UV Light Assisted Coating Method of Polyphenol Caffeic Acid and Mediated Immobilization of Metallic Silver Particles for Antibacterial Implant Surface Modification

Titanium implants are extensively used in biomedical applications due to their excellent biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and superb mechanical stability. In this work, we present the use of polycaffeic acid (PCA) to immobilize metallic silver on the surface of titanium materials to prevent implant bacterial infection. Caffeic acid is a plant-derived phenolic compound, rich in catechol moieties and it can form functional coatings using alkaline buffers and with UV irradiation. This combination can trigger oxidative polymerization and deposition on the surface of metallic substrates. Using PCA can also give advantages in bone implants in decreasing inflammation by decelerating macrophage and osteoclast activity. Here, chemical and physical properties were investigated using FE-SEM, EDS, XPS, AFM, and contact angle. The in vitro biocompatibility and antibacterial studies show that PCA with metallic silver can inhibit bacterial growth, and proliferation of MC-3T3 cells was observed. Therefore, our results suggest that the introduced approach can be considered as a potential method for functional implant coating application in the orthopedic field.

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Macrophagic Inflammatory Response Next to Dental Implants with Different Macro- and Micro-Structure: An In Vitro Study

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11125324 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 5324

Author(s):

Maria Menini ◽

Francesca Delucchi ◽

Domenico Baldi ◽

Francesco Pera ◽

Francesco Bagnasco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Response ◽

Dental Implants ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Titanium Implants ◽

Implant Surface ◽

Bone Implant ◽

Optimal Outcomes ◽

Negative Controls ◽

Inflammatory Effect

(1) Background: Intrinsic characteristics of the implant surface and the possible presence of endotoxins may affect the bone–implant interface and cause an inflammatory response. This study aims to evaluate the possible inflammatory response induced in vitro in macrophages in contact with five different commercially available dental implants. (2) Methods: one zirconia implant NobelPearl® (Nobel Biocare) and four titanium implants, Syra® (Sweden & Martina), Prama® (Sweden & Martina), 3iT3® (Biomet 3i) and Shard® (Mech & Human), were evaluated. After 4 h of contact of murine macrophage cells J774a.1 with the implants, the total RNA was extracted, transcribed to cDNA and the gene expression of the macrophages was evaluated by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in relation to the following genes: GAPDH, YWHAZ, IL1β, IL6, TNFα, NOS2, MMP-9, MMP-8 and TIMP3. The results were statistically analyzed and compared with negative controls. (3) Results: No implant triggered a significant inflammatory response in macrophages, although 3iT3 exhibited a slight pro-inflammatory effect compared to other samples. (4) Conclusions: All the samples showed optimal outcomes without any inflammatory stimulus on the examined macrophagic cells.

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In Vitro Assessment of the Functional Dynamics of Titanium with Surface Coating of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma12050840 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 840 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

José Henrique de Lima Cavalcanti ◽

Patrícia Matos ◽

Cresus Vinícius Depes de Gouvêa ◽

Waldimir Carvalho ◽

José Luis Calvo-Guirado ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Adhesion ◽

Adhesion Formation ◽

Titanium Implants ◽

Tissue Response ◽

Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells ◽

Machined Surface ◽

Implant Surface ◽

Sem Images ◽

Vitro Assay

Manipulation of implant surface characteristics constitutes a promising strategy for improving cell growth and tissue response on a variety of materials with different surface topographies. Mesenchymal progenitor cells with a capacity to respond to titanium surface stimuli and differentiate into osteoblasts were used to perform comparative tests between two different implant topographies, including their functional interaction with pre-osteoblasts directly seeded onto the implants. Functional analysis of nanostructured implant surfaces was performed by in vitro assay analysis. The machined surface of titanium implants (mach group) was used as a control and compared with a nanoparticle HA activated surface implant (nano group), developed by the deposition of pure crystalline hydroxyapatite. Cell culture on the nano group surface resulted in higher cell adhesion and cultured osteoblast viability compared with the mach group. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed a stable interaction, indicated by the presence of focal cell adhesion formation. These results together with positive mineralization assays showed the nano group to be an excellent scaffold for bone-implant integration.

