Mechanism of Land Subsidence Mutation in Beijing Plain under the Background of Urban Expansion

Under the background of over-exploitation of groundwater and urban expansion, the land subsidence in the Beijing Plain has dramatically increased recently, and has demonstrated obvious mutation characteristics. Firstly, this paper used the land-use transfer matrix (LUTM) to quantify the urban expansion of Beijing, from 1990 to 2015. Secondly, the gravity center migration model (GCM) and standard deviation ellipse (SDE) methods were employed in order to quantitatively reveal the response relationship between urban expansion and land subsidence in the study area. Finally, the research innovatively combines multi-disciplinary (remote sensing, geophysical prospecting, spatial analysis, and hydrogeology), to analyze the mechanism of land subsidence mutation in the Beijing Plain, at multiple scales. The results showed the following: 1. The development direction of the urban expansion and the subsidence bowl (subsidence rate > 50 mm/year) were highly consistent, with values of 116.8° and 113.3°, respectively. 2. At the regional scale, the overall spatial distribution of subsidence mutations is controlled by the geological conditions, and the subsidence mutation time was mainly in 2005 and 2015. The area where mutation occurred in 2005 was basically located in the subsidence bowls, and the correlation between the confined water level and the subsidence rate was relatively high (r > 0.62). The area where the settlement mutation occurred in 2015, was mainly located outside the subsidence bowls, and the correlation between the confined water level and the subsidence rate was relatively low (r < 0.71). 3. In the typical subsidence area, the subsidence mutation occurred mostly in the places where the stratigraphic density is reduced, due to human activities (such as groundwater exploitation). Human activities caused the reduction in stratigraphic density, at 20 m and 90 m vertical depth in urban and rural areas, respectively. 4. At the local scale, clusters of subsidence mutation were located in the fault buffer zone, with a lateral influence range of nearly 1 km in Tongzhou. The scattered settlement mutation is distributed as a spot pattern, and the affected area is relatively small, which basically includes high-rise buildings.

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The Response of Groundwater Level to Climate Change and Human Activities in Baotou City, China

Water ◽

10.3390/w12041078 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 1078

Author(s):

Yingjie Cui ◽

Zilong Liao ◽

Yongfu Wei ◽

Xiaomin Xu ◽

Yifan Song ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Human Activities ◽

Groundwater Resources ◽

Reduction Rate ◽

Northern China ◽

Groundwater Depth ◽

Wavelet Coherence ◽

Confined Water ◽

Groundwater Exploitation ◽

Decrease Rate

The response mechanism of groundwater to climate change and human activities in cities within arid and semi-arid regions, such as the Urban Planning Area of Baotou City (UPABC), northern China, is a complicated problem to understand. We analyzed the climate change relationships, including precipitation and temperature, and analyzed changes in human activities, such as groundwater consumption, and then statistically analyzed the main factors affecting groundwater depth. Furthermore, cross-wavelet and wavelet coherence methods were used to analyze the response relationship and hysteresis of groundwater depth to precipitation to better understand the groundwater depth response law. The results showed that the annual precipitation in the UPABC reduction rate was 3.3 mm/10 yr, and the annual average temperature increase rate was 0.43 °C/10 yr, from 1981 to 2017. The unconfined water decrease rate was 0.50 m/yr, and the confined water decrease rate was 0.7 m/yr. The unconfined and confined water depths were affected by precipitation and groundwater exploitation, respectively, with correlation coefficients of 0.58 and 0.57, respectively. The hysteresis of groundwater depth to precipitation was about 9–14 months. However, changes in groundwater depth, especially confined water depth, were greatly affected by groundwater exploitation. This reflected the imbalance in consumption and recharges in the UPABC, highlighting the long-term risk in areas relying on access to this resource. Therefore, arid inland zones of northern China, such as the UPABC, should pay more attention to the rational development of groundwater and strengthen the management and protection of groundwater resources.

