scholarly journals Validity, Reliability and Sensitivity to Change of Three Consumer-Grade Activity Trackers in Controlled and Free-Living Conditions among Older Adults

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 6245
Author(s):  
Kaja Kastelic ◽  
Marina Dobnik ◽  
Stefan Löfler ◽  
Christian Hofer ◽  
Nejc Šarabon
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Sensitivity To Change ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Step Counts ◽  
Activity Trackers ◽  
Free Living Conditions

Wrist-worn consumer-grade activity trackers are popular devices, developed mainly for personal use. This study aimed to explore the validity, reliability and sensitivity to change of movement behaviors metrics from three activity trackers (Polar Vantage M, Garmin Vivoactive 4s and Garmin Vivosport) in controlled and free-living conditions when worn by older adults. Participants (n = 28; 74 ± 5 years) underwent a videotaped laboratory protocol while wearing all three trackers. On a separate occasion, participants (n = 17 for each of the trackers) wore one (randomly assigned) tracker and a research-grade activity monitor ActiGraph wGT3X-BT simultaneously for six consecutive days. Both Garmin trackers showed excellent performance for step counts, with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) below 20% and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1) above 0.90 (p < 0.05). The MAPE for sleep time was within 10% for all the trackers tested, while it was far beyond 20% for all other movement behaviors metrics. The results suggested that all three trackers could be used for measuring sleep time with a high level of accuracy, and both Garmin trackers could also be used for step counts. All other output metrics should be used with caution. The results provided in this study could be used to guide choice on activity trackers aiming for different purposes—individual use, longitudinal monitoring or in clinical trial setting.

Validity, Reliability and Sensitivity to Change of Three Consumer-grade Activity Trackers in Controlled and Free-living Conditions among Older Adults (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaja Kastelic ◽  
Marina Dobnik ◽  
Stefan Loefler ◽  
Christian Hofer ◽  
Nejc Šarabon
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Sensitivity To Change ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Activity Trackers ◽  
Free Living Conditions

BACKGROUND Wrist worn consumer-grade activity trackers are popular devices, developed mainly for personal use, but with the potential to be used also for clinical and research purposes. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to explore the validity, reliability and sensitivity to change of movement behaviours metrics from three popular activity trackers (POLAR Vantage M, Garmin Vivosport and Garmin Vivoactive 4s) in controlled and free-living conditions when worn by older adults. METHODS Participants (n = 28; 74 ± 5 years) underwent a videotaped laboratory protocol while wearing all three activity trackers. On a separate occasion, participants wore one (randomly assigned) activity tracker and a research grade physical activity monitor ActiGraph wGT3X-BT simultaneously for six consecutive days for comparisons. RESULTS Both Garmin activity trackers showed excellent performance for step counts, with mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) below 20 % and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1) above 0.90 (P < .05), while Polar Vantage M substantially over counted steps (MAPE = 84 % and ICC2,1 = 0.37 for free-living conditions). MAPE for sleep time was within 10 % for all the trackers tested, while far beyond 20 % for all the physical activity and calories burned outputs. Both Garmin trackers showed fair agreement (ICC2,1 = 0.58–0.55) for measuring calories burned when compared with ActiGraph. CONCLUSIONS Garmin Vivoactive 4s showed overall best performance, especially for measuring steps and sleep time in healthy older adults. Minimal detectible change was consistently lower for an average day measures than for a single day measure, but still relatively high. The results provided in this study could be used to guide choice on activity trackers aiming for different purposes – individual use/care, longitudinal monitoring or in clinical trial setting.

scholarly journals Comparison of Energy Expenditure Assessed Using Wrist- and Hip-Worn ActiGraph GT3X in Free-Living Conditions in Young and Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amine Guediri ◽  
Louise Robin ◽  
Justine Lacroix ◽  
Timothee Aubourg ◽  
Nicolas Vuillerme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Activity Trackers ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Free Living Conditions

