 carries a 63-bp intron and a promoter region with several transcription factor binding sites that may confer redox regulation of MfCUT1 expression. Redox regulation is indicated by the effect of antioxidants, shown previously to inhibit MfCUT1 gene expression in cutin-induced cultures, and in the present study, where H2O2 enhanced MfCUT1 gene expression. A β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene (gusA) was fused to MfCUT1 under the control of the MfCUT1 promoter, and this construct was then used to generate an MfCUT1-GUS strain by Agrobacterium spp.-mediated transformation. The appearance of GUS activity in response to cutin and suppression of GUS activity by glucose in cutinase-inducing medium verified that the MfCUT1-GUS fusion protein was expressed correctly under the control of the MfCUT1 promoter. MfCUT1-GUS expression was detected following inoculation of peach and apple fruit, peach flower petals, and onion epidermis, and during brown rot symptom development on nectarine fruit at a relatively late stage of infection (24 h postinoculation). However, semiquantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction provided sensitive detection of MfCUT1 expression within 5 h of inoculation in both almond and peach petals. MfCUT1-GUS transformants expressed MfCUT1 transcripts at twice the level as the wild type and caused more severe symptoms on Prunus flower petals, consistent with MfCUT1 contributing to the virulence of M. fructicola.

Postcolonialism

Geography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Naylor
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Accumulation By Dispossession ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact ◽  
British Colonies ◽  
Independence Movements

In the colonial period imperialism advanced in uneven ways across time and space globally. European exploration in the late 15th century first brought destructive, exploitative, and deadly changes to what became known as the Americas. The subjugation and elimination of Indigenous groups, which commenced during this period, created the conditions for accumulation by dispossession, enslavement (of both Indigenous groups and people stolen from Africa), plantation-style production systems, and the extraction of resources—the legacies of which still mark political, social, economic, and environmental landscapes today. Following rebellion and successful de jure (legal) independence from Europe in the late 1700s and early 1800s (starting with the radical uprising of enslaved peoples in Haiti), Western powers turned to new regions to regain such systems of control and resource extraction. In 1848, the Berlin Conference was held— also called the “Scramble for Africa,” where European powers divided the continent and created new sites of extraction. Such patterns followed in South and Southeast Asia as well as North Africa and Central Asia in the latter parts of the 19th century. As a result of these violent campaigns, there are very few places on the globe that did not sustain, at some point, a form of colonial-imperial relation. Independence movements were ongoing and by the end of the 20th century, de jure colonial control had all but disappeared. Decolonization had occurred and the global periphery entered the period of being postcolonial. Former British colonies were assembled into the Commonwealth, which changed relations from direct control and subjugation to allegiance to the Queen and for some, drastic changes in economic relations, (this had the effect of marginalizing Indigenous struggles in many of these places). Notwithstanding the legal separation of the colonies from imperial powers, de facto (in effect) colonial arrangements lingered and remain today, giving rise to a series of critiques and new ways of thinking about imperialism and the impact of colonialism, such as the theory of postcolonialism.

Can hemp hurd or paper mulch and biochar application improve weed management in matted-row strawberry production systems?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Greta G. Gramig ◽  
Samantha K. Hogstad ◽  
Patrick M. Carr
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hemp Hurd ◽  
Amended Soil

