Nano-Antenna Coupled Infrared Detector Design

Since the 1940s, infrared (IR) detection and imaging at wavelengths in the two atmospheric windows of 3 to 5 and 8 to 14 μm has been extensively researched. Through several generations, these detectors have undergone considerable developments and have found use in various applications in different fields including military, space science, medicine and engineering. For the most recently proposed generation, these detectors are required to achieve high-speed detection with spectral and polarization selectivity while operating at room temperature. Antenna coupled IR detectors appear to be the most promising candidate to achieve these requirements and has received substantial attention from research in recent years. This paper sets out to present a review of the antenna coupled IR detector family, to explore the main concepts behind the detectors as well as outline their critical and challenging design considerations. In this context, the design of both elements, the antenna and the sensor, will be presented individually followed by the challenging techniques in the impedance matching between both elements. Some hands-on fabrication techniques will then be explored. Finally, a discussion on the coupled IR detector is presented with the aim of providing some useful insights into promising future work.

Download Full-text

Numerical investigation of steady-state thermal behavior of an infrared detector cryo chamber

Thermal Science ◽

10.2298/tsci140617107s ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 1203-1212 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mayank Singhal ◽

Gaurav Singhal ◽

Avinash Verma ◽

Sushil Kumar ◽

Manmohan Singh

Keyword(s):

Thermal Analysis ◽

Steady State ◽

Temperature Profile ◽

Numerical Models ◽

Infrared Detector ◽

Radiant Energy ◽

Numerical Results ◽

Ir Detector ◽

Ir Detectors ◽

Gas Conduction

An infrared (IR) detector is simply a transducer of radiant energy, converting radiant energy into a measurable form. Since radiation does not rely on visible light, it offers the possibility of seeing in the dark or through obscured conditions, by detecting the IR energy emitted by objects. One of the prime applications of IR detector systems for military use is in target acquisition and tracking of projectile systems. The IR detectors also have great potential in commercial market. Typically, IR detectors perform best when cooled to cryogenic temperatures in the range of nearly 120 K. However, the necessity to operate in such cryogenic regimes makes the application of IR detectors extremely complex. Further, prior to proceeding on to a full blown transient thermal analysis it is worthwhile to perform a steady-state numerical analysis for ascertaining the effect of variation in viz., material, gas conduction coefficient, h, emissivity, ?, on the temperature profile along the cryo chamber length. This would enable understanding the interaction between the cryo chamber and its environment. Hence, the present work focuses on the development of steady-state numerical models for thermal analysis of IR cryo chamber using MATLAB. The numerical results show that gas conduction coefficient has marked influence on the temperature profile of the cryo chamber whereas the emissivity has a weak effect. The experimental validation of numerical results has also been presented.

Download Full-text

Polycrystalline lead selenide: the resurgence of an old infrared detector

Opto-Electronics Review ◽

10.2478/s11772-007-0007-7 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

G. Vergara ◽

M. Montojo ◽

M. Torquemada ◽

M. Rodrigo ◽

F. Sánchez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Infrared Detector ◽

Vapour Phase ◽

New Method ◽

Single Element ◽

Ir Detectors ◽

Manufacture Process ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Ir Detection ◽

Areas Of Interest

AbstractThe existing technology for uncooled MWIR photon detectors based on polycrystalline lead salts is stigmatized for being a 50-year-old technology. It has been traditionally relegated to single-element detectors and relatively small linear arrays due to the limitations imposed by its standard manufacture process based on a chemical bath deposition technique (CBD) developed more than 40 years ago. Recently, an innovative method for processing detectors, based on a vapour phase deposition (VPD) technique, has allowed manufacturing the first 2D array of polycrystalline PbSe with good electro optical characteristics. The new method of processing PbSe is an all silicon technology and it is compatible with standard CMOS circuitry. In addition to its affordability, VPD PbSe constitutes a perfect candidate to fill the existing gap in the photonic and uncooled IR imaging detectors sensitive to the MWIR photons. The perspectives opened are numerous and very important, converting the old PbSe detector in a serious alternative to others uncooled technologies in the low cost IR detection market. The number of potential applications is huge, some of them with high commercial impact such as personal IR imagers, enhanced vision systems for automotive applications and other not less important in the security/defence domain such as sensors for active protection systems (APS) or low cost seekers.Despite the fact, unanimously accepted, that uncooled will dominate the majority of the future IR detection applications, today, thermal detectors are the unique plausible alternative. There is plenty of room for photonic uncooled and complementary alternatives are needed. This work allocates polycrystalline PbSe in the current panorama of the uncooled IR detectors, underlining its potentiality in two areas of interest, i.e., very low cost imaging IR detectors and MWIR fast uncooled detectors for security and defence applications. The new method of processing again converts PbSe into an emerging technology.

