scholarly journals CRYPTO-SPATIAL: AN OPEN STANDARDS SMART CONTRACTS LIBRARY FOR BUILDING GEOSPATIALLY ENABLED DECENTRALIZED APPLICATIONS ON THE ETHEREUM BLOCKCHAIN

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIII-B4-2020 ◽  
pp. 421-426
Author(s):  
A. Benahmed Daho
Keyword(s):  
Design Patterns ◽  
Object Oriented Programming ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Transportation Energy ◽  
Grid Systems ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Spatial Features ◽  
Generic Architecture

Abstract. Blockchain is an emerging immature technology that disrupt many well established industries nowadays, like finance, supply chain, transportation, energy, official registries (identity, vehicles, …). In this contribution we present a smart contracts library, named Crypto-Spatial, written for the Ethereum Blockchain and designed to serve as a framework for geospatially enabled decentralized applications (dApps) development. The main goal of this work is to investigate the suitability of Blockchain technology for the storage, retrieval and processing of vector geospatial data. The design and the proof-of-concept implementation presented are both based on the Open Geospatial Consortium standards: Simple Feature Access, Discrete Global Grid Systems (DGGS) and Well Known Binary (WKB). Also, the FOAM protocol concept of Crypto-Spatial Coordinate (CSC) was used to uniquely identify spatial features on the Blockchain immutable ledger. The design of the Crypto-Spatial framework was implemented as a set of smart contracts using the Solidity object oriented programming language. The implemented library was assessed toward Etheruem’s best practices design patterns and known security issues (common attacks). Also, a generic architecture for geospatially enabled decentralized applications, combining blockchain and IPFS technologies, was proposed. Finally, a proof-of-concept was developed using the proposed approach which main purpose is to port the UN/FAO-SOLA to Blockchain techspace allowing more transparency and simplifying access to users communities. The smart contracts of this prototype are live on the Rinkeby testnet and the frontend is hosted on Github pages. The source code of the work presented here is available on Github under Apache 2.0 license.

scholarly journals Third Party Certification of Agri-Food Supply Chain Using Smart Contracts and Blockchain Tokens

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5307
Author(s):  
Ricardo Borges dos Santos ◽  
Nunzio Marco Torrisi ◽  
Rodrigo Palucci Pantoni
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Mobile Application ◽  
Consumer Behaviour ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Socially Responsible ◽  
The Public ◽  
Blockchain Technology

Every consumer’s buying decision at the supermarket influences food brands to make first party claims of sustainability and socially responsible farming methods on their agro-product labels. Fine wines are often subject to counterfeit along the supply chain to the consumer. This paper presents a method for efficient unrestricted publicity to third party certification (TPC) of plant agricultural products, starting at harvest, using smart contracts and blockchain tokens. The method is capable of providing economic incentives to the actors along the supply chain. A proof-of-concept using a modified Ethereum IGR token set of smart contracts using the ERC-1155 standard NFTs was deployed on the Rinkeby test net and evaluated. The main findings include (a) allowing immediate access to TPC by the public for any desired authority by using token smart contracts. (b) Food safety can be enhanced through TPC visible to consumers through mobile application and blockchain technology, thus reducing counterfeiting and green washing. (c) The framework is structured and maintained because participants obtain economical incentives thus leveraging it´s practical usage. In summary, this implementation of TPC broadcasting through tokens can improve transparency and sustainable conscientious consumer behaviour, thus enabling a more trustworthy supply chain transparency.

Blockchain Technology - Based Solutions for IOT Security

2022 ◽  
pp. 53-63
Author(s):  
Israa Al_Barazanchi ◽  
Aparna Murthy ◽  
Ahmad AbdulQadir Al Rababah ◽  
Ghadeer Khader ◽  
Haider Rasheed Abdulshaheed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Privacy ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Iot Security ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Private Data ◽  
Long Time ◽  
It Applications

Blockchain innovation has picked up expanding consideration from investigating and industry over the later a long time. It permits actualizing in its environment the smart-contracts innovation which is utilized to robotize and execute deals between clients. Blockchain is proposed nowadays as the unused specialized foundation for a few sorts of IT applications. Blockchain would aid avoid the duplication of information because it right now does with Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. Since of the numerous hundreds of thousands of servers putting away the Bitcoin record, it’s impossible to assault and alter. An aggressor would need to change the record of 51 percent of all the servers, at the precise same time. The budgetary fetched of such an assault would distantly exceed the potential picks up. The same cannot be said for our private data that lives on single servers possessed by Google and Amazon. In this paper, we outline major Blockchain technology that based as solutions for IOT security. We survey and categorize prevalent security issues with respect to IoT data privacy, in expansion to conventions utilized for organizing, communication, and administration. We diagram security necessities for IoT together with the existing scenarios for using blockchain in IoT applications.