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Impact of High-Altitude Hypoxia on Early Osseointegration With Bioactive Titanium

Frontiers in Physiology ◽

10.3389/fphys.2021.689807 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Yarong Wang ◽

Zekun Gan ◽

Haibin Lu ◽

Ziyi Liu ◽

Peng Shang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Formation ◽

High Altitude ◽

Bone Repair ◽

Titanium Implant ◽

Titanium Implants ◽

Implant Surface ◽

Altitude Hypoxia ◽

Oral Implants ◽

Hypoxic Environment

Nowadays, the bone osseointegration in different environments is comparable, but the mechanism is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the osseointegration of different bioactive titanium surfaces under normoxic or high-altitude hypoxic environments. Titanium implants were subjected to one of two surface treatments: (1) sanding, blasting, and acid etching to obtain a rough surface, or (2) extensive polishing to obtain a smooth surface. Changes in the morphology, proliferation, and protein expression of osteoblasts on the rough and smooth surfaces were examined, and bone formation was studied through western blotting and animal-based experiments. Our findings found that a hypoxic environment and rough titanium implant surface promoted the osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts and activated the JAK1/STAT1/HIF-1α pathway in vitro. The animal study revealed that following implant insertion in tibia of rabbit, bone repair at high altitudes was slower than that at low altitudes (i.e., in plains) after 2weeks; however, bone formation did not differ significantly after 4weeks. The results of our study showed that: (1) The altitude hypoxia environment would affect the early osseointegration of titanium implants while titanium implants with rough surfaces can mitigate the effects of this hypoxic environment on osseointegration, (2) the mechanism may be related to the activation of JAK1/STAT1/HIF-1α pathway, and (3) our results suggest the osteogenesis of titanium implants, such as oral implants, is closely related to the oxygen environment. Clinical doctors, especially dentists, should pay attention to the influence of hypoxia on early osseointegration in patients with high altitude. For example, it is better to choose an implant system with rough implant surface in the oral cavity of patients with tooth loss at high altitude.

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Bioactivity and Surface Characteristics of Titanium Implants Following Various Surface Treatments: An In Vitro Study

Journal of Oral Implantology ◽

10.1563/aaid-joi-d-13-00292 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 41 (5) ◽

pp. e183-e188 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Aswini Kumar K ◽

Vinaya Bhatt ◽

Manilal Balakrishnan ◽

Mohamed Hashem ◽

Sajith Vellappally ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Treatment ◽

Calcium Ions ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Surface Treatments ◽

Titanium Implants ◽

Vitro Study ◽

Acid Etching ◽

Implant Surface ◽

Group A

This study compared the surface topography, hydrophilicity, and bioactivity of titanium implants after 3 different surface treatments (sandblasting and acid etching, modified sandblasting and acid etching, and thermal oxidation) with those of machined implants. One hundred indigenously manufactured threaded titanium implants were subjected to 3 methods of surface treatment. The surface roughness of the nontreated (Group A) and treated samples (Groups B through D) was evaluated with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and profilometer. The wettability was visually examined using a colored dye solution. The calcium ions attached to the implant surface after immersing in simulated body fluid (SBF) were assessed on days 1, 2, and 7 with an atomic electron spectroscope. The data were analyzed statistically. The SBF test allowed the precipitation of a calcium phosphate layer on all surface-treated samples, as evidenced in the SEM analysis. A significantly higher amount of calcium ions and increased wettability were achieved in the thermally oxidized samples. The mean roughness was significantly lower in Group A (0.85 ± 0.07) compared to Group B (1.35 ± 0.17), Group C (1.40 ± 0.14), and Group D (1.36 ± 0.18). The observations from this in vitro study indicated that surface treatment of titanium improved the bioactivity. Moreover, results identified the implants that were sandblasted, acid etched, and then oxidized attracted more calcium ions.

