RDCPF: A Redundancy-Based Duty-Cycling Pipelined-Forwarding MAC for Linear Sensor Networks

Existing duty-cycling and pipelined-forwarding (DCPF) protocols applied in battery-powered wireless sensor networks can significantly alleviate the sleep latency issue and save the energy of networks. However, when a DCPF protocol applies to a linear sensor network (LSN), it lacks the ability to handle the bottleneck issue called the energy-hole problem, which is mainly manifested due to the excessive energy consumption of nodes near the sink node. Without overcoming this issue, the lifespan of the network could be greatly reduced. To that end, this paper proposes a method of deploying redundant nodes in LSN, and a corresponding enhanced DCPF protocol called redundancy-based DCPF (RDCPF) to support the new topology of LSN. In RDCPF, the distribution of energy consumption of the whole network becomes much more even. RDCPF also brings improvements to the network in terms of network survival time, packet delivery latency, and energy efficiency, which have been shown through the extensive simulations in comparison with existing DCPF protocols.

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A Receiver-Initiated MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Tree Topology

International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks ◽

10.1155/2015/950656 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Inhye Park ◽

Joonhwan Yi ◽

Hyungkeun Lee

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Mac Protocol ◽

Tree Topology ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Network Simulator ◽

Duty Cycling ◽

Network Applications

This paper proposes receiver-initiated X-MAC with tree topology (TRIX-MAC), an improved energy-efficient MAC protocol based on an asynchronous duty cycling for wireless sensor networks with tree topology. TRIX-MAC improves energy efficiency through utilizing short preambles and adopting the receiver-initiated approach that minimizes sender nodes’ energy consumption by enabling transmitters to predict receiver nodes’ wake-up times and reduces receiver nodes’ energy consumption by decreasing the number of control frames. In many sensor network applications, the data flow from source nodes to a sink forms a unidirectional tree. A property of tree topology, the parent-child relation, is also exploited to reduce the likelihood of collisions between frames sent by children nodes. We use the network simulator, ns-2, to evaluate TRIX-MAC’s performance. Compared to the prior asynchronous duty cycling approaches of X-MAC, RIX-MAC, and PW-MAC, the proposed protocol shows better performance in terms of throughput, energy efficiency, and end-to-end delay.

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A Restricted Multipath Routing Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks Using a Virtual Cylinder: Bypassing Black hole and Selective Forwarding Attacks

UHD Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.21928/uhdjst.v3n2y2019.pp51-58 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 51

Author(s):

Elham Bahmani ◽

Aso Mohammad Darwesh Darwesh ◽

Mojtaba Jamshidi ◽

Somaieh Bali

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Routing Algorithm ◽

Source Node ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Sink Node ◽

Packet Delivery ◽

Selective Forwarding ◽

Routing Method

In this paper, a simple and novel routing algorithm is presented to improve the packet delivery in harsh conditions such as selective forwarding and blackhole attacks to the wireless sensor networks. The proposed algorithm is based on restricted multi-path broadcast based on a virtual cylinder from the source node to the sink node. In this algorithm, when a packet is broadcast by a source node, a virtual cylinder with radius w is created from the source node to a sink node. All the nodes located in this virtual cylinder are allowed to forwardthe packet to the sink. Thus, data is forwarded to sink via multiple paths, but in a restricted manner so that the nodes do not consume a high amount of energy. If there are some compromised nodes in this virtual cylinder, the packets may be forwarded to the sink via other nodes of the virtual cylinder. The proposed algorithm is simulated and evaluated in terms of packet delivery rate and energy consumption. The experiment results show that the proposed algorithm increases packet delivery rate 7 times compared to the single-path routing method and reduces energy consumption up to three times compared to flooding routing method.

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A Data-Gathering, Dynamic Duty-Cycling MAC Protocol for Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20154071 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (15) ◽

pp. 4071

Author(s):

Fei Tong ◽

Yuyang Peng

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Data Gathering ◽

High Energy ◽

Traffic Load ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Delivery Ratio ◽

Duty Cycling ◽

Packet Delivery

This paper presents a Data-gathering, Dynamic Duty-cycling (D3) protocol for wireless sensor networks. With a proposed duty-cycling MAC of high energy efficiency in D3, a routing scheme is naturally embedded to reduce protocol overhead. A packet can be forwarded in a pipelined fashion by staggering the sleep-wakeup schedules between two communicating nodes, which can significantly reduce end-to-end delay to meet real-time transmission requirements. To construct and maintain schedules, a grade and schedule establishment mechanism with a lightweight schedule error correction scheme is designed. In addition, based on the intrinsic characteristics of the network, an adaptive schedule maintenance scheme is proposed to dynamically adjust the node duty cycle to the network traffic load. The results based on the extensive OPNET simulations show that D3 can largely improve packet delivery ratio, energy efficiency and throughput, and reduce packet delivery latency.

