scholarly journals Freeze-Drying versus Heat-Drying: Effect on Protein-Based Superabsorbent Material

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1076
Author(s):  
Estefanía Álvarez-Castillo ◽  
Carlos Bengoechea ◽  
Manuel Felix ◽  
Antonio Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Meat Industry ◽  
Porous Structures ◽  
Absorption Kinetics ◽  
Personal Care ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Thermal Drying

Porcine plasma protein is a by-product of the meat industry, which has already been applied in the manufacture of superabsorbent materials. The effects of plasticizer content (0%, 25%, 50%), together with those of the drying method (freeze-drying, thermal drying at 50 °C), during the processing of superabsorbent porcine plasma matrices were studied in this manuscript. Although the presence of glycerol accelerated the water absorption kinetics, the highest water absorption (~550%) was achieved by samples not containing any plasticizer. Viscoelasticity decreased at higher glycerol contents and especially after water absorption. When swollen samples were dried through freeze-drying, porous structures with a sponge-like appearance were obtained. Oppositely, thermally dried samples suffered an evident shrinkage that reduced porosity, displaying a more uniform surface. The effect of the drying method was observed since only freeze-dried samples can be rehydrated, displaying a superabsorbent ability (absorption higher than 1000%), which could be used in several applications (food, agriculture, personal care).

scholarly journals Strengthening of Porcine Plasma Protein Superabsorbent Materials through a Solubilization-Freeze-Drying Process

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 772
Author(s):  
Estefanía Álvarez-Castillo ◽  
Carlos Bengoechea ◽  
Antonio Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Water Uptake ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Meat Industry ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Uptake Capacity ◽  
Water Uptake Capacity ◽  
Protein Flour ◽  
Hydrophilic Materials ◽  
By Products

The replacement of common acrylic derivatives by biodegradable materials in the formulation of superabsorbent materials would lessen the associated environmental impact. Moreover, the use of by-products or biowastes from the food industry that are usually discarded would promote a desired circular economy. The present study deals with the development of superabsorbent materials based on a by-product from the meat industry, namely plasma protein, focusing on the effects of a freeze-drying stage before blending with glycerol and eventual injection molding. More specifically, this freeze-drying stage is carried out either directly on the protein flour or after its solubilization in deionized water (10% w/w). Superabsorbent materials obtained after this solubilization-freeze-drying process display higher Young’s modulus and tensile strength values, without affecting their water uptake capacity. As greater water uptake is commonly related to poorer mechanical properties, the proposed solubilization-freeze-drying process is a useful strategy for producing strengthened hydrophilic materials.

scholarly journals Nanocellulose-Based Inks—Effect of Alginate Content on the Water Absorption of 3D Printed Constructs

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Espinosa ◽  
Daniel Filgueira ◽  
Alejandro Rodríguez ◽  
Gary Chinga-Carrasco
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Moisture Absorption ◽  
Cellulose Nanofibrils ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Wound Dressings ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Porous Structures ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
The Cross

2,2,6,6-tetramethylpyperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) were used as ink for three-dimensional (3D) printing of porous structures with potential as wound dressings. Alginate (10, 20, 30 and 40 wt%) was incorporated into the formulation to facilitate the ionic cross-linking with calcium chloride (CaCl2). The effect of two different concentrations of CaCl2 (50 and 100 mM) was studied. The 3D printed hydrogels were freeze-dried to produce aerogels which were tested for water absorption. Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) pictures demonstrated that the higher the concentration of the cross-linker the higher the definition of the printed tracks. CNF-based aerogels showed a remarkable water absorption capability. Although the incorporation of alginate and the cross-linking with CaCl2 led to shrinkage of the 3D printed constructs, the approach yielded suitable porous structures for water and moisture absorption. It is concluded that the 3D printed biocomposite structures developed in this study have characteristics that are promising for wound dressings devices.

Freeze-Drying Investigations of Antlers

2012 ◽  
Vol 195-196 ◽  
pp. 441-446
Author(s):  
Jun Liu ◽  
Shi Wei Zhang ◽  
Zhi Jun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Eutectic Temperature ◽  
Tissue Structure ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Hot Air Drying ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Freeze Dried

In this paper, the vacuum freeze-drying experiments of both antler slices and whole antlers are reported in details. The moisture content and the eutectic temperature of antler were measured. A 22 h process curve of antler slice freeze drying was obtained. The freeze drying process of whole antler was also investigated. The microscopic tissue structure was observed and chemical compositions were analyzed for those freeze-dried whole antlers in comparison with the traditional water boiling and hot air drying method. More nutrients were retained for freeze drying in addition to the better physical properties than traditional drying.