The World Health Organization has presented their recommendations for energy expenditure to improve public health. Activity trackers do represent a modern solution for measuring physical activity, particularly in terms of steps/day and energy expended in physical activity (active energy expenditure). According to the manufacturer's instructions, these activity trackers can be placed on different body locations, mostly at the wrist and the hip, in an undifferentiated manner. The objective of this study was to compare the absolute error rate of active energy expenditure measured by a wrist-worn and hip-worn ActiGraph GT3X+ over a 24-h period in free-living conditions in young and older adults. Over the period of a 24-h period, 22 young adults and 22 older adults were asked to wear two ActiGraph GT3X+ at two different body locations recommended by the manufacturer, namely one around the wrist and one above the hip. Freedson algorithm was applied for data analysis. For both groups, the absolute error rate tended to decrease from 1,252 to 43% for older adults and from 408 to 46% for young participants with higher energy expenditure. Interestingly, for both young and older adults, the wrist-worn ActiGraph provided a significantly higher values of active energy expenditure (943 ± 264 cal/min) than the hip-worn (288 ± 181 cal/min). Taken together, these results suggest that caution is needed when using active energy expenditure as an activity tracker-based metric to quantify physical activity.

scholarly journals The Choice of Pedometer Impacts on Daily Step Counts in Primary School Children under Free-Living Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (22) ◽  
pp. 4375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiaki Tanaka ◽  
Yuki Hikihara ◽  
Shigeru Inoue ◽  
Shigeho Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
School Children ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Daily Step ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Step Counts ◽  
Free Living Conditions

Background: We examined whether daily step counts under free-living conditions differed among four types of pedometers used by primary school children. Methods: In Study one, we compared the Yamax SW-200 (widely used in research) and the Kenz Lifecorder (accelerometer-based pedometer) in 30 children (6–12 years). In Study two, after confirming good correlation between these devices, we used Kenz Lifecorder as the criterion device and compared it with the Yamasa EX-200 (pants pocket-type pedometer) and the Omron Active style Pro (accelerometer-based pedometer) among 48 (7–12 years) or 108 children (7–12 years). Results: In Study one, comparable mean step counts between pedometers were observed. The correlation was strong (r = 0.91); the average difference between these two pedometers was +4.5%. In Study two, the average differences between Kenz Lifecorder and Yamasa EX-200 and Kenz Lifecorder and Omron Active style Pro were −7.9% and −18.2%, respectively, and those were not significantly equivalent according to the two one-sided-tests method. The correlations between Yamasa or Omron Active style Pro and Lifecorder were moderate and strong, respectively. Conclusions: The choice of pedometer had a substantial impact on step counts. A consensus on the appropriate pedometer for quantifying daily step counts is needed for evidence-based recommendations for health promotion.

Concurrent Validity of Wearable Activity Trackers Under Free-Living Conditions

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 1097-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Skyler M. Brooke ◽  
Hyun-Sung An ◽  
Seoung-Ki Kang ◽  
John M. Noble ◽  
Kris E. Berg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Concurrent Validity ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Activity Trackers ◽  
Wearable Activity Trackers ◽  
Free Living Conditions

scholarly journals Validation of the Fitbit Charge 2 compared to the ActiGraph GT3X+ in older adults with knee osteoarthritis in free-living conditions

PLoS ONE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. e0211231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie E. Collins ◽  
Heidi Y. Yang ◽  
Taylor P. Trentadue ◽  
Yusi Gong ◽  
Elena Losina
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Knee Osteoarthritis ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Free Living Conditions

scholarly journals Effect of the Intake of a Snack Containing Dietary Fiber on Postprandial Glucose Levels

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1500
Author(s):  
Hyeon-Ki Kim ◽  
Takuya Nanba ◽  
Mamiho Ozaki ◽  
Hanako Chijiki ◽  
Masaki Takahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Fiber Content ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Free Living Conditions

To examine the effects of the intake of a snack containing dietary fiber under free-living conditions on postprandial glucose levels in older adults, nine healthy older adults aged 76.9 ± 1.6 years (mean ± standard error) completed two crossover trials: 1) regular snack (BISCUIT) intake and 2) intake of snacks with a high dietary fiber content (DF-BISCUIT). In both trials, each participant consumed either BISCUIT or DF-BISCUIT between lunch and dinner time for 1 week. During the intervention, the blood glucose levels of all the subjects were observed using a continuous glucose monitoring system. Lower 24 h blood glucose levels were yielded in the DF-BISCUIT than the BISCUIT trials. Moreover, compared to the BISCUIT trials, the blood glucose levels after dinner and areas under the curve (AUCs) were significantly decreased in the DF-BISCUIT treatments. The blood glucose levels and AUCs after the intake of the next day’s breakfast were suppressed in the DF-BISCUIT treatments compared to those in the BISCUIT trials. Our data indicate that the intake of snacks with a high dietary fiber content under free-living conditions is an effective way to restrain postprandial glucose levels and that the effect lasts until breakfast the next day.

