scholarly journals Noncontact Body Temperature Measurement: Uncertainty Evaluation and Screening Decision Rule to Prevent the Spread of COVID-19

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 346
Author(s):  
Giovanni Battista Dell’Isola ◽  
Elena Cosentini ◽  
Laura Canale ◽  
Giorgio Ficco ◽  
Marco Dell’Isola
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Temperature Measurement ◽  
Decision Rule ◽  
The Body ◽  
Threshold Temperature ◽  
Uncertainty Sources ◽  
Screening Protocol ◽  
Body Temperature Measurement ◽  
Measurement Uncertainty Evaluation

The need to measure body temperature contactless and quickly during the COVID-19 pandemic emergency has led to the widespread use of infrared thermometers, thermal imaging cameras and thermal scanners as an alternative to the traditional contact clinical thermometers. However, limits and issues of noncontact temperature measurement devices are not well known and technical–scientific literature itself sometimes provides conflicting reference values on the body and skin temperature of healthy subjects. To limit the risk of contagion, national authorities have set the obligation to measure body temperature of workers at the entrance to the workplace. In this paper, the authors analyze noncontact body temperature measurement issues from both clinical and metrological points of view with the aim to (i) improve body temperature measurements accuracy; (ii) estimate the uncertainty of body temperature measurement on the field; (iii) propose a screening decision rule for the prevention of the spread of COVID-19. The approach adopted in this paper takes into account both the traditional instrumental uncertainty sources and clinical–medical ones related to the subjectivity of the measurand. A proper screening protocol for body temperature measurement considering the role of uncertainty is essential to correctly choose the threshold temperature value and measurement method to access critical places during COVID-19 pandemic emergency.

scholarly journals PSX-13 Correlation between superficial body temperatures measured with an infrared thermometer in alpacas

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 463-464
Author(s):  
jorge L Vilela ◽  
Jorge Ascue ◽  
Milagros Callan ◽  
Gianella Goycochea ◽  
Andrea Jauregui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Temperature Measurement ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Outer Zone ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Infrared Thermometer ◽  
Technological Unit ◽  
Body Temperature Measurement

Abstract The temperature measurement is essential during the physical examination since it helps to detect abnormalities on animal health. In addition, it should be done in the shortest possible time to avoid stress. The objective of this research is to calculate the correlation between rectal temperature and the superficial body temperature by means of a digital infrared thermometer. Ten alpacas huacaya from the center of development Alpaquero (CEDAT-DESCOSUR), located in Arequipa region at 4,365 m.a.s.l, and eight alpacas huacaya of the zootechnical and technological unit (UZYT) of the Universidad Cientifica del Sur, located in Lima at 0 m.a.s.l., were used. Rectal temperature measurement (RECTAL) was done with a veterinary clinical thermometer for one minute. Superficial body temperature measurement was conducted with infrared thermometer model CENTER 350®, at a distance of between 20 to 25 cm. Six measuring points were established by infrared thermometer: the outer zone of the nose (ON), the inner zone of the nose (IN), the extreme zone of ear (EE), middle zone of ear (ME), lower zone of the ear (LE) and the belly of the animal (BE). Rectal temperatures were measured at the same time as superficial body temperatures. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and graphs were calculated using an R software package called “CORRGRAM.” The results are presented in Table 1. Mean and deviation standard for rectal temperature from CEDAT-DESCOSUR and UZYT were 38.03 ± 0.37 and 37.46 ± 0.35 ° C, respectively. The results showed that there is a major correlation between rectal temperature and the temperature of the middle of the ear and the outer zone of the nose. In conclusion, there is a highly significant correlation between rectal temperature and superficial body temperature in some areas of the body, being an alternative option for the prediction of temperature in alpacas.

scholarly journals The Relation of Body Temperature and Vaginal Cytology Examination in Time Artificial Insemination Rate Fat-tailed Sheep (Ovis Aries) in The District Sidoarjo East Java

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 642
Author(s):  
Rhendyka Prasetya Anggriawan ◽  
Suzanita Utama ◽  
Hana Eliyani
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Temperature Measurement ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ovis Aries ◽  
Cotton Swab ◽  
Body Temperature Measurement ◽  
Vaginal Cytology ◽  
Main Determinants