Synthesis of Porous Ceramics Through Directional Solidification and Freeze-Drying

2003 ◽  
Vol 788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Predrag Kisa ◽  
Patrick Fisher ◽  
Al Olszewski ◽  
Ian Nettleship ◽  
Nicholas G. Eror
Keyword(s):  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Porous Ceramics ◽  
Porous Structures ◽  
Directionally Solidified ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Microstructural Characteristics ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Silica Sols

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the microstructural characteristics of directionally solidified freeze-dried silica sols. Porous structures were formed by depositing silica sol on silicon (100) single crystals. The deposited sols were unidirectionaly solidified by placing the silicon substrate on a copper block immersed in liquid nitrogen and then subsequently freeze-dried. Freeze drying removal of ice crystals created three-dimensional pore channels ranging from 3 to10 micrometers in diameter aggregated in grain like colonies 50–100 micrometers in diameter. Pore size, spacing, colony size and microstructure were determined using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) while the structure of the amorphous SiO2 was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The microstructure results are compared and contrasted with silica aerogel obtained through conventional processing using supercritical CO2.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PRE-TREATMENTS ON THE PERMEABILITY OF GLUE-LAMINATED BAMBOO

Wood Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-364
Author(s):  
Chunyan Lv ◽  
Caijuan Zhang ◽  
Xinjie Zhou ◽  
Mingyu He ◽  
Lili Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Ultrasonic Power ◽  
Vacuum Degree ◽  
Laminated Bamboo ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Water Absorption Test ◽  
C 50

In this study, hydrothermal treatments (duration: 2 h, 5 h, 8 h; temperature: 60°C, 80°C, 100°C), ultrasonic treatments (duration: 60 min, 90 min, 120 min; temperature: 40°C, 50°C, 60°C; ultrasonic power: 400 W, 600 W, 800 W) and freeze-drying treatments (vacuum degree: 0.05 mbar, 0.1 mbar, 0.5 mbar, 1.0 mbar, 1.7 mbar) were performed respectively to improve the permeability of glue-laminated bamboo. The effects of different pre-treatments on the permeability were compared according to the water absorption test and the mercury intrusion porosimetry test. The microstructure change of the samples was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that freeze-drying treatment was an effective way to increase the permeability of the samples, in which the water absorption rate can be increased by 47%, and the porosity can be increased by 10% at 0.5 mbar vacuum. From SEM analysis, some small holes appeared in the cell wall of the freeze-dried samples, because he free water inside the samples was changed into ice, and the volume became larger, and the pore diameter of the bamboo was enlarged.

scholarly journals Proximate Analysis of Goat Milk Yogurt Powder Produced by Freeze Drying and Vacuum-Oven Drying and in Comparing with Freeze-Dried Yogurt Powder Prepared with Tualang Honey

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1S) ◽  
pp. 101-111
Author(s):  
Siti Norhannani Ahmat Azemi ◽  
Norshafiqah Zainul ◽  
Asmaliza Abd. Ghani ◽  
John Tang Yew Huat
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Vacuum Oven ◽  
Oven Drying ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Tualang Honey