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Multimodal wireless sensor networks based on Wake-up radio receivers: An nalytical model for energy consumption

Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia ◽

10.17533/10.17533/udea.redin.20190401 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Juan Aranda ◽

Mario Schölzel ◽

Diego Mendez ◽

Henry Carrillo

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Estimation Model ◽

Ultra Low Power ◽

Duty Cycling ◽

Radio Receivers ◽

Radio Architecture

Traditionally, sophisticate power-aware wake-up techniques have been employed to achieve energy efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), such as low-duty cycling protocols using a single radio architecture. These protocols achieve good results regarding energy savings, but they suffer from idle-listening and overhearing issues, that make them not reliable for most ultra-low power demanding applications, especially, those deployed in hostile and unattended environments. Currently, Wake-up Radio Receivers (WuRx) based protocols, under a dual-radio architecture and always-on operation, are emerging as a solution to overcome these issues, promising higher energy consumption reduction compared to classic wake-up protocols. By combining different transceivers and reporting protocols regarding energy efficiency, multimodality in WSNs is achieved. This paper presents an energy consumption estimation model that considers the behavior and performance of wakeup protocols based on WuRx in multi-hop communications under several cases instead of traditional low-duty cycling schemes. The results show that the WuRx with addressing does not significantly reduce the energy consumption compared to WuRx without addressing. In some cases, classic low-duty cycling protocols outperform WuRx based protocols, but in most cases, it is contrariwise, giving a strong motivation for considering multi-modal approaches in WSNs.

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Energy Efficient Group Based Linear Wireless Sensor Networks for Application in Pipeline Monitoring

International Journal of Sensors Wireless Communications and Control ◽

10.2174/2210327910999200614002236 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

Author(s):

Chinedu Duru ◽

Neco Ventura ◽

Mqhele Dlodlo

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Remote Monitoring ◽

Linear Array ◽

Minimum Energy ◽

Sensor Nodes ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Sink Node ◽

Pipeline Monitoring

Background: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been researched to be one of the ground-breaking technologies for the remote monitoring of pipeline infrastructure of the Oil and Gas industry. Research have also shown that the preferred deployment approach of the sensor network on pipeline structures follows a linear array of nodes, placed a distance apart from each other across the infrastructure length. The linear array topology of the sensor nodes gives rise to the name Linear Wireless Sensor Networks (LWSNs) which over the years have seen themselves being applied to pipelines for effective remote monitoring and surveillance. This paper aims to investigate the energy consumption issue associated with LWSNs deployed in cluster-based fashion along a pipeline infrastructure. Methods: Through quantitative analysis, the study attempts to approach the investigation conceptually focusing on mathematical analysis of proposed models to bring about conjectures on energy consumption performance. Results: From the derived analysis, results have shown that energy consumption is diminished to a minimum if there is a sink for every placed sensor node in the LWSN. To be precise, the analysis conceptually demonstrate that groups containing small number of nodes with a corresponding sink node is the approach to follow when pursuing a cluster-based LWSN for pipeline monitoring applications. Conclusion: From the results, it is discovered that energy consumption of a deployed LWSN can be decreased by creating groups out of the total deployed nodes with a sink servicing each group. In essence, the smaller number of nodes each group contains with a corresponding sink, the less energy consumed in total for the entire LWSN. This therefore means that a sink for every individual node will attribute to minimum energy consumption for every non-sink node. From the study, it can be concurred that energy consumption of a LWSN is inversely proportional to the number of sinks deployed and hence the number of groups created.

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Enabling Green Wireless Sensor Networks: Energy Efficient T-MAC Using Markov Chain Based Optimization

Electronics ◽

10.3390/electronics8050534 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 534 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mahendra Ram ◽

Sushil Kumar ◽

Vinod Kumar ◽

Ajay Sikandar ◽

Rupak Kharel

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Markov Chain ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Access Control ◽

Analytical Model ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Medium Access ◽

Service Delay

Due to the rapidly growing sensor-enabled connected world around us, with the continuously decreasing size of sensors from smaller to tiny, energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks has drawn ample consideration in both academia as well as in industries’ R&D. The literature of energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is focused on the three layers of wireless communication, namely the physical, Medium Access Control (MAC) and network layers. Physical layer-centric energy efficiency techniques have limited capabilities due to hardware designs and size considerations. Network layer-centric energy efficiency approaches have been constrained, in view of network dynamics and available network infrastructures. However, energy efficiency at the MAC layer requires a traffic cooperative transmission control. In this context, this paper presents a one-dimensional discrete-time Markov chain analytical model of the Timeout Medium Access Control (T-MAC) protocol. Specifically, an analytical model is derived for T-MAC focusing on an analysis of service delay, throughput, energy consumption and power efficiency under unsaturated traffic conditions. The service delay model calculates the average service delay using the adaptive sleep wakeup schedules. The component models include a queuing theory-based throughput analysis model, a cycle probability-based analytical model for computing the probabilities of a successful transmission, collision, and the idle state of a sensor, as well as an energy consumption model for the sensor’s life cycle. A fair performance assessment of the proposed T-MAC analytical model attests to the energy efficiency of the model when compared to that of state-of-the-art techniques, in terms of better power saving, a higher throughput and a lower energy consumption under various traffic loads.

