scholarly journals Design of Resistor-Capacitor Physically Unclonable Function for Resource-Constrained IoT Devices

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 404
Author(s):  
Sangjae Lee ◽  
Mi-Kyung Oh ◽  
Yousung Kang ◽  
Dooho Choi
Keyword(s):  
Small Difference ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Resource Constrained ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Unique Identifier ◽  
Passive Components ◽  
The Past ◽  
Design Flexibility ◽  
Cryptographic Keys ◽  
Iot Devices

Keeping IoT devices secure has been a major challenge recently. One of the possible solutions to secure IoT devices is to use a physically unclonable function (PUF). A PUF is a security primitive that can generate device-specific cryptographic information by extracting the features of hardware uncertainty. Because PUF instances are very difficult to replicate even by the manufacturer, the generated bit sequence can be used as cryptographic keys or as a unique identifier for the device. Regarding the implementation of PUF, the majority of PUFs introduced over the past decade are in the form of active components and have been implemented as separate chips or embedded as a part of a chip, making it difficult to use them in low-cost IoT devices due to cost and design flexibility. One approach to easily adopt PUFs in resource-constrained IoT devices is to use passive components such as resistors and capacitors (RC) that can be configured at low cost. The main feature of this RC-based PUF is that it extracts the small difference caused by charging and discharging of RC circuits and uses it as a response. In this paper, we extend the previous research and show the possibility to secure IoT devices by using the RC-based PUF.

scholarly journals Future Development of Electronic Components

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Van Vessem
Keyword(s):  
Future Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rapid Progress ◽  
Electronic Components ◽  
Electronic Industry ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Passive Components ◽  
The Past ◽  
Electronic Circuitry ◽  
Determining Factor

The rapid progress of semiconductor products in the electronic industry over the past two decades in the group of active components has not been matched by an equal progress of the passive components. Integration has blurred the traditional boundary between components and circuits. With integration penetrating deeper and deeper into electronic circuitry the connecting methods of the IC with the rest of the system becomes a cost and quality determining factor of prime importance. It is stressed that connecting methods of the other, passive components have to be compatible with the connecting method of the IC.

scholarly journals A Lightweight Cipher Based on Salsa20 for Resource-Constrained IoT Devices

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 3326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangelina Lara ◽  
Leocundo Aguilar ◽  
Jesús García ◽  
Mauricio Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Data Privacy ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
Resource Constrained ◽  
Data Memory ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Lightweight Cipher ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Test Suites

The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm envisions a world where everyday things interchange information between each other in a way that allows users to make smarter decisions in a given context. Even though IoT has many advantages, its characteristics make it very vulnerable to security attacks. Ciphers are a security primitive that can prevent some of the attacks; however, the constrained computing and energy resources of IoT devices impede them from implementing current ciphers. This article presents the stream cipher Generador de Bits Pseudo Aleatorios (GBPA) based on Salsa20 cipher, which is part of the eSTREAM project, but designed for resource-constrained IoT devices of Class 0. GBPA has lower program and data memory requirements compared with Salsa20 and lightweight ciphers. These properties allow low-cost resource-constrained IoT devices, 29.5% of the embedded systems in the market, to be able to implement a security service that they are currently incapable of, to preserve the user’s data privacy and protect the system from attacks that could damage it. For the evaluation of its output, three statistical test suites were used: NIST Statistical Test Suite (STS), DIEHARD and EACirc, with good results. The GBPA cipher provides security without having a negative impact on the computing resources of IoT devices.

scholarly journals Approximate CPU Design for IoT End-Devices with Learning Capabilities

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
İbrahim Taştan ◽  
Mahmut Karaca ◽  
Arda Yurdakul
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Approximate Computing ◽  
Resource Constrained ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Learning Capabilities ◽  
Machine Learning Applications ◽  
Constrained Learning ◽  
Iot Devices

