scholarly journals Military Service and Offending Behaviors of Emerging Adults: A Conceptual Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Christopher Salvatore ◽  
Travis Taniguchi
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Past Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Criminological Theory ◽  
Military Life ◽  
The Impact

Focusing on the United States, this paper examines the impact of military service for the cohort of individuals that have experienced the social factors that characterize emerging adulthood as a unique stage in the life course. We argue that military service, as a turning point, may act differently in contemporary times compared to findings from past research. This difference is driven by changes in military service, the draft versus volunteer military service, and the prevalence of emerging adulthood. As a background, we describe emerging adulthood, examine how emerging adulthood relates to crime and deviance, explore the impact of military life on young adults, provide an overview of the demographics of military service, discuss the influence and outcomes of military life on young adults, and explore existing research linking military service and deviant and criminal behavior. We develop a theoretical model of the relationship between military service and emerging adulthood and explore the impact on criminological theory and policy.

Abstract 17019: Obesity and Cardiovascular Health in Young American Adults

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarabjeet S Suri ◽  
Vibhu Parcha ◽  
Rajat Kalra ◽  
Garima Arora ◽  
Pankaj Arora
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Piecewise Linear ◽  
The United States ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Adjusted Logistic Regression ◽  
The Impact

Background: The growing epidemic of obesity in the United States (US) is associated with cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. We evaluated the impact of the increasing obesity prevalence on the CV health of young American adults. Methods: The age-adjusted weighted prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia was estimated from the 2008-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in American adults aged 18-44 years, stratified by the presence of obesity. The trends were evaluated using a piecewise linear regression approach. The odds for CV risk factors were estimated using multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models. Results: Among 14,919 young adults, the prevalence of obesity was 33.9% (95% CI: 32.6-35.3%). Obese young adults were more likely to be non-Hispanic Blacks and in lower socioeconomic and educational attainment strata (p<0.05 for all). Obese young adults had a greater risk of having hypertension (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 3.0 [95% CI: 2.7-3.4]), diabetes (aOR: 4.3 [95% CI: 3.3-5.6]), and hyperlipidemia (aOR: 1.47 [95% CI: 1.3-1.7]). Among obese, hypertension increased from 36.5% (33.9-39.1%) in 2007-2010 to 39.4% (35.6-43.1%) in 2015-2018 (p= 0.07) and diabetes increased from 4.7% (3.6-5.8%) in 2007-2010 to 7.1% (5.3-9.0%) in 2015-2018 (p=0.11). A modest increase in diabetes was seen in non-obese individuals ( Table ). Hypercholesterolemia prevalence remained unchanged from 12.6% (95% CI: 10.6-14.7%) 2007-2010 to 10.9% (95% CI: 9.0-12.8%) in 2015-2018 (p=0.27) among obese young adults. Non-obese young adults showed a decline in hypercholesterolemia from 9.5% (95% CI: 8.0-11.0%) in 2007- 2010 to 7.1% (95% CI: 5.8-8.4%) in 2015-2018 (p=0.002). Conclusions: Nearly one-in-every three young American adults have obesity, which is accompanied by a two-fold higher prevalence of CV risk factors. The CV morbidity in young adults is expected to increase with an increasing prevalence of obesity..

scholarly journals PERIACETABULAR OSTEOTOMY IN ACTIVE DUTY U.S. MILITARY PERSONNEL: A SINGLE CENTER’S EXPERIENCE WITH A MINIMUM OF TWO YEARS FOLLOW-UP

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4_suppl3) ◽  
pp. 2325967120S0014
Author(s):  
Andrew S. Murtha ◽  
Matthew R. Schmitz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Periacetabular Osteotomy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Active Duty ◽  
Service Members ◽  
Military Service Members ◽  
Active Service ◽  
The Impact

Background: The primary focus of periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) literature has been survivorship until hip arthroplasty. This endpoint overlooks its impact on young, active patients. Hypothesis/Purpose: This study sought to assess the impact of the PAO on the careers of active duty members of the United States Armed Forces. Methods: A retrospective review identified 38 patients who underwent PAO performed by a single surgeon at an academic, military medical center from January 2014 through April 2017. Twenty-one of the patients were active duty United States military service members (16 female, 5 male) and had a minimum 28 months of post-operative follow-up at the time of review. Preoperative and postoperative duty restrictions were noted and referrals to the U.S Army and U.S. Air Force Medical Evaluation Boards (MEB) were queried. Results: The average age at surgery was 25.6 years (range, 19-40y). Preoperatively, sixteen patients (94.1%) were on duty restrictions, one had been referred to the MEB, and records were not available on three patients who separated from the military prior to review. Average follow-up was 3.4 years (range, 2.3 – 5.4y). Among the patients without a preoperative MEB referral, 85.0% remained on active duty (n = 12) or completed their military service commitment (n=5). Of the fourteen patients with temporary duty restrictions preoperatively, 35.7% (n=5) were relieved of their restrictions and returned to full duty and 50% (n=7) were retained on active service with permanent duty restrictions. Such permanent duty restrictions typically consisted of modifications to the aerobic component of the semiannual military fitness testing. Six patients (28.6%) were referred to the MEB including one who was referred prior to PAO. Of these patients, two were deemed fit to retain on active service with permanent duty restrictions, two were medically separated for non-hip conditions, and two were medically separated for a hip condition. The average Veteran Affairs (VA) disability score related to hip pathology in patients referred to MEB was 16% (range 0-40%). Conclusion: This is the first study to look at the PAO in active duty military service members. In patients with symptomatic acetabular dysplasia, PAO may provide an opportunity to relieve preoperative duty restrictions and allow for continued military service. Further study with the inclusion of patient reported outcomes are necessary assess the impact of the procedure in this active patient population.