This study was carried out to produce powdered yogurt from goat milk with longer shelf life.Two methods of drying process of yogurt were used which are vacuum-oven drying (VD) and freezedrying (FD). Goat milk yogurt powder prepared with added Tualang honey (TH) was produced by freeze-drying method. In this study, four formulations of yogurt were prepared with the addition of commercial yogurt containingas starter culture.Granulated sugar was added about 8% into the yogurt as control sample. While other three yogurts were prepared with 8% of Tualang honey, 6% of Tualang honey with 2% of sugar and 4% of Tualang honey with 4% of sugar. The proximateanalysis was used in order to identify the proximate composition and pH value of the yogurt. The moisture content of goat milk yogurt, VD goat yogurt powder and FD goat yogurt powder were 79.20%, 8.22% and 9.66% respectively. While, the moisture content for FD goat yogurt powder with addition of 4%, 6% and 8% Tualang honey were 15.12%,15.92% and 13.53% respectively.While the value of ash content for FD goat milk yogurt powder with addition of 4%, 6% and 8% Tualang honey were 0.37%, 0.35% and 0.50% respectively. The total protein content for goat milk yogurt was 4.61% whilein VD goat yogurt powder and FD goat yogurt powder were 15.04% and 15.07% respectively. The value of protein content for FD goat milk yogurt powder with addition of 8% of Tualang honey was 15.38%. The pH value ofgoat milk sample and fresh yogurt goat milk were 6.52 and 3.82. The pH values for fresh yogurt with addition of 4%, 6% and 8% of Tualang honey were 4.64, 4.68 and 4.73.Vacuum-oven drying method and freeze-drying method did not show any significant different in moisture, ash and protein content but showed significant different in pH value.

scholarly journals Effect of Freeze-drying and Oven-drying Methods on Flavonoids Content in two Romanian Grape Varieties

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 491-494
Author(s):  
Lacramioara Oprica ◽  
Radu Gheorghe Antohe ◽  
Andreea Verdes ◽  
Marius Nicusor Grigore
Keyword(s):  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Vacuum Oven ◽  
Oven Drying ◽  
North East ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Red Grape ◽  
Grape Varieties ◽  
Fresh Skin

The aims of this work was to investigate the effect of thermal drying method (vacuum oven drying), and nonthermal drying method (freeze drying) on the flavonoids content in two red grape varieties (Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot) from different grape components (seed, skin, and pulp) collected from two experimental fields, Bucium and Copou (North East of Romania). In general, the fresh skin of Cabernet and Merlot varieties has the highest flavonoids content followed by those obtained by oven-drying and freeze-drying process. A similar situation was observed in the other component of grape varieties like pulp and seeds meaning in the way that the flavonoid content in oven-dried samples were higher than that in the freeze-dried samples. In addition, from both varieties, Merlot collected from Bucium presented the highest content compared with Cabernet.

scholarly journals Proximate Chemical Composition of Dried Shrimp and Tilapia Waste Bioflocs Produced by Two Drying Methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 193
Author(s):  
Tarq Binalshikh-Abubkr ◽  
Marlia M. Hanafiah ◽  
Simon Kumar Das
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Shrimp Waste ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Iron Copper ◽  
Nutrient Value ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Proximate Chemical Composition

The effects of two waste sources, red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) and whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), and two drying methods (freeze-drying and oven-drying) on the proximate chemical composition of bioflocs were investigated. In total, four kinds of experimentally treated bioflocs were compared to identify the best waste source and drying method to produce biofloc of an acceptable nutrient value: freeze-dried shrimp biofloc (FDSBF), oven-dried shrimp biofloc (ODSBF), freeze-dried tilapia biofloc (FDTBF), and oven-dried tilapia biofloc (ODTBF). The protein, lipid, ash, fiber, total nitrogen free extract (NFE), and energy contents of the dried bioflocs ranged from 12.12 to 24.09 g/100 g, 0.35 to 0.92 g/100 g, 42.45 to 61.01 g/100 g, 7.43 to 17.11 g/100 g, 16.45 to 18.59 g/100 g, and 0.99 to 1.94 Kcal g−1, respectively. Statistically, there were significant differences within the means of the two biofloc sources in terms of their proximate compositions (p < 0.05). The average values between the drying methods for protein, lipid, total NFE, and energy were also significantly different, while no significant differences (p > 0.05) were recorded for ash and fiber. Amino acids (AAs) were higher in FDTBF, followed by ODTBF. The mineral profiles showed that phosphorous, potassium, manganese, selenium, and copper were higher in the tilapia waste bioflocs, while calcium, zinc, iron, copper, chromium, and cobalt were higher in the shrimp waste bioflocs. Although the statistical analysis showed that the shrimp waste bioflocs had higher levels of lipid, fiber, total NFE, and minerals, the tilapia waste bioflocs contained higher levels of potential AAs, energy, and protein, which are regarded as expensive ingredients in aquaculture feeding. This study indicates that biofloc derived from tilapia waste can be regarded as a more suitable source of biofloc meal (in terms of protein, ash, energy, and AAs) than biofloc derived from shrimp waste. Our findings also suggest that freeze-drying is a more effective drying method for drying biofloc, as it efficiently maintains nutritional quality.

