scholarly journals Human Activities, Biostratigraphy and Past Environment Revealed by Small-Mammal Associations at the Chalcolithic Levels of El Portalón de Cueva Mayor (Atapuerca, Spain)

Quaternary ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Juan Rofes ◽  
Amaia Ordiales ◽  
Eneko Iriarte ◽  
Gloria Cuenca-Bescós ◽  
María Ángeles Galindo-Pellicena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammal ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
Upper Pleistocene ◽  
Inland Wetlands ◽  
Late Chalcolithic ◽  
Chionomys Nivalis ◽  
Representative Samples

The Chalcolithic levels of El Portalón de Cueva Mayor (Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain) offer a good opportunity to test whether the small-mammal contents of different archaeo-stratigraphical units may be useful to characterize them as independent entities. With that purpose, we studied representative samples of small-mammal remains from the two main contexts identified: the Early Chalcolithic (EC) funerary context and the Late Chalcolithic (LC) habitat/stabling context, with the latter comprising three different archaeological units according to their origin, namely prepared floors, activity floors and stabling surfaces or fumiers. Following the distribution of taxa in their respective contexts, we performed several statistical tests to check for significant discrepancies between archaeological units. The exclusive presence of certain taxa, together with the statistical difference in relative taxonomic ratios, points to the integrity and unpolluted condition of the EC context. The interspersed arrangement of the different LC context’s units made them prone to inter-pollution as they are not statistically different. The unexpected presence of Pliomys lenki and Chionomys nivalis in the prepared floors evidences their Upper Pleistocene allochthonous origin. The EC levels of El Portalón contribute the first Holocene records of nine taxa in the Sierra de Atapuerca. An environment dominated by woodland, shrubland and wet meadows, with moderate presence of grassland, inland wetlands and rocky areas, is inferred from the small-mammal association of the EC levels.

scholarly journals Multi-Level Relationships between Satellite-Derived Nighttime Lighting Signals and Social Media–Derived Human Population Dynamics

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Ma
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Human Population ◽  
City Size ◽  
Human Settlements ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
Nighttime Light ◽  
Multi Level

Satellite-based measurements of the artificial nighttime light brightness (NTL) have been extensively used for studying urbanization and socioeconomic dynamics in a temporally consistent and spatially explicit manner. The increasing availability of geo-located big data detailing human population dynamics provides a good opportunity to explore the association between anthropogenic nocturnal luminosity and corresponding human activities, especially at fine time/space scales. In this study, we used Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) day/night band (DNB)–derived nighttime light images and the gridded number of location requests (NLR) from China’s largest social media platform to investigate the quantitative relationship between nighttime light radiances and human population dynamics across China at four levels: the provincial, city, county, and pixel levels. Our results show that the linear relationship between the NTL and NLR might vary with the observation level and magnitude. The dispersion between the two variables likely increases with the observation scale, especially at the pixel level. The effect of spatial autocorrelation and other socioeconomic factors on the relationship should be taken into account for nighttime light-based measurements of human activities. Furthermore, the bivariate relationship between the NTL and NLR was employed to generate a partition of human settlements based on the combined features of nighttime lights and human population dynamics. Cross-regional comparisons of the partitioned results indicate a diverse co-distribution of the NTL and NLR across various types of human settlements, which could be related to the city size/form and urbanization level. Our findings may provide new insights into the multi-level responses of nighttime light signals to human activity and the potential application of nighttime light data in association with geo-located big data for investigating the spatial patterns of human settlement.

The Evidential Value of Multiple Continuous Measurements — A Simplified Approach to Data Analysis

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 154-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.W. Smalldon ◽  
C. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Simple Approach ◽  
Optimum Performance ◽  
Simplified Approach ◽  
Evidential Value ◽  
Discriminating Power ◽  
Test Variable ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Representative Samples

A conceptually simple approach is described for the interpretation of all types of multidimensional continuously variable data. Items which reflect the problem being investigated are collected and two independent representative samples are taken from each item for analysis. A single calculated test variable is used, in conjunction with a computer and the analyst's intuitive judgment, to interpret the data. Although optimum performance cannot be guaranteed the method is flexible and allows assessment of two samples for similarity, the calculation of discriminating power for any set of measurements and estimation of the discrimination achieved from the analysis of a particular item. Since formal statistical tests and tables are not used at any stage, analysts are competent to investigate their own data after only a little practice. The system is equally suited to research and operational requirements. Some applications and potential developments of the system are discussed.

The Timing of First Marriage

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 584-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohe Xu ◽  
Clark D. Hudspeth ◽  
John P. Bartkowski
Keyword(s):  
Survival Analysis ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Marriage Timing ◽  
First Marriage ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Conservative Protestants

Using survey data from a nationally representative sample, this article explores how marriage timing varies across major religious denominations. Survival analysis indicates that net of statistical controls, Catholics, moderate Protestants, conservative Protestants, and Mormons marry significantly earlier than their unaffiliated counterparts. This holds true for women and men. However, no statistical differences emerge between Jews, liberal Protestants, and the unaffiliated. As surmised, auxiliary statistical tests reveal additional religious subcultural variations: (a) Jews tend to marry later than Catholics, conservative Protestants, and Mormons; (b) Catholics also marry later than conservative Protestants and Mormons; (c) no statistical difference surfaces between Mormons and conservative Protestants; and (d) differences between Catholics and liberal Protestants as well as between Jews and liberal Protestants are statistically negligible. These findings systematically support the denominational subcultural paradigm in the case of marriage timing.