A Citizen's View of the Impact of Crime

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-332
Author(s):  
Julia D. Stuart
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
The United States ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Corrosive Effect ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Direct Encounter ◽  
The Impact

What is the impact of crime on the average individual in this country? What is the impact of the fear of crime on the quality of life in the United States? These questions are addressed in this article not from the point of view of an expert, or of an official in the criminal justice system, or of a victim of crime, but from that of an average person whose experience has included no direct encounter with crime of any kind. Those who have been victims of crime and those affected even indirectly by criminal behavior will react, naturally, with predictable concern; crime also has discernible effects on the attitudes and behavior of people generally, and this impact in turn has a corrosive effect on the quality of life in America.

The Impact of Military Service in World War I on Africans: the Nandi of Kenya

1978 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis J. Greenstein
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Military Service ◽  
The United States ◽  
Veterans Administration ◽  
World War ◽  
Civilian Life ◽  
Popular Films ◽  
The Impact

It is widely believed that old soldiers are a problem. At least since the beginning of this century, western governments have been concerned with the issue of ‘helping’ veterans to readjust to civilian life upon their return from campaigning. It is assumed that these men would, if left to their own devices, find it difficult or impossible to ‘pick up from where they had left off’, and might, therefore, become a subversive element in the general population. Hence, one of the largest bureaucracies in the United States is the Veterans Administration which is charged with fitting ex-soldiers back into society. To a certain extent the concerns over whether they would be satisfied after their demobilisation have proved to be justified. The dislocations experienced by returned American servicemen after World War II were illustrated by popular films like ‘The Best Years of Our Lives’. More recently, the American press paid considerable attention to the rôle of the black veterans of Vietnam in the violence which destroyed much of Newark, Detroit, and Watts in the late 1960s.

Handbook of Military and Veteran Suicide

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
National Guard ◽  
Psychological Trauma ◽  
The United States ◽  
Active Duty ◽  
Service Members ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
The Impact

There are approximately 30,000 suicides in the United States each year. Over 20% of these suicides are completed by active duty service members and military veterans. Experts in the field of military suicide collaboratively contributed to this textbook to summarize the current state of research on this important topic. The text encompasses various themes; it defines the scope of the problem, outlines current methods for screening and assessing suicide risk, summarizes both evidence-based treatments and risk management techniques, and describes current suicide prevention efforts. Specific topics among such themes explore the effect of psychological trauma, traumatic brain injury, and the impact of military culture on suicide risk. In addition, the text provides an overview of suicide efforts targeted for special population veteran and active duty service members, such as the Army National Guard and Special Operations Forces. Ethical considerations, challenges of research, as well as future directions are highlighted to provide the reader with a critical analysis of military and veteran suicide research. The information provided herein is ideal for care providers such as physicians, psychologists, and mental health professionals—as well as academics whose work involves military service members and veterans.

scholarly journals Are Young US Adults Meeting the National Academy of Medicine Recommendations for Adequate Water Intakes? Analyses of NHANES 2011–16 Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 159-159
Author(s):  
Pamela Barrios ◽  
Florent Vieux ◽  
Matthieu Maillot ◽  
Colin Rehm ◽  
Adam Drewnowski
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Family Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Adequate Hydration ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hispanic White

