High Chlorophyll-a Areas along the Western Coast of South Sulawesi-Indonesia during the Rainy Season Revealed by Satellite Data

The southern coast of South Sulawesi-Indonesia is known as an upwelling area occurring during dry season, which peaks in August. This upwelling area is indicated by high chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations due to a strong easterly wind-induced upwelling. However, the investigation of Chl-a variability is less studied along the western coast of South Sulawesi. By taking advantages of remote sensing data of Chl-a, sea surface temperature, surface wind, and precipitation, the present study firstly shows that along the western coast of South Sulawesi, there are two areas, which have high primary productivity occurring during the rainy season. The first area is at 119.0° E–119.5° E; 3.5° S–4.0° S, while the second area is at 119.0° E–119.5° E; 3.5° S–4.0° S. The maximum primary productivity in the first (second) area occurs in April (January). The generating mechanism of the high primary productivity along the western coast of South Sulawesi is different from its southern coast. The presence of river runoff in these two areas may bring anthropogenic organic compounds during the peak of rainy season, resulting in increased Chl-a concentration.

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Seasonal Climate Predictability in a Coupled OAGCM Using a Different Approach for Ensemble Forecasts

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli3526.1 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 18 (21) ◽

pp. 4474-4497 ◽

Cited By ~ 184

Author(s):

Jing-Jia Luo ◽

Sebastien Masson ◽

Swadhin Behera ◽

Satoru Shingu ◽

Toshio Yamagata

Keyword(s):

Indian Ocean ◽

Lead Time ◽

Initial Conditions ◽

Surface Wind ◽

Lead Times ◽

Western Coast ◽

Easterly Wind ◽

Skill Scores ◽

Wind Bursts ◽

Sst Anomalies

Abstract Predictabilities of tropical climate signals are investigated using a relatively high resolution Scale Interaction Experiment–Frontier Research Center for Global Change (FRCGC) coupled GCM (SINTEX-F). Five ensemble forecast members are generated by perturbing the model’s coupling physics, which accounts for the uncertainties of both initial conditions and model physics. Because of the model’s good performance in simulating the climatology and ENSO in the tropical Pacific, a simple coupled SST-nudging scheme generates realistic thermocline and surface wind variations in the equatorial Pacific. Several westerly and easterly wind bursts in the western Pacific are also captured. Hindcast results for the period 1982–2001 show a high predictability of ENSO. All past El Niño and La Niña events, including the strongest 1997/98 warm episode, are successfully predicted with the anomaly correlation coefficient (ACC) skill scores above 0.7 at the 12-month lead time. The predicted signals of some particular events, however, become weak with a delay in the phase at mid and long lead times. This is found to be related to the intraseasonal wind bursts that are unpredicted beyond a few months of lead time. The model forecasts also show a “spring prediction barrier” similar to that in observations. Spatial SST anomalies, teleconnection, and global drought/flood during three different phases of ENSO are successfully predicted at 9–12-month lead times. In the tropical North Atlantic and southwestern Indian Ocean, where ENSO has predominant influences, the model shows skillful predictions at the 7–12-month lead times. The distinct signal of the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) event in 1994 is predicted at the 6-month lead time. SST anomalies near the western coast of Australia are also predicted beyond the 12-month lead time because of pronounced decadal signals there.

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Wind speed dependent size-resolved parameterization for the organic enrichment of sea spray

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-11-10525-2011 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 10525-10555 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

B. Gantt ◽

N. Meskhidze ◽

M. C. Facchini ◽

M. Rinaldi ◽

D. Ceburnis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Wind Speed ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Chlorophyll A ◽

