scholarly journals A Cost Analysis of Implementing a Blockchain Architecture in a Smart Grid Scenario Using Sidechains

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iago Sestrem Ochôa ◽  
Luis Augusto Silva ◽  
Gabriel de Mello ◽  
Nuno M. Garcia ◽  
Juan Francisco de Paz Santana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Smart Grid ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Privacy And Security ◽  
Grid Systems ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Sustainable Power ◽  
Information Today

Smart grid systems have become popular and necessary for the development of a sustainable power grid. These systems use different technologies to provide optimized services to the users of the network. Regarding computing, these systems optimize electrical services by processing a large amount of the data generated. However, privacy and security are essential in this kind of system. With a large amount of data generated, it is necessary to protect the privacy of users, because this data may reveal the users’ personal information. Today, blockchain technology has proven to be an efficient architecture for solving privacy and security problems in different scenarios. Over the years, different blockchain platforms have emerged, attempting to solve specific problems in different areas. However, the use of different platforms fragmented the market, which was no different in the smart grid scenario. This work proposes a blockchain architecture that uses sidechains to make the system scalable and adaptable. We used three blockchains to ensure privacy, security, and trust in the system. To universalize the proposed solution, we used the Open Smart Grid Protocol and smart contracts. The results show that architecture security and privacy are guaranteed, making it feasible for implementation in real systems; although scalability issues regarding the storage of the data generated still exist.

scholarly journals Blockchain in Smart Grids: A Review on Different Use Cases

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (22) ◽  
pp. 4862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tejasvi Alladi ◽  
Vinay Chamola ◽  
Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues ◽  
Sergei A. Kozlov
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Privacy And Security ◽  
Energy Trading ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Efficient Data ◽  
Privacy Issues ◽  
The Internet Of Things

With the integration of Wireless Sensor Networks and the Internet of Things, the smart grid is being projected as a solution for the challenges regarding electricity supply in the future. However, security and privacy issues in the consumption and trading of electricity data pose serious challenges in the adoption of the smart grid. To address these challenges, blockchain technology is being researched for applicability in the smart grid. In this paper, important application areas of blockchain in the smart grid are discussed. One use case of each area is discussed in detail, suggesting a suitable blockchain architecture, a sample block structure and the potential blockchain technicalities employed in it. The blockchain can be used for peer-to-peer energy trading, where a credit-based payment scheme can enhance the energy trading process. Efficient data aggregation schemes based on the blockchain technology can be used to overcome the challenges related to privacy and security in the grid. Energy distribution systems can also use blockchain to remotely control energy flow to a particular area by monitoring the usage statistics of that area. Further, blockchain-based frameworks can also help in the diagnosis and maintenance of smart grid equipment. We also discuss several commercial implementations of blockchain in the smart grid. Finally, various challenges to be addressed for integrating these two technologies are discussed.

Privacy and Security in the Age of Electronic Customer Relationship Management

2011 ◽  
pp. 1279-1301
Author(s):  
Nicholas C. Romano Jr. ◽  
Jerry Fjermestad
Keyword(s):  
Customer Relationship Management ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Relationship Management ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Customer Relationship ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Exchange Relationship ◽  
Privacy And Security ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
A Value

This article presents a value exchange model of privacy and security for electronic customer relationship management within an electronic commerce environment. Enterprises and customers must carefully manage these new virtual relationships in order to ensure that they both derive value from them and minimize unintended consequences that result from the concomitant exchange of personal information that occurs in e-commerce. Based upon a customer’s requirements of privacy and an enterprise requirement to establish markets and sell goods and services, there is a value exchange relationship. The model is an integration of the customer sphere of privacy, sphere of security, and privacy/security sphere of implementation.

Study and Survey on Blockchain Privacy and Security Issues

2021 ◽  
pp. 169-191
Author(s):  
Sourav Banerjee ◽  
Debashis Das ◽  
Manju Biswas ◽  
Utpal Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Sensitive Information ◽  
Privacy And Security ◽  
Unauthorized Access ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Targeted Attacks ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Financial Transactions