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Study on compaction mechanism of overconsolidated soil and critical groundwater level in Cangzhou

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/20197902010 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 79 ◽

pp. 02010

Author(s):

Yunlong Wang ◽

Ye Chen ◽

Haipeng Guo ◽

Xisheng Zang

Keyword(s):

Stress Analysis ◽

Water Level ◽

Water Resource ◽

Land Subsidence ◽

Groundwater Level ◽

Groundwater Exploitation ◽

Groundwater Levels ◽

Good Consistency ◽

Long Time ◽

Groundwater Overexploitation

Cangzhou area is facing increasingly serious land subsidence problem caused by groundwater overexploitation during a long time. In order to make effectively use of water resource and to limit the development of subsidence, it is necessary to establish the warning critical water level, that is, the subsidence rate will increase significantly as the water level depths exceeds the critical groundwater levels. In this paper, the 3rd aquifer group, the main groundwater exploitation layer, has been taken as a research object. The critical water level is calculated by stress analysis, and then determined by the correlation between the monitoring data of groundwater levels and subsidence. The calculated results indicate good consistency.

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Monitoring Land Subsidence in Wuhan City (China) using the SBAS-InSAR Method with Radarsat-2 Imagery Data

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19030743 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 743 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Yang Zhang ◽

Yaolin Liu ◽

Manqi Jin ◽

Ying Jing ◽

Yi Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Subsidence ◽

Human Activities ◽

Hydrological Modeling ◽

Central China ◽

Natural Conditions ◽

Wuhan City ◽

Groundwater Exploitation ◽

Urban Construction ◽

Wide Range ◽

Sbas Insar

Wuhan city is the biggest city in central China and has suffered subsidence problems in recent years because of its rapid urban construction. However, longtime and wide range monitoring of land subsidence is lacking. The causes of subsidence also require further study, such as natural conditions and human activities. We use small baseline subset (SBAS) interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) method and high-resolution RADARSAT-2 images acquired between 2015 and 2018 to derive subsidence. The SBAS-InSAR results are validated by 56 leveling benchmarks where two readings of elevation were recorded. Two natural factors (carbonate rock and soft soils) and three human factors (groundwater exploitation, subway excavation and urban construction) are investigated for their relationships with land subsidence. Results show that four major areas of subsidence are detected and the subsidence rate varies from −51.56 to 27.80 millimeters per year (mm/yr) with an average of −0.03 mm/yr. More than 83.81% of persistent scattered (PS) points obtain a standard deviation of less than −6 mm/yr, and the difference between SBAS-InSAR method and leveling data is less than 5 mm/yr. Thus, we conclude that SBAS-InSAR method with Radarsat-2 data is reliable for longtime monitoring of land subsidence covering a large area in Wuhan city. In addition, land subsidence is caused by a combination of natural conditions and human activities. Natural conditions provide a basis for subsidence and make subsidence possible. Human activities are driving factors and make subsidence happen. Moreover, subsidence information could be used in disaster prevention, urban planning, and hydrological modeling.

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Land Subsidence Prediction Induced by Multiple Factors Using Machine Learning Method

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs12244044 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (24) ◽

pp. 4044

Author(s):