scholarly journals Validity Evaluation of the Fitbit Charge2 and the Garmin vivosmart HR+ in Free-Living Environments in an Older Adult Cohort (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore Tedesco ◽  
Marco Sica ◽  
Andrea Ancillao ◽  
Suzanne Timmons ◽  
John Barton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Activity Trackers ◽  
Sleep Parameters ◽  
Highly Correlated

BACKGROUND Few studies have investigated the validity of mainstream wrist-based activity trackers in healthy older adults in real life, as opposed to laboratory settings. OBJECTIVE This study explored the performance of two wrist-worn trackers (Fitbit Charge 2 and Garmin vivosmart HR+) in estimating steps, energy expenditure, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) levels, and sleep parameters (total sleep time [TST] and wake after sleep onset [WASO]) against gold-standard technologies in a cohort of healthy older adults in a free-living environment. METHODS Overall, 20 participants (>65 years) took part in the study. The devices were worn by the participants for 24 hours, and the results were compared against validated technology (ActiGraph and New-Lifestyles NL-2000i). Mean error, mean percentage error (MPE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), intraclass correlation (ICC), and Bland-Altman plots were computed for all the parameters considered. RESULTS For step counting, all trackers were highly correlated with one another (ICCs>0.89). Although the Fitbit tended to overcount steps (MPE=12.36%), the Garmin and ActiGraph undercounted (MPE 9.36% and 11.53%, respectively). The Garmin had poor ICC values when energy expenditure was compared against the criterion. The Fitbit had moderate-to-good ICCs in comparison to the other activity trackers, and showed the best results (MAPE=12.25%), although it underestimated calories burned. For MVPA levels estimation, the wristband trackers were highly correlated (ICC=0.96); however, they were moderately correlated against the criterion and they overestimated MVPA activity minutes. For the sleep parameters, the ICCs were poor for all cases, except when comparing the Fitbit with the criterion, which showed moderate agreement. The TST was slightly overestimated with the Fitbit, although it provided good results with an average MAPE equal to 10.13%. Conversely, WASO estimation was poorer and was overestimated by the Fitbit but underestimated by the Garmin. Again, the Fitbit was the most accurate, with an average MAPE of 49.7%. CONCLUSIONS The tested well-known devices could be adopted to estimate steps, energy expenditure, and sleep duration with an acceptable level of accuracy in the population of interest, although clinicians should be cautious in considering other parameters for clinical and research purposes.

scholarly journals Your Physical Activity Is in Your Hand—Objective Activity Tracking Among University Students in Hungary, One of the Most Obese Countries in Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gergely Ráthonyi ◽  
Viktor Takács ◽  
Róbert Szilágyi ◽  
Éva Bácsné Bába ◽  
Anetta Müller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
University Students ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Commercial Activity ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Activity Trackers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Free Living Conditions

Inadequate physical activity is currently one of the leading risk factors for mortality worldwide. University students are a high-risk group in terms of rates of obesity and lack of physical activity. In recent years, activity trackers have become increasingly popular for measuring physical activity. The aim of the present study is to examine whether university students in Hungary meet the health recommendations (10,000 steps/day) for physical activity and investigate the impact of different variables (semester-exam period, days-weekdays, days, months, sex) on the level of physical activity in free-living conditions for 3 months period. In free-living conditions, 57 healthy university students (male: 25 female: 32 mean age: 19.50 SD = 1.58) wore MiBand 1S activity tracker for 3 months. Independent sample t-tests were used to explore differences between sexes. A One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to explore differences in measures among different grouping variables and step count. A Two-way ANOVA was conducted to test for differences in the number of steps by days of the week, months, seasons and for sex differences. Tukey HSD post-hoc tests were used to examine significant differences. Students in the study achieved 10,000 steps per day on 17% of days (minimum: 0%; maximum: 76.5%; median: 11.1%). Unfortunately, 70% of the participants did not comply the 10,000 steps at least 80% of the days studied. No statistical difference were found between sexes. However, significant differences were found between BMI categories (underweight &lt;18.50 kg/m2; normal range 18.50–24.99 kg/m2; overweight: 25.00–29.99 kg/m2 obese &gt; 30 kg/m2, the number of steps in the overweight category was significantly lower (F = 72.073, p &lt; 0.001). The average daily steps were significantly higher in autumn (t = 11.457, p &lt; 0.001) than in winter. During exam period average steps/day were significantly lower than during fall semester (t = 13.696, p &lt; 0.001). On weekdays, steps were significantly higher than on weekends (F = 14.017, p &lt; 0.001), and even within this, the greatest physical activity can be done by the middle of the week. Our data suggest that university students may be priority groups for future physical activity interventions. Commercial activity trackers provide huge amount of data for relatively low cost therefore it has the potential to objectively analyze physical activity and plan interventions.