Surface Wind ◽

Surface Wind Speed ◽

Organic Enrichment ◽

Significant Source ◽

Sea Spray ◽

Chl A

Abstract. For oceans to become a significant source of primary organic aerosol (POA), sea spray must be highly enriched with organics relative to the bulk seawater. We propose that organic enrichment at the air-sea interface, chemical composition of seawater, and the aerosol size are three main parameters controlling the organic mass fraction of sea spray aerosol (OMss). To test this hypothesis, we developed a new marine POA emission function based on a conceptual relationship between the organic enrichment at the air-sea interface and surface wind speed. The resulting parameterization is explored using aerosol chemical composition and surface wind speed from Atlantic and Pacific coastal stations, and satellite-derived ocean concentrations of chlorophyll-a, dissolved organic carbon, and particulate organic carbon. Of all the parameters examined, a multi-variable logistic regression revealed that the combination of 10 m wind speed and surface chlorophyll-a concentration ([Chl-a]) are the most consistent predictors of OMss. This relationship, combined the published aerosol size dependence of OMss, resulted in a new parameterization for the organic carbon fraction of sea spray. Global marine primary organic emission is investigated here by applying this newly-developed relationship to existing sea spray emission functions, satellite-derived [Chl-a], and modeled 10 meter winds. Analysis of model simulations show that global annual submicron marine organic emission associated with sea spray is estimated to be from 2.8 to 5.6 Tg C yr−1. This study provides additional evidence that marine primary organic aerosols are a globally significant source of organics in the atmosphere.

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DISSOLVED SILICATE IN COASTAL WATER OF SOUTH SULAWESI

Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis ◽

10.29244/jitkt.v6i2.9022 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Lukman ◽

Andriani Nasir ◽

Khairul Amri ◽

Rahmadi Tambaru ◽

Muhammad Hatta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Chlorophyll A ◽

Coastal Water ◽

Coastal Waters ◽

Dry Season ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Western Coast ◽

Wet Season ◽

South Sulawesi ◽

Dissolved Silicate

ABSTRACT Dissolved silicate (DSi) in coastal waters plays a crucial role in phytoplankton growth particularly diatom. This study aimed to determine DSi concentration seasonally in waters of the western coast of South Sulawesi in relation to coastal water quality indicator. Water, chlorophyll-a, and diatom samples were collected from the coastal areas of the Tallo-Makassar, Maros, and Pangkep, in April 2013 (transitional season), June 2013 (dry season), and February 2014 (wet season). Factorial analysis of variance was used to identify significant seasonal and temporal variations, and linear regression was used to test the relationship of chlorophyll-a and diatom abundance to DSi concentrations. The results showed that the DSi concentration was higher in the wet season of 35.2-85.2 µM than in the other seasons (transitional season: 10.8-68.4 µM, dry season: 9.59-24.1 µM). The abundance of diatoms during the transitional season reached ~9.7x107 cell/m3 in the Pangkep river, 2.3x107 cell/m3 in the Tallo river, and 1.3 x 107 cell/m3 in the Maros river. Chaetoceros, Nitzschia, and Rhizosolenia dominated the diatom composition. The mean concentration of chlorophyll-a in the Makassar coastal waters was 4.52±4.66 mg/m3, while in the Maros and Pangkep waters of 1.40±1.06, and 2.72±1.94 mg/m3, respectively. There was no strong linear corelation between DSi and diatom abundances, nor chlorophyll-a. These results suggested that DSi become a non-limiting factor for the diatom growth and potentially reduce the water quality via eutrophication and diatom blooms. Keywords: dissolved silicate, diatom, chlorophyll-a, coastal waters, South Sulawesi

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DISSOLVED SILICATE IN COASTAL WATER OF SOUTH SULAWESI

Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis ◽

10.28930/jitkt.v6i2.9022 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Lukman ◽

Andriani Nasir ◽

Khairul Amri ◽

Rahmadi Tambaru ◽

Muhammad Hatta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Chlorophyll A ◽