Ewes fertility is one aspect that needs to maximum level. Reproductive performance in sheep livestock in Indonesia has become one of the main determinants of reproductive success. This study has been carried out of the body temperature measurement and sampling of vaginal cytology of 60 fat-tailed sheep before artificial insemination in Sidoarjo East Java. Body temperature measurement is done in the rectum of reported ewes in heat and artificial insemination requested can be determined by observing the condition of the vulva of ewes such as the presence or absence of mucus through the vagina, vulva swollen and reddened vulva mucosa. vaginal cytology sampling with a cotton swab inserted into the vulva ± 15cm of ewes that reported in heat then interpreted by a microscope. The result showed that ewe’s body temperature in 39.1oC-39.2oC has a significant correlation with vaginal cytology type on oestrous phase. Keyword: Ewes, body temperature, vaginal cytology, the district Sidoarjo East Java

scholarly journals Comparison of different methods of temperature measurement in children

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 615-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Momcilo Pavlovic ◽  
Nedeljko Radlovic ◽  
Zoran Lekovic ◽  
Karolina Berenji
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Temperature Measurement ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Small Children ◽  
Pediatric Department ◽  
Body Temperature Measurement ◽  
Mercury Thermometer ◽  
Electronic Thermometer

Introduction The consequences of failing to notice fever in children can be serious. On the other hand, false positive reading can result in unnecessary investigation or diagnostic approach. The aim of this study was to compare different ways of body temperature measurement. Material and methods This prospective study was carried out on Pediatric Department of General Hospital in Subotica during 10 months (March-December 2006). In 263 children aged 1 month to 18 years of age, the body temperature was obtained from 4 measurement sites: tactile assessment, forehead and ear by electronic thermometer, rectal temperature in small children (up to 2 years of age) or axillar temperature in older children by mercury thermometer. Tympanic thermometry was considered as a standard for fever detection. Results The sensitivity of rectal temperature to detect fever is 46.67%, while specificity is 92.19%. The sensitivity of fever detection by electronic thermometry on the forehead is lower according to rectal thermometry - 36.08%, while specificity is 95.18%. The lowest values of sensitivity are recorded in axillar thermometry (35.82%), specificity is 90.20%. The correlation coefficient is higher between tympanic and rectal temperature measurement (r=0.5076, p<0.0005), than between tympanic and forehead measurements (r=0.5076, p<0,0005), while the lowest was between tympanic and axillar measurement sites (r=0.4933, p<0.0005). Conclusions The results of our study and literature data show that the most accurate methods of thermometry are rectal measurement of body temperature in small children and tympanic thermometry in children over 2 years of age.

scholarly journals Apply IOT technology to practice a pandemic prevention body temperature measurement system: A case study of response measures for COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 155014772110181
Author(s):  
Wei-Ling Lin ◽  
Chun-Hung Hsieh ◽  
Tung-Shou Chen ◽  
Jeanne Chen ◽  
Jian-Le Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Temperature Measurement ◽  
Measurement System ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Disease Surveillance System ◽  
Temperature Detection ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Body Temperature Measurement ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Temperature Measurement System

Today, the most serious threat to global health is the continuous outbreak of respiratory diseases, which is called Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought severe challenges to public health and has attracted great attention from the research and medical communities. Most patients infected with COVID-19 will have fever. Therefore, the monitoring of body temperature has become one of the most important basis for pandemic prevention and testing. Among them, the measurement of body temperature is the most direct through the Forehead Thermometer, but the measurement speed is relatively slow. The cost of fast-checking body temperature measurement equipment, such as infrared body temperature detection and face recognition temperature machine, is too high, and it is difficult to build Disease Surveillance System (DSS). To solve the above-mentioned problems, the Intelligent pandemic prevention Temperature Measurement System (ITMS) and Pandemic Prevention situation Analysis System (PPAS) are proposed in this study. ITMS is used to detect body temperature. However, PPAS uses big data analysis techniques to prevent pandemics. In this study, the campus field is used as an example, in which ITMS and PPAS are used. In the research, Proof of Concept (PoC), Proof of Service (PoS), and Proof of Business (PoB) were carried out for the use of ITMS and PPAS in the campus area. From the verification, it can be seen that ITMS and PPAS can be successfully used in campus fields and are widely recognized by users. Through the verification of this research, it can be determined that ITMS and PPAS are indeed feasible and capable of dissemination. The ITMS and PPAS are expected to give full play to their functions during the spread of pandemics. All in all, the results of this research will provide a wide range of applied thinking for people who are committed to the development of science and technology.