scholarly journals Optimization and Validation of an Adjustable Activity Classification Algorithm for Assessment of Physical Behavior in Elderly

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (24) ◽  
pp. 5344
Author(s):  
Wouter Bijnens ◽  
Jos Aarts ◽  
An Stevens ◽  
Darcy Ummels ◽  
Kenneth Meijer
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Classification Algorithm ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Activity Classification ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Algorithm Performance ◽  
Free Living Conditions

Due to a lack of transparency in both algorithm and validation methodology, it is difficult for researchers and clinicians to select the appropriate tracker for their application. The aim of this work is to transparently present an adjustable physical activity classification algorithm that discriminates between dynamic, standing, and sedentary behavior. By means of easily adjustable parameters, the algorithm performance can be optimized for applications using different target populations and locations for tracker wear. Concerning an elderly target population with a tracker worn on the upper leg, the algorithm is optimized and validated under simulated free-living conditions. The fixed activity protocol (FAP) is performed by 20 participants; the simulated free-living protocol (SFP) involves another 20. Data segmentation window size and amount of physical activity threshold are optimized. The sensor orientation threshold does not vary. The validation of the algorithm is performed on 10 participants who perform the FAP and on 10 participants who perform the SFP. Percentage error (PE) and absolute percentage error (APE) are used to assess the algorithm performance. Standing and sedentary behavior are classified within acceptable limits (±10% error) both under fixed and simulated free-living conditions. Dynamic behavior is within acceptable limits under fixed conditions but has some limitations under simulated free-living conditions. We propose that this approach should be adopted by developers of activity trackers to facilitate the activity tracker selection process for researchers and clinicians. Furthermore, we are convinced that the adjustable algorithm potentially could contribute to the fast realization of new applications.

A moderate dose of caffeine ingestion does not change energy expenditure but decreases sleep time in physically active males: a double-blind randomized controlled trial

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro B. Júdice ◽  
João P. Magalhães ◽  
Diana A. Santos ◽  
Catarina N. Matias ◽  
Ana Isabel Carita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Moderate Dose ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Free Living Conditions

Research on the effect of caffeine on energy expenditure (EE), physical activity (PA), and total sleep time (TST) during free-living conditions using objective measures is scarce. We aimed to determine the impact of a moderate dose of caffeine on TST, resting EE (REE), physical activity EE (PAEE), total EE (TEE), and daily time spent in sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous intensity activities in a 4-day period and the acute effects on heart rate (HR) and EE in physically active males. Using a double-blind crossover trial (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT01477294) with two conditions (4 days each with 3-day washout) randomly ordered as caffeine (5 mg/kg of body mass/day) and placebo (maltodextrin) administered twice per day (2.5 mg/kg), 30 nonsmoker males, low-caffeine users (<100 mg/day), aged 20–39, were followed. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. PA was assessed by accelerometry, while a combined HR and movement sensor estimated EE and HR on the second hour after the first administration dose. REE was assessed by indirect calorimetry, and PAEE was calculated as [TEE − (REE + 0.1TEE)]. TST and daily food records were obtained. Repeated measures ANOVA and ANCOVA were used. After a 4-day period, adjusting for fat-free mass, PAEE, and REE, TST was reduced (p = 0.022) under caffeine intake, while no differences were found between conditions for REE, PAEE, TEE, and PA patterns. Also, no acute effects on HR and EE were found between conditions. Though a large individual variability was observed, our findings revealed no acute or long-term effects of caffeine on EE and PA but decreased TST during free-living conditions in healthy males.

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