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Rhamnolipid Coating Reduces Microbial Biofilm Formation on Titanium Implants: an in-vitro Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-49933/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Erica Tambone ◽

Emiliana Bonomi ◽

Paolo Ghensi ◽

Devid Maniglio ◽

Chiara Ceresa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Activity ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Titanium Implant ◽

Titanium Implants ◽

Lung Fibroblasts ◽

Normal Lung ◽

Implant Surface ◽

Rhamnolipid Biosurfactant

Abstract Background: Peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis are biofilm-related diseases causing major concern in oral implantology, requiring complex anti-infective procedures or implant removal. Microbial biosurfactants emerged as new of anti-biofilm agents for coating implantable devices preserving biocompatibility. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of rhamnolipid biosurfactant R89 (R89BS) to reduce Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation on titanium. Methods: R89BS was physically adsorbed on titanium discs (TDs) and the ability of coated TDs to inhibit biofilm formation was evaluated by quantifying biofilm biomass and cell metabolic activity, at different time-points, with respect to uncoated controls. A qualitative analysis of sessile cells was also performed by scanning electron microscopy. Results: R89BS-coated discs showed no cytotoxic effects on normal lung fibroblasts (MRC5). TDs coated with 4 mg/mL R89BS inhibited the biofilm biomass of S. aureus by 98%, 49% and 10% and of S. epidermidis by 53%, 29%, and 10% at 24, 48 and 72 h respectively. A significant reduction of the biofilm metabolic activity was also documented. The same coating applied on three commercial implant surfaces resulted in a biomass inhibition higher than 90% for S. aureus, and up to 75% for S. epidermidis at 24 h. Conclusions: R89BS-coating was effective in reducing Staphylococcus biofilm formation at the titanium implant surface. The anti-biofilm action can be obtained on several different commercially available implant surfaces, independently of their surface morphology.

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Synergistic Photoantimicrobial Chemotherapy of Methylene Blue-Encapsulated Chitosan on Biofilm-Contaminated Titanium

Pharmaceuticals ◽

10.3390/ph14040346 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 346

Author(s):

Chiu-Nan Lin ◽

Shinn-Jyh Ding ◽

Chun-Cheng Chen

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Methyl Cellulose ◽

Titanium Implants ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Ti Alloy ◽

Implant Surface ◽

Mg63 Cells ◽

Before And After ◽

Better Than

Intensive efforts have been made to eliminate or substantial reduce bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on titanium implants. However, in the management of peri-implantitis, the methylene blue (MB) photosensitizer commonly used in photoantimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) is limited to a low retention on the implant surface. The purpose of this study was to assess enhancive effect of water-soluble quaternary ammonium chitosan (QTS) on MB retention on biofilm-infected SLA (sandblasted, large grid, and acid-etched) Ti alloy surfaces in vitro. The effectiveness of QTS + MB with different concentrations in eliminating Gram-negative A. actinomycetemcomitans or Gram-positive S. mutans bacteria was compared before and after PACT. Bacterial counting and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) detection were examined, and then the growth of human osteoblast-like MG63 cells was evaluated. The results indicated that the synergistic QTS + MB with retention ability significantly decreased the biofilm accumulation on the Ti alloy surface, which was better than the same concentration of 1 wt% methyl cellulose (MC). More importantly, the osteogenic activity of MG63 cells on the disinfected sample treated by QTS + MB-PACT modality was comparable to that of sterile Ti control, significantly higher than that by MC + MB-PACT modality. It is concluded that, in terms of improved retention efficacy, effective bacteria eradication, and enhanced cell growth, synergistically, PACT using the 100 μg/mL MB-encapsulated 1% QTS was a promising modality for the treatment of peri-implantitis.