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Oppo-Flood: An Energy-Efficient Data Dissemination Protocol for Asynchronous Duty-Cycled Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing ◽

10.1155/2019/7651861 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-19

Author(s):

Hyeonsang Cho ◽

Jungmin So

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Data Dissemination ◽

High Energy ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Neighboring Node ◽

Duty Cycling ◽

Opportunistic Forwarding ◽

Efficient Data

In this paper, we propose a data dissemination protocol for asynchronous duty-cycling wireless sensor networks. In an asynchronous duty-cycling network, each node independently selects its wake-up time. In this environment, data dissemination becomes energy consuming, because broadcasting a packet does reach all neighbors but only the neighbors that are awake at the time. A node can forward its packet to all neighbors by continuously transmitting the packet for a whole wake-up interval, but it leads to high energy consumption and high dissemination delay. The idea proposed in this paper is to use opportunistic forwarding, where each node forwards the packet to a neighbor that wakes up early and receives the packet. Each node forwards the packet, as long as there is a neighboring node that has not received the packet yet. The main benefit of this opportunistic forwarding-based dissemination is that every time a packet is disseminated, it may take a different path to reach the nodes. At the beginning of dissemination, a sender needs to transmit for a very short duration of time because there are plenty of neighboring nodes to receive the packet. As more nodes receive the packet, the transmit duration of the sender becomes longer, thus consuming more energy. Since the order of dissemination is different every time, energy consumption is naturally balanced among the nodes, without explicit measures. Through extensive simulations, we show that the proposed protocol achieves longer network lifetime and shorter dissemination delay compared to other dissemination protocols in various network environments.

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On Connectivity and Energy Efficiency for Sleeping-Schedule-Based Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19092126 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (9) ◽

pp. 2126 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Lijun Wang ◽

Jia Yan ◽

Tao Han ◽

Dexiang Deng

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Reference Value ◽

Sensor Nodes ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Normal Operation ◽

Connectivity Probability ◽

Communication Radius

Based on the connectivity and energy consumption problems in wireless sensor networks, this paper proposes a kind of new network algorithm called the connectivity and energy efficiency (CEE) algorithm to guarantee the connectivity and connectivity probability, and also to reduce the network energy consumption as much as possible. Under the premise that all sensors can communicate with each other in a specific communication radius, we obtained the relationship among the connectivity, the number of sensor nodes, and the communication radius because of the theory of probability and statistics. The innovation of the paper is to maximize the network connectivity and connectivity probability, by choosing which types of sleeping nodes to wake up. According to the node’s residual energy and the relative value of distance, the algorithm reduces the energy consumption of the whole network as much as possible, and wakes up the number of neighbor nodes as little as possible, to improve the service life of the whole network. Simulation results show that this algorithm combines the connectivity and the energy efficiency, provides a useful reference value for the normal operation of the sensors networks.

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Path Optimization of Mobile Sink Node in Wireless Sensor Network Water Monitoring System

Complexity ◽

10.1155/2019/5781620 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Fan Chao ◽

Zhiqin He ◽

Aiping Pang ◽

Hongbo Zhou ◽

Junjie Ge

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Ant Colony Algorithm ◽

Clustering Algorithm ◽

Mobile Sink ◽

Base Station ◽

Water Monitoring ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Sink Node

In the water area monitoring of the traditional wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the monitoring data are mostly transmitted to the base station through multihop. However, there are many problems in multihop transmission in traditional wireless sensor networks, such as energy hole, uneven energy consumption, unreliable data transmission, and so on. Based on the high maneuverability of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), a mobile data collection scheme is proposed, which uses UAV as a mobile sink node in WSN water monitoring and transmits data wirelessly to collect monitoring node data efficiently and flexibly. In order to further reduce the energy consumption of UAV, the terminal nodes are grouped according to the dynamic clustering algorithm and the nodes with high residual energy in the cluster are selected as cluster head nodes. Then, according to the characteristics of sensor nodes with a certain range of wireless signal coverage, the angular bisection method is introduced on the basis of the traditional ant colony algorithm to plan the path of UAV, which further shortens the length of the mobile path. Finally, the effectiveness and correctness of the method are proved by simulation and experimental tests.

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Energy Efficient Multi-Hop Wireless Sensor Networks with CMIMO-SM Scheme

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.666.322 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 666 ◽

pp. 322-326

Author(s):

Yu Yang Peng ◽

Jae Ho Choi

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Energy Efficient ◽

Optimal Number ◽

Sensor Nodes ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Improve Energy Efficiency ◽

Output System

Energy efficiency is one of the important hot issues in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, a multi-hop scheme based on a cooperative multi-input multi-outputspatial modulation technique is proposed in order to improve energy efficiency in WSN. In this scheme, the sensor nodes are grouped into clusters in order to achieve a multi-input multi-output system; and a simple forwarding transmission scenario is considered so that the intermediate clusters only forward packets originated from the source cluster down to the sink cluster. In order to verify the performance of the proposed system, the bit energy consumption formula is derived and the optimal number of hopsis determined. By qualitative experiments, the obtained results show that the proposed scheme can deliver the data over multiple hops consuming optimal energy consumption per bit.

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