Diversity and richness of small mammals at a well-conserved site of The Yungas in Jujuy Province, Argentina

Mammalia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago Gamboa Alurralde ◽  
M. Fernanda López Berrizbeitia ◽  
Rubén M. Barquez ◽  
M. Mónica Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Small Mammal ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
New Records ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Species Accumulation Curve ◽  
Northwestern Argentina ◽  
Accumulation Curve ◽  
High Diversity ◽  
Yungas Forests

AbstractWe present the results obtained from 12 small-mammal surveys conducted between 1996 and 2013 in “Finca Las Capillas”, province of Jujuy, Argentina. This region has been formally recognized as an “Area of Importance for the Conservation of Bats” (AICOM) based on the diversity of species detected in our previous studies. This site in the Yungas forests of northwestern Argentina still maintains an excellent conservation status due to restrictions to human activities involving deforestation and limitations to cattle-raising imposed 50 years ago. A total of 39 species belonging to three orders, namely, Didelphimorphia, Chiroptera and Rodentia, were recorded. The species accumulation curve revealed that our records represent 83–95% of the community, and with high diversity indexes. Several of the genera and species that we recorded from our collection trips have been included in the fauna of Argentina. Our previous studies and the present findings provide new records for the province or significant extensions to previously known distributions of several taxa of small mammals. These results show that the site represents an icon for conservation in such a fragmented and exploited area as the Yungas in Argentina today.

scholarly journals Terrestrial Small Mammal Communities from the Făgăraş Piedmont (Romania)

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-304
Author(s):  
Anamaria Lazăr ◽  
Cătălin Lazăr ◽  
Ana Maria Benedek ◽  
Ana Maria Şuvăială
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Small Mammal ◽  
Unused Land ◽  
Chionomys Nivalis ◽  
Small Mammal Communities ◽  
Field Campaigns ◽  
Mammal Communities ◽  
Release Method

Abstract So far 24 species of terrestrial small mammals are known from Făgăraş Piedmont, one of them (Chionomys nivalis) requiring further confirmation, as its presence at this elevation is put under question by the authors. In 2010 and 2011 three field campaigns were carried out in Făgăraş Piedmont, which targeted the abundance and structure of terrestrial small mammal communities in different habitats from three localities, using the capture-mark-release method. 61 transects of traps were installed in 9 types of habitats. 491 small mammals were captured belonging to 14 species, three shrews and 11 rodents. The highest densities were recorded in cultures and unused land, but specific diversity is not correlated with abundance.

Applying Generalizability Theory to Optimize Analysis of Spontaneous Teacher Talk in Elementary Classrooms

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1947-1957
Author(s):  
Alexandra Hollo ◽  
Johanna L. Staubitz ◽  
Jason C. Chow
Keyword(s):  
Special Education Teachers ◽  
Generalizability Theory ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Elementary Classrooms ◽  
Teacher Talk ◽  
Group Instruction ◽  
Data Set ◽  
School Year ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Representative Samples

Purpose Although sampling teachers' child-directed speech in school settings is needed to understand the influence of linguistic input on child outcomes, empirical guidance for measurement procedures needed to obtain representative samples is lacking. To optimize resources needed to transcribe, code, and analyze classroom samples, this exploratory study assessed the minimum number and duration of samples needed for a reliable analysis of conventional and researcher-developed measures of teacher talk in elementary classrooms. Method This study applied fully crossed, Person (teacher) × Session (samples obtained on 3 separate occasions) generalizability studies to analyze an extant data set of three 10-min language samples provided by 28 general and special education teachers recorded during large-group instruction across the school year. Subsequently, a series of decision studies estimated of the number and duration of sessions needed to obtain the criterion g coefficient ( g > .70). Results The most stable variables were total number of words and mazes, requiring only a single 10-min sample, two 6-min samples, or three 3-min samples to reach criterion. No measured variables related to content or complexity were adequately stable regardless of number and duration of samples. Conclusions Generalizability studies confirmed that a large proportion of variance was attributable to individuals rather than the sampling occasion when analyzing the amount and fluency of spontaneous teacher talk. In general, conventionally reported outcomes were more stable than researcher-developed codes, which suggests some categories of teacher talk are more context dependent than others and thus require more intensive data collection to measure reliably.

Damage Risk: An Evaluation of the Effects of Exposure to 85 versus 90 dBA of Noise

1976 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
James T. Yates ◽  
Jerry D. Ramsey ◽  
Jay W. Holland
Keyword(s):  
White Noise ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Threshold Shift ◽  
Temporary Threshold Shift ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Potential Damage ◽  
Full Day ◽  
Damage Risk

The purpose of this study was to compare the damage risk of 85 and 90 dBA of white noise for equivalent full-day exposures. The damage risk of the two noise levels was determined by comparing the temporary threshold shift (TTS) of 12 subjects exposed to either 85 or 90 dBA of white noise for equivalent half- and full-day exposures. TTS was determined by comparing the pre- and postexposure binaural audiograms of each subject at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 kHz. It was concluded that the potential damage risk, that is, hazardous effect, of 90 dBA is greater than 85 dBA of noise for equivalent full-day exposures. The statistical difference between the overall effects of equivalent exposures to 85 dBA as compared to 90 dBA of noise could not be traced to any one frequency. The damage risk of a full-day exposure to 85 dBA is equivalent to that of a half-day exposure to 90 dBA of noise. Within the limits of this study, TTS t was as effective as TTS 2 for estimating the damage risk of noise exposure.

Prevalence of Sexual Trauma and Mental Health Sequelae Among Three Representative Samples of Reserve and National Guard Personnel

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Walsh ◽  
Gregory Cohen ◽  
Karestan Koenen ◽  
Robert Ursano ◽  
Robert Gifford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Sexual Trauma ◽  
National Guard ◽  
Representative Samples
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