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Rhamnolipid coating reduces microbial biofilm formation on titanium implants: an in vitro study

BMC Oral Health ◽

10.1186/s12903-021-01412-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Erica Tambone ◽

Emiliana Bonomi ◽

Paolo Ghensi ◽

Devid Maniglio ◽

Chiara Ceresa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Activity ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Titanium Implant ◽

Titanium Implants ◽

Lung Fibroblasts ◽

Normal Lung ◽

Implant Surface ◽

Rhamnolipid Biosurfactant

Abstract Background Peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis are biofilm-related diseases causing major concern in oral implantology, requiring complex anti-infective procedures or implant removal. Microbial biosurfactants emerged as new anti-biofilm agents for coating implantable devices preserving biocompatibility. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of rhamnolipid biosurfactant R89 (R89BS) to reduce Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation on titanium. Methods R89BS was physically adsorbed on titanium discs (TDs). Cytotoxicity of coated TDs was evaluated on normal lung fibroblasts (MRC5) using a lactate dehydrogenase assay. The ability of coated TDs to inhibit biofilm formation was evaluated by quantifying biofilm biomass and cell metabolic activity, at different time-points, with respect to uncoated controls. A qualitative analysis of sessile bacteria was also performed by scanning electron microscopy. Results R89BS-coated discs showed no cytotoxic effects. TDs coated with 4 mg/mL R89BS inhibited the biofilm biomass of S. aureus by 99%, 47% and 7% and of S. epidermidis by 54%, 29%, and 10% at 24, 48 and 72 h respectively. A significant reduction of the biofilm metabolic activity was also documented. The same coating applied on three commercial implant surfaces resulted in a biomass inhibition higher than 90% for S. aureus, and up to 78% for S. epidermidis at 24 h. Conclusions R89BS-coating was effective in reducing Staphylococcus biofilm formation at the titanium implant surface. The anti-biofilm action can be obtained on several different commercially available implant surfaces, independently of their surface morphology.

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Mechanical Stability of Screw-Retained Monolithic and Bi-layer Posterior Hybrid Abutment Crowns after Thermomechanical Loading: An In Vitro Study

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14247539 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (24) ◽

pp. 7539

Author(s):

Frank A. Spitznagel ◽

Estevam A. Bonfante ◽

Tiago M. B. Campos ◽

Maximilian A. Vollmer ◽

Johannes Boldt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multiple Testing ◽

Mechanical Stability ◽

High Reliability ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Titanium Implants ◽

Before And After ◽

Load To Failure ◽

Cad Cam ◽

Failure Loads

To evaluate the failure-load and survival-rate of screw-retained monolithic and bi-layered crowns bonded to titanium-bases before and after mouth-motion fatigue, 72 titanium-implants (SICvantage-max, SIC-invent-AG) were restored with three groups (n = 24) of screw-retained CAD/CAM implant-supported-single-crowns (ISSC) bonded to titanium-bases: porcelain-fused-to-metal (PFM-control), porcelain-fused-to-zirconia (PFZ-test) and monolithic LDS (LDS-test). Half of the specimens (n = 12/group) were subjected to fatigue in a chewing-simulator (1.2 million cycles, 198 N, 1.67 Hz, thermocycling 5–55 °C). All samples were exposed to single-load-to-failure without (PFM0, PFZ0, LDS0) or with fatigue (PFM1, PFZ1, LDS1). Comparisons were statistically analyzed with t-tests and regression-models and corrected for multiple-testing using the Student–Neuman–Keuls method. All PFM and LDS crowns survived fatigue exposure, whereas 16.7% of PFZ showed chipping failures. The mean failure-loads (±SD) were: PFM0: 2633 ± 389 N, PFM1: 2349 ± 578 N, PFZ0: 2152 ± 572 N, PFZ1: 1686 ± 691 N, LDS0: 2981 ± 798 N, LDS1: 2722 ± 497 N. Fatigue did not influence load to failure of any group. PFZ ISSC showed significantly lower failure-loads than monolithic-LDS regardless of artificial aging (p < 0.05). PFM ISSC showed significantly higher failure loads after fatigue than PFZ (p = 0.032). All ISSC failed in a range above physiological chewing forces. Premature chipping fractures might occur in PFZ ISSC. Monolithic-LDS ISSC showed high reliability as an all-ceramic material for screw-retained posterior hybrid-abutment-crowns.