Liyuan Shi ◽

Huili Gong ◽

Beibei Chen ◽

Chaofan Zhou

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Linear Regression ◽

Influencing Factors ◽

Land Subsidence ◽

Quaternary Deposit ◽

Groundwater Exploitation ◽

Level Change ◽

Multiple Factors ◽

Beijing Plain ◽

The Relationship

In the Beijing Plain, land subsidence is one of the most prominent geological problems, which is affected by multiple factors. Groundwater exploitation, thickness of the Quaternary deposit and urban development and construction are important factors affecting the formation and development of land subsidence. Here we choose groundwater level change, thickness of the Quaternary deposit and index-based built-up index (IBI) as influencing factors, and we use the influence factors to predict the subsidence amount in the Beijing Plain. The Sentinel-1 radar images and the persistent scatters interferometry (PSI) were adopted to obtain the information of land subsidence. By using Google Earth Engine platform and Landsat8 optical images, IBI was extracted. Groundwater level change and thickness of the Quaternary deposit were obtained from hydrogeological data. Machine learning algorithms Linear Regression and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used to investigate the relationship between land subsidence and influencing factors. Based on the results obtained by Linear Regression and PCA, a suitable machine learning algorithm was selected to predict the subsidence amount in the Beijing Plain in 2018 through influencing factors. In this study, we found that the maximum subsidence rate in the Beijing Plain had reached 115.96 mm/y from 2016 to 2018. The land subsidence was serious in eastern Chaoyang and northwestern Tongzhou. In addition, the area where thickness of the Quaternary deposit reached 150–200 m was prone to more serious land subsidence in the Beijing Plain. In groundwater exploitation, the second confined aquifer had the greatest impact on land subsidence. Through Linear Regression and PCA, we found that the relationship between land subsidence and influencing factors was nonlinear. XGBoost was feasible to predict subsidence amount. The prediction accuracy of XGBoost on the subsidence amount reached 0.9431, and the mean square error was controlled at 15.97. By using XGBoost to predict the subsidence amount, our research provides a new idea for land subsidence prediction.

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Analysis of land subsidence changes on the Beijing Plain from 2004 to 2015

Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences ◽

10.5194/piahs-382-291-2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 382 ◽

pp. 291-296

Author(s):

Lin Guo ◽

Huili Gong ◽

Xiaojuan Li ◽

Lin Zhu ◽

Wei Lv ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Subsidence ◽

Surface Deformation ◽

Kendall Test ◽

Alluvial Fan ◽

Water Diversion ◽

Grid Cells ◽

Plain Area ◽

Beijing Plain ◽

Grid Unit ◽

Geological Conditions

Abstract. Land subsidence, as a surface response to the development, utilization and evolution of underground space, has become a global and multidisciplinary complex geological environment problem. Since the 1960s, land subsidence has been developing rapidly in the Beijing Plain area. Against the backdrop of the integration of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei in addition to “southern water” (South-to-North Water Diversion Project, SNWDP) entering Beijing, the systematic study of the evolution mechanism of land subsidence is of great significance for the sustainable development of the regional economy. Firstly, this study used ENVISAT ASAR and RADARSAT-2 data to obtain surface deformation information for the Beijing Plain area from 2004 to 2015 and then verified the results. Secondly, the study area was divided into units using a 960 m×960 m grid, and the ground settlement rate of each grid unit from 2004 to 2015 was obtained. Finally, the Mann–Kendall test was performed on the grid to obtain the mutation information for each grid unit. Combined with hydrogeology and basic geological conditions, we have attempted to analyze the causes of the mutations in the grid. The results show that 2347 grid cells were mutated in a single year, with most of these distributed across the Yongding River alluvial fan and the middle and lower parts of the Chaobai River alluvial fan. A total of 1128 grid cells were mutated in multiple years, with the majority of these cells mainly distributed across the upper-middle area of the alluvial fan, near the emergency water source and at the edge of the groundwater funnel. This study aims to provide favorable technical support and a scientific basis for urban construction in Beijing.

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Land subsidence characteristics and disaster prevention in the Tongzhou area, Beijing

Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences ◽

10.5194/piahs-382-715-2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 382 ◽

pp. 715-719

Author(s):

Luo Yong ◽

Zhao Long ◽

Zhu Lin ◽

Tian Fang ◽

Lei Kunchao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Subsidence ◽

Early Warning ◽

Decision Makers ◽

Disaster Prevention ◽

Groundwater Extraction ◽

Groundwater Exploitation ◽

Scientific Support ◽

Subsidence Rate ◽

The Impact ◽

Land Subsidence Rate

Abstract. Accurately assessing the impact of groundwater exploitation on land subsidence can provide scientific support for decision-makers. This article establishes a groundwater–subsidence model in a typical area using the land subsidence characteristics of Tongzhou, China, and subsequently classifies a land subsidence early warning zone based on the land subsidence rate. Results show that land subsidence occurred throughout the whole Tongzhou District. The land subsidence that developed to the west of Liuzhuang, Tongzhou city and Taihu was the most serious The maximum annual subsidence rate reached 120 mm a−1 under the current groundwater extraction conditions, and the early warning level for land subsidence reached its highest level. If the pumping of groundwater was reduced by 50 % in the second and the fourth aquifers and by 60 % in the third aquifer, the land subsidence early warning level would be largely reduced and would meet the requirements for land subsidence control.