Coastal Water ◽

Coastal Waters ◽

Dry Season ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Western Coast ◽

Wet Season ◽

South Sulawesi ◽

Dissolved Silicate

ABSTRACT Dissolved silicate (DSi) in coastal waters plays a crucial role in phytoplankton growth particularly diatom. This study aimed to determine DSi concentration seasonally in waters of the western coast of South Sulawesi in relation to coastal water quality indicator. Water, chlorophyll-a, and diatom samples were collected from the coastal areas of the Tallo-Makassar, Maros, and Pangkep, in April 2013 (transitional season), June 2013 (dry season), and February 2014 (wet season). Factorial analysis of variance was used to identify significant seasonal and temporal variations, and linear regression was used to test the relationship of chlorophyll-a and diatom abundance to DSi concentrations. The results showed that the DSi concentration was higher in the wet season of 35.2-85.2 µM than in the other seasons (transitional season: 10.8-68.4 µM, dry season: 9.59-24.1 µM). The abundance of diatoms during the transitional season reached ~9.7x107 cell/m3 in the Pangkep river, 2.3x107 cell/m3 in the Tallo river, and 1.3 x 107 cell/m3 in the Maros river. Chaetoceros, Nitzschia, and Rhizosolenia dominated the diatom composition. The mean concentration of chlorophyll-a in the Makassar coastal waters was 4.52±4.66 mg/m3, while in the Maros and Pangkep waters of 1.40±1.06, and 2.72±1.94 mg/m3, respectively. There was no strong linear corelation between DSi and diatom abundances, nor chlorophyll-a. These results suggested that DSi become a non-limiting factor for the diatom growth and potentially reduce the water quality via eutrophication and diatom blooms. Keywords: dissolved silicate, diatom, chlorophyll-a, coastal waters, South Sulawesi

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DISTRIBUSI KLOROFIL-a PADA MUSIM TIMUR DI PERAIRAN SPERMONDE PROPINSI SULAWESI SELATAN (DISTRIBUTION OF CHLOROPHYLL-a IN THE SEASON OF EAST IN SPERMONDE AQUATIC SOUTH SULAWESI)

Fish Scientiae ◽

10.20527/fs.v1i2.1183 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 105

Author(s):

Abd. Rasyid J

Keyword(s):

Chlorophyll A ◽

Primary Productivity ◽

Coastal Area ◽

Research Result ◽

Nutrient Supply ◽

South Sulawesi ◽

Terra Satellite

Klorofil-a adalah salah satu parameter yang benar-benar menentukan produktivitas primer di laut. Data klorofil-a dari MODIS AQUA / TERRA satelit yang diambil dari LAPAN (Lembaga Penerbangan Antariksa Nasional murah) di Pare-Pare pada setiap minggu sejak bulan Oktober 2007-Juni 2009 (musim timur). Menurut hasil penelitian, didapatkan bahwa kandungan klorofil-a pada musim timur cukup tinggi yaitu 0,15-1,15 mg/m3. Klorofil-a tertinggi konsentrasinya selalu di pulau dan daerah pantai atau pesisir yang merupakan efek pasokan nutrisi yang berasal dari daratan.Clorophyl-a is one of Parameter that really determining primary productivity in the sea. Clorophyll-a data from MODIS AQUA/TERRA satellite that take from LAPAN (Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional) in Pare-Pare about data from each week start from Oktober 2007-June 2009 (east season). According to the research result, we obtained an information that clorophyl-a consentration on season west was high enough were is 0.15 – 1.15 mg/m3. High Clorophyll-a consentration is always near the island and beach area or coastal area due to the effect of nutrient supply that come from continent.