Abstract During 2015 and 2016, studies were conducted at Absaraka and Dickinson, North Dakota to evaluate the impacts of hemp (applied at 1156 m3 ha−1) and commercial paper mulch, as well as soil-applied biochar (applied at 11.25 m3 ha−1), on weed suppression and strawberry growth during the establishment year, and on weed suppression and strawberry yield during the production year, in a matted row production (MRP) system. During 2015, biochar influenced dry weed biomass only within the hemp mulch, with slightly more weed biomass associated with biochar application compared to zero biochar (3.1 vs 0.4 g m−2), suggesting that biochar may have increased weed germination and/or emergence from beneath hemp mulch. Biochar application also slightly increased soil pH, from 6.9 in non-amended soil to 7.0 in amended soil. Strawberry runner number during 2015 was greater in association with hemp or paper mulch compared to zero mulch (4.5 and 4.9 vs 2.4 runners plant −1, respectively). This result mirrored a similar differential in per berry mass across sites (7.6 and 7.4 vs 6.2 g berry −1 for hemp mulch, paper mulch and zero mulch, respectively). These results may be related to hemp and paper mulch reducing maximum soil temperatures during summer 2015. During the establishment year, both hemp and paper mulch suppressed weeds well compared to zero mulch, although at Absaraka hemp mulch provided slightly better weed suppression than paper mulch. During the production year, both mulches continued to suppress weeds compared to zero mulch at Dickinson. However, at Absaraka, only hemp mulch provided weed suppression compared to zero mulch, possibly because of faster paper degradation caused by greater numbers of large precipitation events and greater relative humidity at Absaraka compared to Dickinson. Weeds were removed from plots during 2015 to allow separation of weed suppression from other possible mulch impacts; therefore, yield data do not reveal striking differences among mulch treatments. Because previous research has demonstrated the impact of weed management during the establishment of strawberries in a matted row system, we concluded that hemp mulch may provide more durable weed suppression compared to paper mulch, which would increase strawberry yield protection in an MRP system. Material cost may be an issue for implementing hemp mulch, as hemp hurd cost was 25 times paper mulch at the application rates used in this study. However, hemp mulch could still be a beneficial option, especially for organic strawberry growers desiring a renewable and environmentally sound replacement for plastic mulch who are able to find affordable local sources of this material.

Investigation of Impact of New Design Code on Riser System Design

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Yu ◽  
Paul Stanton ◽  
Yongming Cheng
Keyword(s):  
System Design ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Design Code ◽  
Finite Element Program ◽  
Stress Evaluation ◽  
Element Program ◽  
Steel Catenary Risers ◽  
Ease Of Access ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gas Lift

Top tensioned risers are fluid conduits from subsea equipment to surface floating production platforms. The advantages of using top tensioned risers are the ability to drill and complete through the production riser, ease of access of the production trees for gas lift operation, and the simplicity of workover and redrill. The integrity of a riser system plays an important role in deepwater developments. Top tensioned risers (TTRs) and steel catenary risers (SCRs) have been widely used with floating production systems such as Spars and TLPs. API RP 2RD [1] has been used to guide riser system design for the last decade. API RP 2RD is being revised as a code (ISO 13628-12) that will also be adopted as a new API code. This paper investigates the impacts of the new design code on the riser system design. This paper first discusses the differences between ISO/WD 13628-12 and the existing API RP 2RD code, particularly the section on design criteria for pipes. The Holstein top tensioned riser system is chosen as an example to evaluate the riser system design impacts. The risers have been installed and successfully producing oil since 2005. The results of the nonlinear finite element program ABAQUS used to analyze the Holstein top tensioned risers were evaluated according to the API RP 2RD. The same analytical results are used for evaluating the impact of the proposed ISO 13628-12 in the area of stress evaluation.

scholarly journals Succession process and the impact of gender in Puerto Rican family businesses

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Grisel Meléndez-Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Family Businesses ◽  
Leadership Transition ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Succession Process ◽  
Women's Role ◽  
The Impact

This paper explores succession phenomena in four Puerto Rican businesses. The main conclusion is that there are differences between the succession pro-cess for daughters and sons because of a stereotypical concept of women’s role and leadership within businesses. Daughters appear to have full access to presidency only when the father dies. Before that, daughters exercise a periph-eral leadership within the organization to construct their leadership space and, at the same time, transmit the values of the business. Opposed to daughters, sons achieve full presidency power and leadership upon confrontation with the father. Main sources of resistance in leadership transition from father to daughters came from external constituencies.

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