Thermal Degradation and Flame Retardant Mechanism of the Rigid Polyurethane Foam Including Functionalized Graphene Oxide

A flame retardant rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) system containing functionalized graphene oxide (fGO), expandable graphite (EG), and dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP) was prepared and investigated. The results show that the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the flame-retardant-polyurethane-fGO (FRPU/fGO) composites reached 28.1% and UL-94 V-0 rating by adding only 0.25 g fGO. The thermal degradation of FRPU samples was studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis. The activation energies (Ea) for the main stage of thermal degradation were obtained using the Kissinger equation. It was found that the fGO can considerably increase the thermal stability and decrease the flammability of RPUF. Additionally, the Ea of FRPU/fGO reached 191 kJ·mol−1, which was 61 kJ·mol−1 higher than that of the pure RPUF (130 kJ·mol−1). Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that fGO strengthened the compactness and the strength of the “vermicular” intumescent char layer improved the insulation capability of the char layer to gas and heat.

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A flame retardant rigid polyurethane foam system including functionalized graphene oxide

Polymer Composites ◽

10.1002/pc.24965 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 40 (S2) ◽

pp. E1274-E1282 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ming Gao ◽

Junfei Li ◽

Xuan Zhou

Keyword(s):

Graphene Oxide ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Polyurethane Foam ◽

Rigid Polyurethane Foam ◽

Functionalized Graphene ◽

Functionalized Graphene Oxide

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Preparation of dual-functionalized graphene oxide for the improvement of the thermal stability and flame-retardant properties of polysiloxane foam

New Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1039/c8nj02361a ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 42 (16) ◽

pp. 13873-13883 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Tianlu Xu ◽

Chunling Zhang ◽

Peihong Li ◽

Xueyan Dai ◽

Lijie Qu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thermal Stability ◽

Graphene Oxide ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Oxygen Index ◽

Functionalized Graphene ◽

Foam Material ◽

Functionalized Graphene Oxide ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Flame Retardant Properties ◽

Combustible Materials

Polysiloxane foam (PSF) is a foam material with outstanding performance. However, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of pure PSF is only 22.0 vol%, which can be attributed to combustible materials.

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Synthesis of DOPO-HQ-functionalized graphene oxide as a novel and efficient flame retardant and its application on polylactic acid: Thermal property, flame retardancy, and mechanical performance

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science ◽

10.1016/j.jcis.2018.04.016 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 524 ◽

pp. 267-278 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Xingxing Shi ◽

Xiangfang Peng ◽

Jingyi Zhu ◽

Guangyi Lin ◽

Tairong Kuang

Keyword(s):

Graphene Oxide ◽

Thermal Property ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Polylactic Acid ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Functionalized Graphene ◽

Functionalized Graphene Oxide

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Synthesis of a DOPO-triazine additive and its flame-retardant effect in rigid polyurethane foam

e-Polymers ◽

10.1515/epoly-2019-0024 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 235-243 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lin Liu ◽

Rui Lv

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Polyurethane Foam ◽

Cell Structure ◽

Rigid Polyurethane Foam ◽

Flame Resistance ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Flame Retarded ◽

Flame Retardant Properties ◽

Mechanical Performances ◽

Halogen Free

AbstractA DOPO (9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphen-anthrene-10-oxide)-based halogen-free flame retardant (ODOPM-CYC) was synthesized and incorporated in rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF). The structure of ODOPM-CYC was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), 1H NMR and 31P NMR. The effects of ODOPM-CYC on the flame resistance, mechanical performances, thermal properties and cell structure of RPUF were also investigated. The results showed that the incorporation of ODOPM-CYC strikingly enhanced flame retardant properties of RPUF. The flame retarded RPUF acquired a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 26% and achieved UL-94 V-0 rating with the phosphorus content of 3 wt%. The smoke production rate (SPR) also showed an obvious decrease and total smoke release (TSR) was 39.8% lower than that of neat RPUF. Besides, the results demonstrated that the incorporation of ODOPM-CYC provided RPUF better thermal stability but did not show any obvious influence on its thermal conductivity.

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Effects of Tung Oil-Based Polyols on the Thermal Stability, Flame Retardancy, and Mechanical Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foam

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym11010045 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 45 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Wei Zhou ◽

Caiying Bo ◽

Puyou Jia ◽

Yonghong Zhou ◽

Meng Zhang

Keyword(s):

Thermal Stability ◽

Polyurethane Foam ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Covalent Bond ◽

Rigid Polyurethane Foam ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Sem Micrographs ◽

Tung Oil ◽

Char Layer ◽

Ring Opening Reaction

A phosphorus-containing tung oil-based polyol (PTOP) and a silicon-containing tung oil-based polyol (PTOSi) were each efficiently prepared by attaching 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene (DOPO) and dihydroxydiphenylsilane (DPSD) directly, respectively, to the epoxidized monoglyceride of tung oil (EGTO) through a ring-opening reaction. The two new polyols were used in the formation of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF), which displayed great thermal stability and excellent flame retardancy performance. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of RPUF containing 80 wt % PTOP and 80 wt % PTOSi was 24.0% and 23.4%, respectively. Fourier transfer infrared (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis revealed that DOPO and DPSD are linked to EGTO by a covalent bond. Interestingly, PTOP and PTOSi had opposite effects on Tg and the compressive strength of RPUF, where, with the appropriate loading, the compressive strengths were 0.82 MPa and 0.25 MPa, respectively. At a higher loading of PTOP and PTOSi, the thermal conductivity of RPUF increased while the RPUF density decreased. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs showed that the size and closed areas of the RPUF cells were regular. SEM micrographs of the char after combustion showed that the char layer was compact and dense. The enhanced flame retardancy of RPUF resulted from the barrier effect of the char layer, which was covered with incombustible substance.

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Novel Unsaturated Polyester Nanocomposites via Hybrid 3D POSS-Modified Graphene Oxide Reinforcement: Electro-Technical Application Perspective

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano10020260 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 260 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Nidhin Divakaran ◽

Manoj B. Kale ◽

T. Senthil ◽

Suhail Mubarak ◽

Duraisami Dhamodharan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Graphene Oxide ◽

High Performance ◽

Unsaturated Polyester ◽

Interactive Effect ◽

Functionalized Graphene ◽

Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes ◽

Functionalized Graphene Oxide ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Modified Graphene Oxide ◽

Hybrid Framework

The latest trends in technologies has shifted the focus to developing innovative methods for comprehensive property enhancement of the polymer composites with facile and undemanding experimental techniques. This work reports an elementary technique to fabricate high-performance unsaturated polyester-based nanocomposites. It focuses on the interactive effect of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS)-functionalized graphene oxide (GO) within the unsaturated polymermatrix. The hybrid framework of POSS-functionalized graphene oxide has been configured via peptide bonding between the aminopropyl isobutyl POSS and graphene oxide. The synergistic effect of POSS and graphene oxide paved the way for a mechanism to inculcate a hybrid framework within the unsaturated polyester (UP) via in situ polymerization to develop UP/GO-POSS nanocomposites. The surface-appended POSS within the graphene oxide boosted its dispersion in the UP matrix, furnishing an enhancement in tensile strength of the UP/GO-POSS composites by 61.9%, thermal decomposition temperature (10% mass loss) by 69.8 °C and electrical conductivity by 108 S/m, in contrast to pure UP. In particular, the homogenous influence of the POSS-modified GO could be vindicated in the surging of the limiting oxygen index (%) in the as-prepared nanocomposites. The inclusive property amelioration vindicates the use of fabricated nanocomposites as high-performance nanomaterials in electrotechnical applications.

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