Pressure cycles and the water economy of insects

1988 ◽  
Vol 318 (1190) ◽  
pp. 377-407 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
Vapour Phase ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tracheal System ◽  
Water Economy ◽  
Insect Wings ◽  
Pressure Cycle ◽  
Respiratory Gases

Water exchange between insects and their environment via the vapour phase includes influx and efflux components. The pressure cycle theory postulates that insects (and some other arthropods) can regulate the relative rates of influx and efflux of water vapour by modulating hydrostatic pressures at a vapour-liquid interface by compressing or expanding a sealed, gas-filled cavity. Some such cavities, like the tracheal system, could be compressed by elevated pressure in all or part of the haemocoele. Others, perhaps including the muscular rectum of flea prepupae, could be compressed by intrinsic muscles. Maddrell Insect Physiol . 8, 199 (1971)) suggested a pressure cycle mechanism of this kind to account for rectal uptake of water vapour in Thermobia but did not find it compatible with quantitative information then available. Newer evidence conforms better with the proposed mechanism. Cyclical pressure changes are of widespread occurrence in insects and have sometimes been shown to depend on water status. Evidence is reviewed for the role of the tracheal system as an avenue for net exchange of water between the insect and its environment. Because water and respiratory gases share common pathways, most published findings fail to distinguish between the conventional view that the tracheal system has evolved as a site for distribution and exchange of respiratory gases and that any water exchange occurring in it is generally incidental and nonadaptive, and the theory proposed here. The pressure cycle theory offers a supplementary explanation not incompatible with evidence so far available. The relative importance of water economy and respiratory exchange in the functioning of compressible cavities such as the tracheal system remains to be explored. Some further implications of the pressure cycle theory are discussed. Consideration is given to the possible involvement of vapour-phase transport in the internal redistribution of water within the body. It is suggested that some insect wings may constitute internal vapour-liquid exchange sites, where water can move from the body fluids to the intratracheal gas. Ambient and body temperature must influence rates of vapour-liquid mass transfer. If elevated body temperature promotes evaporative discharge of the metabolic water burden that has been shown to accumulate during flight in some large insects, their minimum threshold thoracic temperature for sustained flight may relate to the maintenance of water balance. The role of water economy in the early evolution of insect wings is considered. Pressure cycles might help to maintain water balance in surface-breathing insects living in fresh and saline waters, but the turbulence of the surface of the open sea might prevent truly marine forms from using this mechanism.

Rancang Bangun Pengukur Suhu Tubuh Dengan Multi Sensor Untuk Mencegah Penyebaran Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-549
Author(s):  
Helmy Yudhistira Putra ◽  
Utomo Budiyanto
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Temperature Measurement ◽  
Temperature Sensor ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Heat Measurement ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Door Lock ◽  
Body Heat

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the price of preventive equipment such as masks and hand sanitizers has increased significantly. Likewise, thermometers are experiencing an increase and scarcity, this tool is also sought after by many companies for screening employees and guests before entering the building to detect body temperatures that are suspected of being positive for COVID-19. The use of a thermometer operated by humans is very risky because dealing directly with people who could be ODP (People Under Monitoring/Suscpected ) or even positive for COVID-19, therefore we need tools for automatic body temperature screening and do not involve humans for the examination. This research uses the MLX-90614 body temperature sensor equipped with an ultrasonic support sensor to detect movement and measure the distance between the forehead and the temperature sensor so that the body heat measurement works optimally, and a 16x2 LCD to display the temperature measurement results. If the measured body temperature is more than 37.5 ° C degrees Celsius then the buzzer will turn on and the selenoid door lock will not open and will send a notification to the Telegram messaging application. The final result obtained is the formation of a prototype device for measuring body temperature automatically without the need to involve humans in measuring body temperature to control people who want to enter the building so as to reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission

scholarly journals Design of Fixed-Wing and Multi-Copter Hybrid Drone System for Human Body Temperature Measurement during COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Zayed Almheiri ◽  
Rawan Aleid ◽  
Sharul Sham Dol
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Temperature Measurement ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Equivalent Strain ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Drag Forces ◽  
Human Body Temperature ◽  
Body Temperature Measurement ◽  
Lift And Drag

The purpose of this research is to conduct aerodynamics study and design a hybrid drone system of fixed-wing and multi-copter. The mission of this drone is to measure human body temperature during COVID19 pandemic. The specific aim of the drone is to fly and cover larger industrial areas roughly about 50 km2 with longer flying time than the conventional drone, of about 1.5 hours. The applications of the simulation software such as XFLR5 and ANSYS have a big impact in identifying areas that need to be improved for the drone system. XFLR5 software was used to compare the characteristics of different airfoils with highest lift over drag, L/D ratio. Based on the airfoil selection, it was found that NACA 4412 airfoil produces the highest L/D ratio. The detailed geometry of the drone system includes a fuselage length of 1.9 meters and wingspan of 2 meters. Moreover, 10 sheets of solar panels were placed along the wing for sustainable flight operation to cover wider areas of mission. The structural analysis was done on ANSYS to test the elastic stress, equivalent strain, deformation, factor of safety pressure as well as lift and drag forces under various operational conditions and payloads. The landing gear was analyzed for harsh landing. ANSYS Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was utilized to study the aerodynamics of the drone at different parameters such as the velocities and angles of attack during the operation. This design ensures the stability of the drone during the temperature measurement phase. The best thermal-imaging camera for such purpose would be the Vue Pro R 336, 45° radiometric drone thermal camera with a resolution of 640 x 512 pixels. This camera has the advantage of a permanent continuous out focus that give the ability of taking measurements even if there was changing on the altitude or any kind of vibrations.

scholarly journals Real-World Evidence: The Low Validity of Temperature Screening for COVID-19 Triage

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdan C. Pană ◽  
Henrique Lopes ◽  
Florentina Furtunescu ◽  
Diogo Franco ◽  
Anca Rapcea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Test ◽  
Travel History ◽  
Transplant Patients ◽  
Real World Evidence ◽  
False Sense ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Body Temperature Measurement ◽  
Chain Reaction Test

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic forced health-related organizations to rapidly launch country-wide procedures that were easy to use and inexpensive. Body temperature measurement with non-contact infrared thermometers (NCITs) is among the most common procedures, both in hospital settings and in many other entities. However, practical hospital experiences have raised great doubts about the procedure's validity.Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the validity of the body temperature measured using NCITs among oncological and transplant patients who took the polymerase chain reaction test for SARS-Cov-2 PCR+ and PCR- in a Romanian Hospital.Methods: Body temperature was measured for 5,231 inpatients using NCITs. The cutoff point for fever was equal to or above 37.3°C. Patients then completed a questionnaire about their symptoms, contact, and travel history.Findings: Fever was detected in five of 53 persons with PCR+, resulting in a sensitivity of 9.43% (95% CI, 3.13–20.66%). No fever was verified in 5,131 of 5,171 persons with PCR-, resulting in a specificity of 99.15% (95% CI, 98.86–99.38%). A defensive vision of NCIT procedure (maximum standard error only in favor) had a sensitivity of 15.09% (95% CI, 6.75–27.59%).Conclusions: The use of NCITs in a triage provides little value for detection of COVID-19. Moreover, it provides a false sense of protection against the disease while possibly discriminating individuals that could present fever due to other reasons, such as oncologic treatments, where fever is a common therapeutical consequence. The consumption of qualified human resources should be considered, especially in the context of the shortage of healthcare professionals worldwide.

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