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Instantaneous transport of salt, nutrients, suspended matter and chlorophyll-a in the tropical estuarine system of Santos

Brazilian Journal of Oceanography ◽

10.1590/s1679-87592005000200003 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 53 (3-4) ◽

pp. 115-127 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Gleyci A. O. Moser ◽

Sônia Maria Flores Gianesella ◽

José Juan Barrera Alba ◽

Alessandro Luvizon Bérgamo ◽

Flávia M. P. Saldanha-Corrêa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chlorophyll A ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Inorganic Nitrogen ◽

Austral Summer ◽

Estuarine System ◽

Austral Winter ◽

Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen ◽

Chl A ◽

Inorganic Matter ◽

Tropical Estuarine

The contribution of the polluted São Vicente and Santos estuarine channels to the eutrophication of Santos bay was assessed through the quantification of instantaneous transport of salt, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and phosphate, organic and inorganic matter (OSM and ISM) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), during dry (austral winter- August/ 1999) and rainy (austral summer- January/2000) seasons. Samplings were carried out during spring and neap tides, in flood and ebb phases, in two transversal sections at the mouths of the São Vicente and Santos channels. Instantaneous transport values generally indicated importation of salt to the estuarine channels, exportation of DIN to the bay, mainly as N-NH4, at a maximum rate of 1155.1 g s-1 during the rainy season; importation of phosphate during the dry season (maximum of 385 g s-1) and exportation of ISM, OSM and Chl-a during periods of greater freshwater discharge. These results demonstrate the great contribution made by the Santos and São Vicente estuaries to the eutrophication of Santos bay, especially in the rainy season.

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An Analysis of the Surface Wind Field in Kangding Airport

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.4214 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 926-930 ◽

pp. 4214-4217

Author(s):

Jun Jie Wu ◽

Lian Duan ◽

Yi Fang Huang ◽

Sha Zhang

Keyword(s):

Wind Velocity ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Wind Field ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Surface Wind ◽

Meteorological Station ◽

Westerly Wind ◽

Easterly Wind ◽

Surface Wind Field

The wind field have been analyzed based on data of auto-meteorological station on the Kangding airport during Mar., May.-Jul., Sep., 2010. Due to the variability of the westerly overhead the airport, it was cold and dry on Mar. and rainy season started on May. The downward momentum transportation directly enhanced the surface westerly wind velocity at about 14:00 in Mar. and May.. In summer, the strengthen easterly wind by head-induced circulation influenced the airport when the air temperature started to fall after sunset on sunny day. In addition, the northerly tail-wind only appeared at about 15:00 in Mar..

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Seasonal coastal upwelling in the Bali Strait: a model study

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/944/1/012055 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 944 (1) ◽

pp. 012055

Author(s):

A Suprianto ◽

A S Atmadipoera ◽

J Lumban-Gaol

Keyword(s):

Chlorophyll A ◽

Coastal Upwelling ◽

Fish Distribution ◽

Sea Surface ◽

Monsoon Period ◽

Easterly Wind ◽

Chl A ◽

Model Study ◽

Velocity Surface ◽

Upwelling Event

Abstract Bali Strait is part of fisheries management zone (WPP 573), where abundant fishery potential, of lemuru fish commodity. Here, physical oceanographic setting such as upwelling event plays an important role on maintaining high primary productivity and lemuru fish distribution. This study aims to describe physical process and dynamics of seasonal coastal upwelling using time-series datasets (2008 and 2014) of temperature, salinity, current velocity, surface chlorophyll-a (chl-a) from INDESO model and satellite imagery. The results showed that upwelling in the Bali Strait only during the southeast monsoon period when the south-easterly wind force surface Ekman drift of about 5.5 × 10−3 Sv flowing south-eastward (toward offshore). Upwelling event is characterized by minimum parameter of sea surface temperature (24.93 °C), and sea level anomaly (0.75 m), but maximum of surface chlorophyll-a (1.33 mg/m3). Furthermore, isotherm of 26 °C and Isohaline 33.7 psu are outcropped at sea surface in the center of upwelling zone. In contrast, during the nortwest monsoon period these isolines remain at deeper layer of about 80-90 m depth. Mean temperature-based upwelling index during peak of upwelling in August (1.19±0.19 °C). Upwelling impact on high abundance of lemuru fish (Sardinella sp.) production two month later after peak of chl-a.