Blockchain-based technology is becoming increasingly popular and is now used to solve a wide range of tasks. And it's not all about cryptocurrencies. Even though it's based on secure technology, a blockchain needs protection as well. The risks of exploits, targeted attacks, or unauthorized access can be mitigated by the instant incident response and system recovery. Blockchain technology relies on a ledger to keep track of all financial transactions. Ordinarily, this kind of master ledger would be a glaring point of vulnerability. Another tenet of security is the chain itself. Configuration flaws, as well as insecure data storage and transfers, may cause leaks of sensitive information. This is even more dangerous when there are centralized components within the platform. In this chapter, the authors will demonstrate where the disadvantages of security and privacy in blockchain are currently and discuss how blockchain technology can improve these disadvantages and outlines the requirements for future solution.

scholarly journals Continuous Quantitative Risk Management in Smart Grids Using Attack Defense Trees

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (16) ◽  
pp. 4404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erkuden Rios ◽  
Angel Rego ◽  
Eider Iturbe ◽  
Marivi Higuero ◽  
Xabier Larrucea
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Smart Grid ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Investment Decision ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Building Energy Efficiency ◽  
Risk Minimization ◽  
Grid Systems

Although the risk assessment discipline has been studied from long ago as a means to support security investment decision-making, no holistic approach exists to continuously and quantitatively analyze cyber risks in scenarios where attacks and defenses may target different parts of Internet of Things (IoT)-based smart grid systems. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive methodology that enables informed decisions on security protection for smart grid systems by the continuous assessment of cyber risks. The solution is based on the use of attack defense trees modelled on the system and computation of the proposed risk attributes that enables an assessment of the system risks by propagating the risk attributes in the tree nodes. The method allows system risk sensitivity analyses to be performed with respect to different attack and defense scenarios, and optimizes security strategies with respect to risk minimization. The methodology proposes the use of standard security and privacy defense taxonomies from internationally recognized security control families, such as the NIST SP 800-53, which facilitates security certifications. Finally, the paper describes the validation of the methodology carried out in a real smart building energy efficiency application that combines multiple components deployed in cloud and IoT resources. The scenario demonstrates the feasibility of the method to not only perform initial quantitative estimations of system risks but also to continuously keep the risk assessment up to date according to the system conditions during operation.

scholarly journals CRYPTO-SPATIAL: AN OPEN STANDARDS SMART CONTRACTS LIBRARY FOR BUILDING GEOSPATIALLY ENABLED DECENTRALIZED APPLICATIONS ON THE ETHEREUM BLOCKCHAIN

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIII-B4-2020 ◽  
pp. 421-426
Author(s):  
A. Benahmed Daho
Keyword(s):  
Design Patterns ◽  
Object Oriented Programming ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Transportation Energy ◽  
Grid Systems ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Spatial Features ◽  
Generic Architecture

Abstract. Blockchain is an emerging immature technology that disrupt many well established industries nowadays, like finance, supply chain, transportation, energy, official registries (identity, vehicles, …). In this contribution we present a smart contracts library, named Crypto-Spatial, written for the Ethereum Blockchain and designed to serve as a framework for geospatially enabled decentralized applications (dApps) development. The main goal of this work is to investigate the suitability of Blockchain technology for the storage, retrieval and processing of vector geospatial data. The design and the proof-of-concept implementation presented are both based on the Open Geospatial Consortium standards: Simple Feature Access, Discrete Global Grid Systems (DGGS) and Well Known Binary (WKB). Also, the FOAM protocol concept of Crypto-Spatial Coordinate (CSC) was used to uniquely identify spatial features on the Blockchain immutable ledger. The design of the Crypto-Spatial framework was implemented as a set of smart contracts using the Solidity object oriented programming language. The implemented library was assessed toward Etheruem’s best practices design patterns and known security issues (common attacks). Also, a generic architecture for geospatially enabled decentralized applications, combining blockchain and IPFS technologies, was proposed. Finally, a proof-of-concept was developed using the proposed approach which main purpose is to port the UN/FAO-SOLA to Blockchain techspace allowing more transparency and simplifying access to users communities. The smart contracts of this prototype are live on the Rinkeby testnet and the frontend is hosted on Github pages. The source code of the work presented here is available on Github under Apache 2.0 license.