With the rise of Internet of Things (IoT), low-cost resource-constrained devices have to be more capable than traditional embedded systems, which operate on stringent power budgets. In order to add new capabilities such as learning, the power consumption planning has to be revised. Approximate computing is a promising paradigm for reducing power consumption at the expense of inaccuracy introduced to the computations. In this paper, we set forth approximate computing features of a processor that will exist in the next generation low-cost resource-constrained learning IoT devices. Based on these features, we design an approximate IoT processor which benefits from RISC-V ISA. Targeting machine learning applications such as classification and clustering, we have demonstrated that our processor reinforced with approximate operations can save power up to 23% for ASIC implementation while at least 90% top-1 accuracy is achieved on the trained models and test data set.

scholarly journals Curve25519 based lightweight end-to-end encryption in resource constrained autonomous 8-bit IoT devices

Cybersecurity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shafi Ullah ◽  
Raja Zahilah
Keyword(s):  
Hash Function ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Resource Constrained ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Computational Capability ◽  
Calculated Curve ◽  
Key Exchange Protocols ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Generator Function

AbstractRobust encryption techniques require heavy computational capability and consume large amount of memory which are unaffordable for resource constrained IoT devices and Cyber-Physical Systems with an inclusion of general-purpose data manipulation tasks. Many encryption techniques have been introduced to address the inability of such devices, lacking in robust security provision at low cost. This article presents an encryption technique, implemented on a resource constrained IoT device (AVR ATmega2560) through utilizing fast execution and less memory consumption properties of curve25519 in a novel and efficient lightweight hash function. The hash function utilizes GMP library for multi-precision arithmetic calculations and pre-calculated curve points to devise a good cipher block using ECDH based key exchange protocols and large random prime number generator function.

scholarly journals New Method of Prime Factorisation-Based Attacks on RSA Authentication in IoT

Cryptography ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkatraman ◽  
Overmars
Keyword(s):  
Smart Cities ◽  
Security Requirements ◽  
Resource Constrained ◽  
Euler’S Method ◽  
Binary Arithmetic ◽  
Cryptographic Keys ◽  
Authentication And Authorization ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
And Performance

The potential benefits of the Internet of Things (IoT) are hampered by malicious interventions of attackers when the fundamental security requirements such as authentication and authorization are not sufficiently met and existing measures are unable to protect the IoT environment from data breaches. With the spectrum of IoT application domains increasing to include mobile health, smart homes and smart cities in everyday life, the consequences of an attack in the IoT network connecting billions of devices will become critical. Due to the challenges in applying existing cryptographic standards to resource constrained IoT devices, new security solutions being proposed come with a tradeoff between security and performance. While much research has focused on developing lightweight cryptographic solutions that predominantly adopt RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) authentication methods, there is a need to identify the limitations in the usage of such measures. This research paper discusses the importance of a better understanding of RSA-based lightweight cryptography and the associated vulnerabilities of the cryptographic keys that are generated using semi-primes. In this paper, we employ mathematical operations on the sum of four squares to obtain one of the prime factors of a semi-prime that could lead to the attack of the RSA keys. We consider the even sum of squares and show how a modified binary greatest common divisor (GCD) can be used to quickly recover one of the factors of a semi-prime. The method presented in this paper only uses binary arithmetic shifts that are more suitable for the resource-constrained IoT landscape. This is a further improvement on previous work based on Euler’s method which is demonstrated using an illustration that allows for the faster testing of multiple sums of squares solutions more quickly.

scholarly journals RPPUF: An Ultra-Lightweight Reconfigurable Pico-Physically Unclonable Function for Resource-Constrained IoT Devices

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 3039
Author(s):  
Zhao Huang ◽  
Liang Li ◽  
Yin Chen ◽  
Zeyu Li ◽  
Quan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Resource Constrained ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Field Programmable ◽  
Hardware Resource ◽  
Inherent Nature ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Multiple Samples ◽  
The Internet Of Things