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Analysis of Spatiotemporal Variation of Land Subsidence in Beijing Plain, China

10.20944/preprints201812.0136.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Lin Guo ◽

Huili Gong ◽

Feng Zhu ◽

Lin Zhu ◽

Chaofan Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Subsidence ◽

Water Source ◽

Research Unit ◽

Alluvial Fan ◽

Test Method ◽

The Sustainable Development ◽

Beijing Plain ◽

Geological Conditions ◽

North Water ◽

The Impact

Since the 1970s, land subsidence has been developing rapidly in the Beijing Plain, the systematic study of its evolution mechanism is of great significance to the sustainable development of the regional economy. First, based on ENVISAT ASAT and RADARSAT2 data, the land subsidence data in Beijing Plain were obtained using permanent interferometer technology. Second, based on the GIS platform and using fishing net tools, vector data of ground settlement with different resolutions were obtained. Through a series of tests, a scale of 960 metres was selected as the research unit, and the subsidence rate of the grid was obtained from 2004 to 2015. Finally, based on the Mann-Kendall mutation test method, a trend analysis of land subsidence changes in various grids was carried out. The results showed that single-year mutation mainly distributed in the middle and lower parts of the Yongding River alluvial fan and the Chaobai River alluvial fan, mainly occurring in 2015, 2005 and 2013, respectively. The upper and middle alluvial fan of the Chaobai River, the vicinity of the emergency water source and the edge velocity of the groundwater funnel have undergone several sudden changes. Combined with hydrogeology, basic geological conditions and the impact of the South-to-North Water transfer project, we analysed the causes of the mutations in the grid. The research results can provide a basis for the study and prevention of land subsidence in this area and help to further explore the trend characteristics of land subsidence in this area.

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Changing patterns of extreme water levels in urbanizing plain river network region of Taihu Basin, China: characteristics and causes

10.5194/hess-2016-184 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yuefeng Wang ◽

Youpeng Xu ◽

Yu Xu ◽

Song Song ◽

Guang Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Level ◽

Human Activity ◽

Human Activities ◽

Abrupt Change ◽

Regional Scale ◽

River Network ◽

Water Levels ◽

Extreme Water Level ◽

Network Region ◽

Taihu Basin

Abstract. Water level is an indicating factor in flood control in the plain river network region of Taihu Basin (PRNRTB). It is mainly influenced by climate change and human activity. In this study, the annual and seasonal variations of extreme water level from 1960 to 2012 were analyzed based on daily water level of eight stations in the PRNRTB. The modified Mann-Kendall test and sequential cluster analysis are used to detect trends and points of abrupt change. The results indicated that the extreme water level shows a significant increase at a regional scale. The increases in extreme high water level (EHWL) and extreme low water level (ELWL) were 0.007 and 0.01 m per year, respectively. Detected points of abrupt change was around 1988 for the region and most stations, which correspond to the period of intensive human activities in this region. The changes in average annual EHWL and ELWL between 1989 and 2012 are, respectively, 7.8 and 12.7 % higher than that between 1960 and 1988. Meanwhile, contributions of precipitation and human activity were also assessed in three individual periods (1989–2012, 1989–2000, and 2000–2012). Between 1989 and 2012, the contribution from human activity increased from 20.5 to 70.3 % for EHWL, while human activity was always the main driver responsible for the increase in ELWL in that period. In addition, a thorough discussion is included about the potential driving force on the extreme water level in the PRNRTB. Human activities are suggested to have played more and more important roles in the extreme water level changes since the late 1980s. The results of the study would provide support in water resources management and floods control in urban development.