Use of blockchain in designing smart city

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surbhi Dewan ◽  
Latika Singh
Keyword(s):  
Smart Cities ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Revolutionary Change ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Decentralized System ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Distributed Ledger ◽  
Distributed Ledger Technology ◽  
Wide Range

PurposeA blockchain is a shared distributed ledger technology that stores the information of every transaction in the network. The blockchain has emerged with a huge diversity of applications not only in the economic but in the non-economical domain as well. Blockchain technology promises to provide a wide range of solutions to the problems faced during implementation of smart cities. It has the potential to build smart contracts more secure, thus eliminating the need for centralized authority.Design/methodology/approachThis paper presents a proof-of-concept for a use case that uses an Ethereum platform to build a blockchain network to buy, sell or rent a property.FindingsThe findings of this study provide an opportunity to create novel decentralized scalable solutions to develop smart cities by enabling paperless transactions. There are enormous opportunities in this distributed ledger technology which will bring a revolutionary change in upcoming years.Originality/valueThe concept of blockchain along with smart contracts can be used as a promising technology for sharing services which is a common requirement in smart cities. All the blockchain transactions are stored in decentralized shared database. The transaction recorded in decentralized system is immutable, it cannot be altered and hence chance of forgery is negligible.

scholarly journals Using Blockchain Technology to Manage Clinical Trials Data: A Proof-of-Concept Study (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M Maslove ◽  
Jacob Klein ◽  
Kathryn Brohman ◽  
Patrick Martin
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Drug Companies ◽  
System P ◽  
Innovative Tool ◽  
Network Functions

BACKGROUND Blockchain technology is emerging as an innovative tool in data and software security. OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore the role of blockchain in supporting clinical trials data management and develop a proof-of-concept implementation of a patient-facing and researcher-facing system. METHODS Blockchain-based Smart Contracts were built using the Ethereum platform. RESULTS We described BlockTrial, a system that uses a Web-based interface to allow users to run trials-related Smart Contracts on an Ethereum network. Functions allow patients to grant researchers access to their data and allow researchers to submit queries for data that are stored off chain. As a type of distributed ledger, the system generates a durable and transparent log of these and other transactions. BlockTrial could be used to increase the trustworthiness of data collected during clinical research with benefits to researchers, regulators, and drug companies alike. In addition, the system could empower patients to become more active and fully informed partners in research. CONCLUSIONS Blockchain technology presents an opportunity to address some of the common threats to the integrity of data collected in clinical trials and ensure that the analysis of these data comply with prespecified plans. Further technical work is needed to add additional functions. Policies must be developed to determine the optimal models for participation in the system by its various stakeholders.

Concept of Blockchain Technology and Its Emergence

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Padmavathi U. ◽  
Narendran Rajagopalan
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Disruptive Technology ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Distributed Ledger ◽  
Authentication And Authorization ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Blockchain refers to a distributed ledger technology that helps people to regulate and manage their information without any intermediaries. This technology emerges as a promising panacea for authentication and authorization with potential for use in every possible domain including financial, manufacturing, educational institutions, etc. Blockchain has its birth through the concept of Bitcoin, a digital cryptocurrency by Satoshi Nakamoto, called as Blockchain 1.0. Blockchain 2.0 came into existence in 2014 with Ethereum and smart contracts. The challenges such as scalability, interoperability, sustainability, and governance led to the next generation of Blockchain also called as IOTA, a blockchainless cryptocurrency for the internet of things runs on the top of their own ledger called Tangle, which is immune towards quantum computers. This disruptive technology evolved to provide cross chain support and more security through Blockchain 4.0. Finally, the chapter concludes by discussing the various applications of this technology and its advantages and security issues.

scholarly journals A Formal Verification Framework for Security Issues of Blockchain Smart Contracts

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianyu Sun ◽  
Wensheng Yu
Keyword(s):  
Formal Verification ◽  
Program Verification ◽  
Formal Method ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Security Vulnerabilities ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Computing Platform ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Verification Methods ◽  
Distributed Computing Platform

Blockchain technology has attracted more and more attention from academia and industry recently. Ethereum, which uses blockchain technology, is a distributed computing platform and operating system. Smart contracts are small programs deployed to the Ethereum blockchain for execution. Errors in smart contracts will lead to huge losses. Formal verification can provide a reliable guarantee for the security of blockchain smart contracts. In this paper, the formal method is applied to inspect the security issues of smart contracts. We summarize five kinds of security issues in smart contracts and present formal verification methods for these issues, thus establishing a formal verification framework that can effectively verify the security vulnerabilities of smart contracts. Furthermore, we present a complete formal verification of the Binance Coin (BNB) contract. It shows how to formally verify the above security issues based on the formal verification framework in a specific smart contract. All the proofs are checked formally using the Coq proof assistant in which contract model and specification are formalized. The formal work of this paper has a variety of essential applications, such as the verification of blockchain smart contracts, program verification, and the formal establishment of mathematical and computer theoretical foundations.