Privacy and Security in the Age of Electronic Customer Relationship Management

2009 ◽  
pp. 310-332
Author(s):  
Nicholas C. Romano Jr. ◽  
Jerry Fjermestad
Keyword(s):  
Customer Relationship Management ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Relationship Management ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Customer Relationship ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Exchange Relationship ◽  
Privacy And Security ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
A Value

This article presents a value exchange model of privacy and security for electronic customer relationship management within an electronic commerce environment. Enterprises and customers must carefully manage these new virtual relationships in order to ensure that they both derive value from them and minimize unintended consequences that result from the concomitant exchange of personal information that occurs in e-commerce. Based upon a customer’s requirements of privacy and an enterprise requirement to establish markets and sell goods and services, there is a value exchange relationship. The model is an integration of the customer sphere of privacy, sphere of security, and privacy/security sphere of implementation.

Identity, Credibility, and Trust in Social Networking Sites

2013 ◽  
pp. 5-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Manca ◽  
Maria Ranieri
Keyword(s):  
Social Studies ◽  
Social Networking ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Privacy And Security ◽  
Privacy Threats ◽  
Digital Environments

Over recent years, the notions of identity, credibility and trust in digital contexts have been gaining renewed interest from scholars in different fields (from social studies to engineering and computer science), especially for their consequences for privacy and security. Emerging and urgent questions are: What does the management of online personal data entail? How much personal information are we entitled to share with others? What measures do people usually adopt to protect their identity and privacy? Are they always aware of the risks they may run? What consequences may emerge in the long term if cautions are ignored? These are some of the questions that should be addressed by users, experts and scholars engaged with digital environments, especially social networking sites. This chapter focuses on these issues trying to provide a wide overview of the current literature on identity, credibility and trust, and their implications for privacy and security, from the perspective of social and behavioral sciences. Some measures provided by experts on how to protect against the most common security and privacy threats are also outlined.

scholarly journals Blockchain-Based Digital Contact Tracing Apps for COVID-19 Pandemic Management: Issues, Challenges, Solutions, and Future Directions (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheikh Mohammad Idrees ◽  
Mariusz Nowostawski ◽  
Roshan Jameel
Keyword(s):  
Personal Information ◽  
Data Encryption ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Effective Technique ◽  
Privacy And Security ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Privacy And Confidentiality ◽  
Management Issues

UNSTRUCTURED The COVID-19 pandemic has caused substantial global disturbance by affecting more than 42 million people (as of the end of October 2020). Since there is no medication or vaccine available, the only way to combat it is to minimize transmission. Digital contact tracing is an effective technique that can be utilized for this purpose, as it eliminates the manual contact tracing process and could help in identifying and isolating affected people. However, users are reluctant to share their location and contact details due to concerns related to the privacy and security of their personal information, which affects its implementation and extensive adoption. Blockchain technology has been applied in various domains and has been proven to be an effective approach for handling data transactions securely, which makes it an ideal choice for digital contact tracing apps. The properties of blockchain such as time stamping and immutability of data may facilitate the retrieval of accurate information on the trail of the virus in a transparent manner, while data encryption assures the integrity of the information being provided. Furthermore, the anonymity of the user’s identity alleviates some of the risks related to privacy and confidentiality concerns. In this paper, we provide readers with a detailed discussion on the digital contact tracing mechanism and outline the apps developed so far to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, we present the possible risks, issues, and challenges associated with the available contact tracing apps and analyze how the adoption of a blockchain-based decentralized network for handling the app could provide users with privacy-preserving contact tracing without compromising performance and efficiency.

scholarly journals A Fine-Grained IoT Data Access Control Scheme Combining Attribute-Based Encryption and Blockchain

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Xiaofeng Lu ◽  
Songbing Fu ◽  
Cheng Jiang ◽  
Pietro Lio
Keyword(s):  
Access Control ◽  
Distributed Storage ◽  
Data Access ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Privacy And Security ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Data Access Control ◽  
Attribute Based Encryption ◽  
Control Scheme

IoT technology has been widely valued and applied, and the resulting massive IoT data brings many challenges to the traditional centralized data management, such as performance, privacy, and security challenges. This paper proposes an IoT data access control scheme that combines attribute-based encryption (ABE) and blockchain technology. Symmetric encryption and ABE algorithms are utilized to realize fine-grained access control and ensure the security and openness of IoT data. Moreover, blockchain technology is combined with distributed storage to solve the storage bottleneck of blockchain systems. Only the hash values of the data, the hash values of the ciphertext location, the access control policy, and other important information are stored on the blockchain. In this scheme, smart contract is used to implement access control. The results of experiments demonstrate that the proposed scheme can effectively protect the security and privacy of IoT data and realize the secure sharing of data.

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