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Burst Release of Antibiotics Combined with Long-Term Release of Silver Targeting Implant-Associated Infections: Design, Characterization and in vitro Evaluation of Novel Implant Hybrid Surface

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma12233838 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (23) ◽

pp. 3838 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Kai Borcherding ◽

Dennis Marx ◽

Linda Gätjen ◽

Nicole Bormann ◽

Britt Wildemann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Agar Medium ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Metallic Silver ◽

Burst Release ◽

Implant Surface ◽

Surface Design ◽

K Wires

Implant-associated infections represent a serious risk in human medicine and can lead to complications, revisions and in worst cases, amputations. To target these risks, the objective was to design a hybrid implant surface that allows a local burst release of antibiotics combined with long-term antimicrobial activity based on silver. The efficacy should be generated with simultaneous in vitro cytocompatibility. The investigations were performed on titanium K-wires and plates and gentamicin was selected as an illustrative antibiotic. A gentamicin depot (max 553 µg/cm2) was created on the surface using laser structuring. The antibiotic was released within 15 min in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or agar medium. Metallic silver particles (4 µg/cm2) in a titanium dioxide layer were deposited using plasma vapor deposition (PVD). About 16% of the silver was released within 28 days in the agar medium. The local efficacy of the incorporated silver was demonstrated in a direct contact assay with a reduction of more than 99.99% (Escherichia coli). The local efficacy of the hybrid surface was confirmed in a zone of inhibition (ZOI) assay using Staphylococcus cohnii. The biocompatibility of the hybrid surface was proven using fibroblasts and osteoblasts as cell systems. The hybrid surface design seems to be promising as treatment of implant-associated infections, considering the achieved amount and release behavior of the active ingredients (gentamicin, silver). The generated in vitro results (efficacy, biocompatibility) proofed the concept. Further in vivo studies will be necessary translate the hybrid surface towards clinical applied research.

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Rhamnolipid coating reduces microbial biofilm formation on titanium implants: an in-vitro study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-49933/v3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Erica Tambone ◽

Emiliana Bonomi ◽

Paolo Ghensi ◽

Devid Maniglio ◽

Chiara Ceresa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Activity ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Titanium Implant ◽

Titanium Implants ◽

Lung Fibroblasts ◽

Normal Lung ◽

Implant Surface ◽

Rhamnolipid Biosurfactant

Abstract Background: Peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis are biofilm-related diseases causing major concern in oral implantology, requiring complex anti-infective procedures or implant removal. Microbial biosurfactants emerged as new anti-biofilm agents for coating implantable devices preserving biocompatibility. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of rhamnolipid biosurfactant R89 (R89BS) to reduce Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation on titanium. Methods: R89BS was physically adsorbed on titanium discs (TDs). Cytotoxicity of coated TDs was evaluated on normal lung fibroblasts (MRC5). using a lactate dehydrogenase assay. The ability of coated TDs to inhibit biofilm formation was evaluated by quantifying biofilm biomass and cell metabolic activity, at different time-points, with respect to uncoated controls. A qualitative analysis of sessile bacteria was also performed by scanning electron microscopy. Results: R89BS-coated discs showed no cytotoxic effects. TDs coated with 4 mg/mL R89BS inhibited the biofilm biomass of S. aureus by 99%, 47% and 7% and of S. epidermidis by 54%, 29%, and 10% at 24, 48 and 72 h respectively. A significant reduction of the biofilm metabolic activity was also documented. The same coating applied on three commercial implant surfaces resulted in a biomass inhibition higher than 90% for S. aureus, and up to 78% for S. epidermidis at 24 h. Conclusions: R89BS-coating was effective in reducing Staphylococcus biofilm formation at the titanium implant surface. The anti-biofilm action can be obtained on several different commercially available implant surfaces, independently of their surface morphology.

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