With the advancement of the Internet of Things (IoTs) technology, security issues have received an increasing amount of attention. Since IoT devices are typically resource-limited, conventional security solutions, such as classical cryptography, are no longer applicable. A physically unclonable function (PUF) is a hardware-based, low-cost alternative solution to provide security for IoT devices. It utilizes the inherent nature of hardware to generate a random and unpredictable fingerprint to uniquely identify an IoT device. However, despite existing PUFs having exhibited a good performance, they are not suitable for effective application on resource-constrained IoT devices due to the limited number of challenge-response pairs (CRPs) generated per unit area and the large hardware resources overhead. To solve these problems, this article presents an ultra-lightweight reconfigurable PUF solution, which is named RPPUF. Our method is built on pico-PUF (PPUF). By incorporating configurable logics, one single RPPUF can be instantiated into multiple samples through configurable information K. We implement and verify our design on the Xilinx Spartan-6 field programmable gate array (FPGA) microboards. The experimental results demonstrate that, compared to previous work, our method increases the uniqueness, reliability and uniformity by up to 4.13%, 16.98% and 10.5%, respectively, while dramatically reducing the hardware resource overhead by 98.16% when a 128-bit PUF response is generated. Moreover, the bit per cost (BPC) metric of our proposed RPPUF increased by up to 28.5 and 53.37 times than that of PPUF and the improved butterfly PUF, respectively. This confirms that the proposed RPPUF is ultra-lightweight with a good performance, making it more appropriate and efficient to apply in FPGA-based IoT devices with constrained resources.

Cross-culture outcomes of a brazilian professor Fulbright in the USA

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (50) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Marcelo Da Silva Leite ◽  
Celeste Gaia
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cross Culture ◽  
College And University ◽  
Governmental Agencies ◽  
The Past ◽  
University Curriculum ◽  
Fulbright Scholar ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Higher Education Costs

Over the past decade due the expansion of globalization there has been an increasing emphasis on internationalization among faculty, administration and accrediting agencies in the Higher Education.  Although to promote internationalization in the Higher Education, costs are a big challenge, one way to have the international actions with low cost, it is seeking for grants from different governmental agencies and foundations.The Fulbright Scholar program provides a long-standing and externally-funded means for internationalizing college and university curriculum. This article is going to share the perspective   of a Brazilian Fulbright Scholar at an American college and the institution perspective of the Fulbright scholar participation at the College.

Bringing Security to The Smallest Embedded Systems

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSEPH YIU
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Embedded Systems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Security Requirements ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Significant Challenge ◽  
Iot Devices

The increasing need for security in microcontrollers Security has long been a significant challenge in microcontroller applications(MCUs). Traditionally, many microcontroller systems did not have strong security measures against remote attacks as most of them are not connected to the Internet, and many microcontrollers are deemed to be cheap and simple. With the growth of IoT (Internet of Things), security in low cost microcontrollers moved toward the spotlight and the security requirements of these IoT devices are now just as critical as high-end systems due to:

An Assessment of a Low-Cost Wastewater Disposal System after Twenty-Five Years of Operation

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 701-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Reidy ◽  
G. W. Samson
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
Industrial Base ◽  
Industrial Wastewaters ◽  
The Past ◽  
Gasification Process ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
Coal Resource

A low-cost wastewater disposal system was commissioned in 1959 to treat domestic and industrial wastewaters generated in the Latrobe River valley in the province of Gippsland, within the State of Victoria, Australia (Figure 1). The Latrobe Valley is the centre for large-scale generation of electricity and for the production of pulp and paper. In addition other industries have utilized the brown coal resource of the region e.g. gasification process and char production. Consequently, industrial wastewaters have been dominant in the disposal system for the past twenty-five years. The mixed industrial-domestic wastewaters were to be transported some eighty kilometres to be treated and disposed of by irrigation to land. Several important lessons have been learnt during twenty-five years of operating this system. Firstly the composition of the mixed waste stream has varied significantly with the passage of time and the development of the industrial base in the Valley, so that what was appropriate treatment in 1959 is not necessarily acceptable in 1985. Secondly the magnitude of adverse environmental impacts engendered by this low-cost disposal procedure was not imagined when the proposal was implemented. As a consequence, clean-up procedures which could remedy the adverse effects of twenty-five years of impact are likely to be costly. The question then may be asked - when the total costs including rehabilitation are considered, is there really a low-cost solution for environmentally safe disposal of complex wastewater streams?

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