Abstract Objectives Young US adults consume inadequate amounts of recommended food groups, including fruit, vegetables, and whole grains but little is known about their fluid consumption. The present study aimed to evaluate if this population is meeting the recommendations for adequate fluid intake issued by National Academy of Medicine (NAM). Methods Beverage consumption data for 2160 adults aged 18–24y came from two 24 h dietary recalls in the three most recent cycles of the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2011–16). Water intakes (in mL/d) from drinking water, other beverages and moisture from foods were analyzed in relation to the current NAM Adequate Intake (AI) thresholds (3700 mL/d for males and 2700 mL/d for females). The proportion of young adults adhering to the AIs for total water intake was assessed using the National Cancer Institute method for estimating usual intake distributions. Additional analyses examined adherence by gender, income-to-poverty ratio and race/ethnicity. Results Mean water intakes were 2713 mL/d (3003 mL/d for men and 2382 mL/d for women). Of total water, 1191 mL/d (44%) came from drinking water, tap and bottled; 947 mL/d (35%) from non-water beverages; and 575 mL/d (21%) from foods. Only 35.3% of young adults met the AI recommendations. Female young adults were significantly more likely to meet the recommendations than males (37.8% vs. 29.6%; P = 0.04). Compared to the other race/ethnicity groups, non-Hispanic white young adults were most likely to meet recommendations (41.5%). Compared to non-Hispanic white young adults, non-Hispanic black young adults were least likely (18.7%, P &lt; 0.001) to meet recommendations. Mexican-American (29.3%) and other Hispanic young adults (32.3%, P &lt; 0.05 for each) were also less likely to meet recommendations when compared to non-Hispanic white young adults. No significant effects by family income were observed. Conclusions Less than half of all young adults and only 18.7% of non-Hispanic Black young adults met the AI recommendations for water. Understanding the reasons for the high proportion of young adults failing to meet recommendations should be the subject of future research. Given the impact of habitual fluid intake on health outcomes, adequate hydration among young adults remains a cause for concern. Funding Sources Data analyses were sponsored by PepsiCo Inc.

Examining the Impact of Question Construction on Reporting of Sexual Identity: Survey Experiment among Young Adults (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J Young ◽  
Michelle Bover Manderski ◽  
Ollie Ganz ◽  
Cristine D Delnevo ◽  
Mary Hrywna
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Sexual Identity ◽  
Sexual Minorities ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Sexual Identities ◽  
And Bisexual ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND Compared to heterosexuals, sexual minorities in the United States experience a higher incidence of negative physical and mental health outcomes. However, a variety of measurement challenges limit researchers’ ability to conduct meaningful survey research to understand these disparities. Many national health surveys only offer respondents three substantive options for reporting their sexual identities (straight/heterosexual, gay or lesbian, and bisexual) despite the prevalence of additional identities, which could lead to measurement error via misreporting and item non-response. OBJECTIVE This study compared the traditional three-option approach to measuring sexual identity with an expanded approach that offered respondents five additional options. METHODS An online survey experiment conducted among New Jersey residents between March and June 2021 randomly assigned 1,258 young adults (ages 18-21) to answer either the three-response measure of sexual identity or the expanded item. Response distributions for each measure were compared as were the odds of item non-response. RESULTS The expanded version of the question appeared to result in more accurate reporting among some subgroups and induced less item non-response. Twelve percent of participants answering the expanded version of the question selected a response that was not available in the shorter version. Females answering the expanded item were less likely to identify as gay or lesbian (2% vs.7%). Females and Non-Hispanic whites were slightly more likely to skip the shorter item (1% vs. 0%). Five percent of respondents answering the longer item were unsure of their sexual identity (a similar option was not available in the shorter version). Compared to respondents answering the longer version of the question, those answering the shorter version had substantially greater odds of skipping the question altogether (Odds Ratio 9.57, 95% CI 1.21-75.73, P=.03). CONCLUSIONS Results favor the use of a longer, more detailed approach to measuring sexual identity in epidemiological research. Such a measure will likely allow researchers to produce more accurate estimates of health behaviors and outcomes among sexual minorities.

Social Media Use and Substance Use During Emerging Adulthood

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 364-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine McCauley Ohannessian ◽  
Anna Vannucci ◽  
Kaitlin M. Flannery ◽  
Sarosh Khan
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Media Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Social Media Use ◽  
Problematic Alcohol Use

This study examined the relationship between daily time spent using social media and substance use in a national sample of 563 emerging adults from the United States (18- to 22-year-olds, 50% female, 63% non-Hispanic White). Results revealed that males reported more social media use and more substance use in comparison to females. In addition, greater daily social media use was related to more alcohol consumption, more problematic alcohol use, and more frequent drug use. A significant gender × social media use interaction was also observed for drug use, revealing that greater daily social media use was significantly related to more frequent drug use for females but not for males. Results from this study emphasize the importance of considering different types of social media in relation to substance use and abuse during emerging adulthood and the need to examine these relations by gender.

scholarly journals The Influence of Emerging Adulthood on the Risky and Dangerous Behaviors of LGBT Populations

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
Christopher Salvatore ◽  
Tarika Daftary-Kapur
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Turning Points ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Lgbt Populations ◽  
Dangerous Behaviors ◽  
The Relationship

During emerging adulthood, traditional social bonds and turning points may be delayed, not present, or may not work in the same manner as they had for prior generations, leading many to engage in risky and dangerous behaviors. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgendered emerging adults may be at particular risk for engaging in risky and dangerous behavior during emerging adulthood due to the lack of social bonds, reaching of turning points, as well as the historic stigmatization of these populations. Focusing on LGBT populations in the United States, the influence of emerging adulthood on risky and dangerous behaviors is presented; a theoretical examination of the relationship between LGBT populations and risky and dangerous behaviors is provided; the influence of emerging adulthood on LGBT populations is explored; research on the role of emerging adulthoods influence on the risky and dangerous behaviors of LGBT populations is presented; and theoretical and policy implications are offered.

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