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Spatial and temporal variability of surface chlorophyll-a in the Gulf of Tomini, Sulawesi, Indonesia

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity ◽

10.13057/biodiv/d190306 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 793-801 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

QURNIA WULAN SARI ◽

EKO SISWANTO ◽

DEDI SETIABUDIDAYA ◽

INDRA YUSTIAN ◽

ISKHAQ ISKANDAR

Keyword(s):

Chlorophyll A ◽

El Niño ◽

Temporal Variability ◽

El Nino ◽

Southern Oscillation ◽

Surface Wind ◽

Boreal Summer ◽

Boreal Winter ◽

Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽

Chl A

Sari QW, Siswanto E, Setiabudidaya D, Yustian I, Iskandar I. 2018. Spatial and temporal variability of surface chlorophyll-a in the Gulf of Tomini, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 793-801. The Gulf of Tomini (GoT) is mostly influenced by seasonal and interannual events. So, the immensive aim of this study is to explore spatial and temporal variations of chlorophyll-a (chl-a) and oceanographic parameters in the GoT under the influences of monsoonal winds, El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). The data were collected from the satellite imaging of chl-a and sea and surface temperature (SST) as well as surface wind from the reanalysis data for a period of January 2003 to December 2015. Monthly variations of the chl-a and SST in the GoT reveal chl-a bloom in the center part to the mouth of the GoT during the southeast monsoon season (boreal summer). The chl-a concentrations were relatively higher (>0.1 mg m-3) and distributed throughout most of the areas near the Maluku Sea. The SST in the middle of the GoT was relatively lower than that near the Maluku Sea (the eastern part of the GoT). On the other hand, during the northwest monsoon (boreal winter), the chl-a concentration decreased (<0.1 mg m-3). During this season, the SST was relatively higher (28-29 °C) than that during the boreal summer (27-26 °C) and distributed uniformly. Meanwhile, on interannual timescale, the ENSO and IOD play important role in regulating chl-a distribution in the GoT. High surface chl-a concentration was observed during El Niño and/or positive IOD events. Enhanced surface chl-a concentration during El Niño and/or positive IOD events was associated with the upward Ekman pumping induced by the southeasterly wind anomalies. The situation was reversed during the Niña and/or negative IOD events.

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Wind speed dependent size-resolved parameterization for the organic enrichment of sea spray

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-11-425-2011 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 425-452

Author(s):

B. Gantt ◽

N. Meskhidze

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Wind Speed ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Chlorophyll A ◽

Surface Wind ◽

Organic Aerosol ◽

Surface Wind Speed ◽

Organic Enrichment ◽

Sea Spray ◽

Chl A

Abstract. For oceans to become a significant source of primary organic aerosol, sea spray must be highly enriched with organics relative to the bulk seawater. We propose that organic enrichment at the air-sea interface, chemical composition of seawater, and the aerosol size are three main parameters controlling the organic fraction of sea spray aerosol (OCss). To test this hypothesis, we developed a new marine primary organic aerosol emission function based on a conceptual relationship between the organic enrichment at the air-sea interface and surface wind speed. The resulting parameterization is explored using aerosol chemical composition and surface wind speed from Atlantic and Pacific coastal stations, and satellite-derived ocean concentrations of chlorophyll-a, dissolved organic carbon, and particulate organic carbon. Of all the parameters examined, a multi-variable logistic regression revealed that the combination of 10 m wind speed and surface chlorophyll-a concentration ([Chl-a]) are the most consistent predictors of OCss. This relationship, combined with the published aerosol size dependence of OCss, resulted in a new parameterization for the organic carbon fraction of sea spray. Global marine primary organic emission is investigated here by applying this newly-developed relationship to existing sea spray emission functions, satellite-derived [Chl-a], and modeled 10 m winds. Analysis of model simulations show that global annual submicron marine organic emission associated with sea spray is estimated to be from 2.1 to 5.3 Tg C yr−1. This study provides additional evidence that marine primary organic aerosols are a globally significant source of organics in the atmosphere.

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