scholarly journals Microencapsulation of indigenous probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum Dad-13 by spray and freeze-drying: strain-dependent effect and its antibacterial property

Food Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 2181-2189
Author(s):  
R.Z. Kamil ◽  
R. Yanti ◽  
A. Murdiati ◽  
M. Juffrie ◽  
E.S. Rahayu
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Suitable Method ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Dependent Effect ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Strain Dependent

Lactobacillus plantarum Dad-13 is a potential probiotic candidate, and microencapsulation is the method for extending its shelf-life. Furthermore, spray or freeze -drying is a common method for microencapsulation, and its effect on the stability of probiotic is strain-dependent. This research was aimed to evaluate the strain-dependent effect of probiotic microencapsulation and to choose a suitable method for further research. In this research, for strain-dependent analysis, L. plantarum strain Mut-7 was used as a comparison. Probiotics were encapsulated with 10% (w/v) skim milk and 1 % (w/v) sucrose as wall material by spray and freeze-drying method. The obtained probiotics powder was then analyzed for physicochemical, sublethal injury and stability during storage. Freeze-dried L. plantarum Dad-13 was than analyze the antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria. The results showed that aw, color and particle diameter were significantly different between the spray and freeze-dried probiotics. Hence, the microstructure of spray-dried microcapsule was spherical and wrinkle, while the freezedried microcapsule was porous. However, the viable cell of freeze-dried probiotic was significantly higher and more stable during eight weeks of storages. From both strains, we found that there was no strain-dependent effect on viable cells after the drying method. Thus, we deduced that freeze-drying was the suitable method for microencapsulation L. plantarum strain Dad-13, considering the freeze-dried L. plantarum Dad-13 still had antibacterial activity.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Metode Pengeringan Simplisia Daun Ubi Jalar Ungu (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lamk) Varietas Antin 3 Terhadap Kadar Abu Ekstrak

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-14
Author(s):  
Damaranie Dipahayu ◽  
Djamilah Arifiyana
Keyword(s):  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Freeze Dried

ABSTRAKEkstrak daun ubi jalar ungu ( Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lamk Varietas Antin 3 mengandung flavonoid yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku sediaan tabir surya. Sediaan tabir surya penting untuk digunakan karena dapat melindungi kulit dari paparan radiasi sinar UV A dan UV B dari sinar matahari yang dapat merusak kulit dan memicu terjadinya penuaan dini pada kulit. Agar dapat menjadi bahan baku yang terukur efektifitas dan keamanannya maka diperlukan standarisasi ekstrak, salah satunya standarisasi non spesifik kadar abu. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk membandingkan kadar abu ekstrak daun yang dikeringkan secara freeze drying dan oven, karena keduanya terbukti mengandung kadar flavonoid yang berbeda. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pada ekstrak daun Antin 3 yang dikeringkan secara freeze drying suhu -45 0C selama 48 jam dan oven suhu 400C selama 24 jam memiliki kadar abu total adalah 6.9 % dan 7.3 % sedangkan kadar abu tidak larut asam adalah1.6 % dan 0.9 %.Kata kunci: Ekstrak daun Antin 3, freeze drying, oven, kadar abu total, kadar abu tidak larut asam ABSTRACTEthanolic extract of purple sweetpotatoes (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lamk Antin 3 variety contain flavonoids. Flavonoids has sunscreen effectivity. Antin 3 extract need to be standardized, in order to be a raw material ofsunscreen. Nonspecific standardization can measures the effectiveness and safety of the extract. Sunscreen can protect the skin harmfull effect of UV A and UV B radiation from sunlight. The study aims to provide data the effect of Antin 3 leaf drying method dried freeze (-45 0C) during 48 hours and oven (40 0C) during 24 hours on its ash content. This study finds that freeze dried Antin 3 leaf have total ash content and insoluable acid ash content respectively is 6.9 % and 7.3 %, while oven Antin 3 leaf respectively is 1.6 % and 0.9 %.Keywords: Antin 3 leaf extract, freeze dried, oven, total ash content, insoluable acid ash content.

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