Secure Electronic Voting System based on Mobile-app and Blockchain

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surbhi Dewan ◽  
Latika Singh ◽  
Neha Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Electoral System ◽  
Mobile App ◽  
Electronic Voting ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Voting Systems ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Traditional System ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Voting System ◽  
Electronic Voting System

Introduction: The notion of electronic voting has evolved over a period of time replacing the traditional system which was based on paper ballots. Several types of electronic voting systems exist, still the implementation is partial and there is a scope for improvement for making it more secure and user-friendly.Method In this paper, a proof-of-concept is presented which aims to address the issues and challenges in the electoral system, by using the concept of Ethereum blockchain and smart contracts. Result: These electronic electoral processes propose a centralized solution that can be easily tampered, thus increasing the problem of distrust in the citizens. To overcome this blockchain technology can be used for implementing mobile based electronic voting system. Blockchain technology is aiding in the development of novel digital services that are more secure and reliable. Discussion: The main objective of this paper is to depict how a feasible, secure and reliable mobile voting system can be built by implementing the concept of blockchain and smart contracts. Conclusion: The issue of security and transparency in the voting system can be addressed using blockchain technology. The present study aims to fulfil these gaps partially by providing use-case for the voting process which is based on mobile and blockchain technology.

scholarly journals A Cost Analysis of Implementing a Blockchain Architecture in a Smart Grid Scenario Using Sidechains

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iago Sestrem Ochôa ◽  
Luis Augusto Silva ◽  
Gabriel de Mello ◽  
Nuno M. Garcia ◽  
Juan Francisco de Paz Santana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Smart Grid ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Privacy And Security ◽  
Grid Systems ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Sustainable Power ◽  
Information Today

Smart grid systems have become popular and necessary for the development of a sustainable power grid. These systems use different technologies to provide optimized services to the users of the network. Regarding computing, these systems optimize electrical services by processing a large amount of the data generated. However, privacy and security are essential in this kind of system. With a large amount of data generated, it is necessary to protect the privacy of users, because this data may reveal the users’ personal information. Today, blockchain technology has proven to be an efficient architecture for solving privacy and security problems in different scenarios. Over the years, different blockchain platforms have emerged, attempting to solve specific problems in different areas. However, the use of different platforms fragmented the market, which was no different in the smart grid scenario. This work proposes a blockchain architecture that uses sidechains to make the system scalable and adaptable. We used three blockchains to ensure privacy, security, and trust in the system. To universalize the proposed solution, we used the Open Smart Grid Protocol and smart contracts. The results show that architecture security and privacy are guaranteed, making it feasible for implementation in real systems; although scalability issues regarding the storage of the data generated still exist.

scholarly journals DDNB—Doubly Decentralized Network Blockchain Architecture for Application Services

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 5212
Author(s):  
Youhwan Seol ◽  
Jaehong Ahn ◽  
Sehyun Park ◽  
Mookeun Ji ◽  
Heungseok Chae ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Processing Speed ◽  
Prototype System ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Service Platform ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Platform Architecture ◽  
Application Service ◽  
Verification Process ◽  
Application Developers

Decentralization and immutability characteristics of blockchain technology has attracted numerous blockchain-based systems and applications to be proposed. However, technical shortcomings such as low transaction speed, complexity, scalability, and vulnerability to certain attacks have been identified, making it challenging to use the technology on general consumer applications and services. To address the problem, we propose a new application service platform architecture called DDNB (Doubly Decentralized Network Blockchain). DDNB divides the system into multiple layers in order to take advantage of permissioned blockchain for its processing speed and security, while allowing permissionless open use of the system to application developers. To allow any node to freely participate in application services, DDNB adopts a novel periodic node self-verification process and query chaining mechanism to authenticate newly joining nodes and validate transactions effectively and efficiently. The proposed architecture is evaluated in terms of its processing speed and security on a real proof-of-concept prototype system.

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