Download Full-text

Anomalous temperature coefficient of resistance in graphene nanowalls/polymer films and applications in infrared photodetectors

Nanophotonics ◽

10.1515/nanoph-2017-0135 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 883-892 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Hui Zhang ◽

Kangyi Zhao ◽

Songya Cui ◽

Jun Yang ◽

Dahua Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Temperature Coefficient ◽

Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽

Ir Absorption ◽

Temperature Coefficient Of Resistance ◽

Ir Detector ◽

Ir Detectors ◽

Anomalous Temperature ◽

Ir Radiation ◽

Ir Photodetectors ◽

Ir Detection

AbstractGraphene nanowalls (GNWs) exhibit outstanding optoelectronic properties due to their peculiar structure, which makes them a great potential in infrared (IR) detection. Herein, a novel IR detector that is composed of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and designed based on GNWs is demonstrated. Such detector possesses an anomalous temperature coefficient of resistance of 180% K−1 and a relatively high change rate of current (up to 16%) under IR radiation from the human body. It primarily attributes to the ultra-high IR absorption of the GNWs and large coefficient of thermal expansion of PDMS. In addition, the GNW/PDMS device possesses excellent detection performance in the IR region with a responsivity of ~1.15 mA W−1. The calculated detectivity can reach 1.07×108 cm Hz1/2 W−1, which is one or two orders of magnitude larger than that of the traditional carbon-based IR detectors. The significant performance indicates that the GNW/PDMS-based devices reveal a novel design concept and promising applications for the future new-generation IR photodetectors.

Download Full-text

Liquid Phase Epitaxy of Hg1−xCdxTe from Te Solutions: A Route to IR Detector Structures

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-90-357 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 90 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

E. R. Gertner

Keyword(s):

Mercury Cadmium Telluride ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Fiber Optic ◽

Energy Gap ◽

Low Power Consumption ◽

Ir Detector ◽

Ir Detectors ◽

Intrinsic Semiconductor ◽

Ir Detection ◽

Optic Systems

The intrinsic semiconductor mercury cadmium telluride (Hg1−xCdxTe), a solid solution of HgTe and CdTe, has assumed an ever increasing role in the fabrication of infrared (IR) detectors because its energy gap (0-1.5 eV) can be tailored to match the specific needs of IR detection and fiber optic systems. In photovoltaic focal plane array (FPA) applications, low power consumption, as well as excellent sensitivity at elevated temperatures, have made Hg1−xCdxTe the material of choice for both the midwave IR (MWIR) and longwave IR (LWIR) region.

Download Full-text

Characteristic properties of AlTiN and TiN coated HSS materials

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology ◽

10.1108/ilt-10-2012-0097 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 67 (2) ◽

pp. 172-180 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mumin Sahin ◽

Cenk Misirli ◽

Dervis Özkan

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

High Speed ◽

Cutting Tools ◽

High Speed Steel ◽

Wear Properties ◽

Content Type ◽

X Ray ◽

Number Of Cycles ◽

Future Work

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine mechanical and metallurgical properties of AlTiN- and TiN-coates high-speed steel (HSS) materials in detail. Design/methodology/approach – In this study, HSS steel parts have been processed through machining and have been coated with AlTiN and TiN on physical vapour deposition workbench at approximately 6,500°C for 4 hours. Tensile strength, fatigue strength, hardness tests for AlTiN- and TiN-coated HSS samples have been performed; moreover, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis and microstructure analysis have been made by scanning electron microscopy. The obtained results have been compared with uncoated HSS components. Findings – It was found that tensile strength of TiAlN- and TiN-coated HSS parts is higher than that of uncoated HSS parts. Highest tensile strength has been obtained from TiN-coated HSS parts. Number of cycles for failure of TiAlN- and TiN-coated HSS parts is higher than that for HSS parts. Particularly TiN-coated HSS parts have the most valuable fatigue results. However, surface roughness of fatigue samples may cause notch effect. For this reason, surface roughness of coated HSS parts is compared with that of uncoated ones. While the average surface roughness (Ra) of the uncoated samples was in the range of 0.40 μm, that of the AlTiN- and TiN-coated samples was in the range of 0.60 and 0.80 μm, respectively. Research limitations/implications – It would be interesting to search different coatings for cutting tools. It could be the good idea for future work to concentrate on wear properties of tool materials. Practical implications – The detailed mechanical and metallurgical results can be used to assess the AlTiN and TiN coating applications in HSS materials. Originality/value – This paper provides information on mechanical and metallurgical behaviour of AlTiN- and TiN-coated HSS materials and offers practical help for researchers and scientists working in the coating area.