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Time-series evolution patterns of land subsidence in the eastern Beijing Plain, China

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs11050539 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 539 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Junjie Zuo ◽

Huili Gong ◽

Beibei Chen ◽

Kaisi Liu ◽

Chaofan Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Land Subsidence ◽

Groundwater Level ◽

Permutation Entropy ◽

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar ◽

Beijing Plain ◽

Evolution Pattern ◽

Persistent Scatterer ◽

Geological Conditions ◽

Two Stages

Land subsidence in the Eastern Beijing Plain has a long history and is always serious. In this paper, we consider the time-series evolution patterns of the eastern of Beijing Plain. First, we use the Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PSI) technique, with Envisat and Radarsat-2 data, to monitor the deformation of Beijing Plain from 2007 to 2015. Second, we adopt the standard deviation ellipse (SDE) method, combined with hydrogeological data, to analyze the spatial evolution patterns of land subsidence. The results suggest that land subsidence developed mainly in the northwest–southeast direction until 2012 and then expanded in all directions. This process corresponds to the expansion of the groundwater cone of depression range after 2012, although subsidence is restricted by geological conditions. Then, we use the permutation entropy (PE) algorithm to reverse the temporal evolution pattern of land subsidence, and interpret the causes of the phenomenon in combination with groundwater level change data. The results show that the time-series evolution pattern of the land subsidence funnel edge can be divided into three stages. From 2009 to 2010, the land subsidence development was uneven. From 2010 to 2012, the land subsidence development was relatively even. From 2012 to 2013, the development of land subsidence became uneven. However, subsidence within the land subsidence funnel is divided into two stages. From 2009 to 2012, the land subsidence tended to be even, and from 2012 to 2015, the land subsidence was relatively more even. The main reason for the different time-series evolution patterns at these two locations is the annual groundwater level variations. The larger the variation range of groundwater is, the higher the corresponding PE value, which means the development of the land subsidence tends to be uneven.

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ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF URBAN EXPANSION ON LAND SUBSIDENCE USING TIME SERIES OF DMSP NIGHT-TIME LIGHT SATELLITE IMAGERY

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-691-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol XLII-3 ◽

pp. 691-698

Author(s):

S. Jiao ◽

J. Yu ◽

Y. Wang ◽

L. Zhu ◽

Q. Zhou

Keyword(s):

Land Subsidence ◽

Urban Expansion ◽

Regional Scale ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Night Time ◽

Potential Threat ◽

Persistent Scatterers ◽

Sensing Technology ◽

The Impact

In recent decades, urbanization has resulted a massive increase in the amount of infrastructure especially large buildings in large cities worldwide. There has been a noticeable expansion of entire cities both horizontally and vertically. One of the common consequences of urban expansion is the increase of ground loads, which may trigger land subsidence and can be a potential threat of public safety. Monitoring trends of urban expansion and land subsidence using remote sensing technology is needed to ensure safety along with urban planning and development. The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Line scan System (DMSP/OLS) Night-Time Light (NTL) images have been used to study urbanization at a regional scale, proving the capability of recognizing urban expansion patterns. In the current study, a normalized illuminated urban area dome volume (IUADV) based on inter-calibrated DMSP/OLS NTL images is shown as a practical approach for estimating urban expansion of Beijing at a single period in time and over subsequent years. To estimate the impact of urban expansion on land subsidence, IUADV was correlated with land subsidence rates obtained using the Stanford Method for Persistent Scatterers (StaMPS) approach within the Persistent Scatterers InSAR (PSInSAR) methodology. Moderate correlations are observed between the urban expansion based on the DMSP/OLS NTL images and land subsidence. The correlation coefficients between the urban expansion of each year and land subsidence tends to gradually decrease over time (Coefficient of determination R&thinsp;=&thinsp;0.80&thinsp;&ndash;&thinsp;0.64 from year 2005 to year 2010), while the urban expansion of two sequential years exhibit an opposite trend (R&thinsp;=&thinsp;0.29&thinsp;&ndash;&thinsp;0.57 from year 2005 to year 2010) except for the two sequential years between 2007 and 2008 (R&thinsp;=&thinsp;0.14).

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