Download Full-text

High-speed sensitive thermovoltaic IR detectors

Sensors and Actuators A Physical ◽

10.1016/0924-4247(92)80017-w ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 32 (1-3) ◽

pp. 389-392

Author(s):

S. Marchetti ◽

R. Simili

Keyword(s):

High Speed ◽

Ir Detectors

Download Full-text

Highly Efficient Near-Infrared Detector Based on Optically Resonant Dielectric Nanodisks

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano11020428 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 428

Author(s):

Reza Masoudian Saadabad ◽

Christian Pauly ◽

Norbert Herschbach ◽

Dragomir N. Neshev ◽

Haroldo T. Hattori ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quantum Efficiency ◽

High Speed ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Infrared Detector ◽

High Quantum Efficiency ◽

Fast Detection ◽

High Quantum ◽

Resonant Modes ◽

Infrared Wavelengths ◽

Dielectric Metasurface

Fast detection of near-infrared (NIR) photons with high responsivity remains a challenge for photodetectors. Germanium (Ge) photodetectors are widely used for near-infrared wavelengths but suffer from a trade-off between the speed of photodetection and quantum efficiency (or responsivity). To realize a high-speed detector with high quantum efficiency, a small-sized photodetector efficiently absorbing light is required. In this paper, we suggest a realization of a dielectric metasurface made of an array of subwavelength germanium PIN photodetectors. Due to the subwavelength size of each pixel, a high-speed photodetector with a bandwidth of 65 GHz has been achieved. At the same time, high quantum efficiency for near-infrared illumination can be obtained by the engineering of optical resonant modes to localize optical energy inside the intrinsic Ge disks. Furthermore, small junction capacitance and the possibility of zero/low bias operation have been shown. Our results show that all-dielectric metasurfaces can improve the performance of photodetectors.

Download Full-text

Development and Analysis of Virtual Laboratory as an Assistive Tool for Teaching Grade 8 Physical Science Classes

Advances in Data Mining and Database Management - Intelligent Analytics With Advanced Multi-Industry Applications ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-4963-6.ch016 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 326-349

Author(s):

Maria Ndapewa Ntinda ◽

Titus Haiduwa ◽

Willbard Kamati

Keyword(s):

Physical Science ◽

Virtual Laboratory ◽

Virtual Laboratories ◽

Alternative Approach ◽

Hands On ◽

Science Laboratories ◽

Science Labs ◽

Science Classes ◽

Future Work ◽

Grade 8

This chapter discusses the development of a virtual laboratory (VL) named “EduPhysics,” an assistive software tailored around the Namibian Physical Science textbook for Grade 8 learners, and examines the viability of implementing VL in education. It further presented reviews on the role of computer simulations in science education and teachers' perspective on the use of EduPhysics in physical science classrooms. The chapter adopted a mixed method with an experimental research design and used questionnaires and interviews as data collection tools in high school physical science classes. The analysis found that there are limited resources in most physical science laboratories. Computer laboratories, however, are well equipped and have computing capacities to support the implementation of VL. It was concluded that virtual laboratories could be an alternative approach to hands-on practical work that is currently undertaken in resource-constrained physical science labs. For future work, augmented reality and logs will be incorporated within EduPhysics.

Download Full-text

What Biological Visualizations Do Science Center Visitors Prefer in an Interactive Touch Table?

Education Sciences ◽

10.3390/educsci8040166 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 166 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gunnar Höst ◽

Konrad Schönborn ◽

Henry Fröcklin ◽

Lena Tibell

Keyword(s):

Construal Level Theory ◽

Construal Level ◽

Data Logging ◽

Finger Movements ◽

Science Center ◽

Science Centers ◽

Holding Power ◽

Hands On ◽

Ranking Score ◽

Future Work

Hands-on digital interactivity in science centers provides new communicative opportunities. The Microcosmos multi-touch table allows visitors to interact with 64 image “cards” of (sub)microscopic biological structures and processes embedded across seven theme categories. This study presents the integration of biological content, interactive features and logging capabilities into the table, and analyses visitors’ usage and preferences. Data logging recorded 2,070,350 events including activated category, selected card, and various finger-based gestures. Visitors interacted with all cards during 858 sessions (96 s on average). Finger movements covered an average accumulated distance of 4.6 m per session, and about 56% of card interactions involved two fingers. Visitors made 5.53 category switches per session on average, and the virus category was most activated (average 0.96 per session). An overall ranking score related to card attractive power and holding power revealed that six of the most highly used cards depicted viruses and four were colourful instrument output images. The large finger traversal distance and proportion of two-finger card interaction may indicate the intuitiveness of the gestures. Observed trends in visitor engagement with the biological visualizations are considered in terms of construal level theory. Future work will examine how interactions are related to potential learning of biological content.

Download Full-text