scholarly journals Restoration of ‘Āina Malo‘o on Hawai‘i Island: Expanding Biocultural Relationships

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noa Lincoln ◽  
Jack Rossen ◽  
Peter Vitousek ◽  
Jesse Kahoonei ◽  
Dana Shapiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
European Contact ◽  
Political Landscape ◽  
Traditional Agricultural Practices ◽  
Hawaiian Culture ◽  
High Level ◽  
Indigenous Methods

Before European contact, Native Hawaiian agriculture was highly adapted to place and expressed a myriad of forms. Although the iconic lo‘i systems (flooded irrigated terraces) are often portrayed as traditional Hawaiian agriculture, other forms of agriculture were, in sum, arguably more important. While pockets of traditional agricultural practices have persevered over the 240 years since European arrival, the revival of indigenous methods and crops has substantially increased since the 1970s. While engagement in lo‘i restoration and maintenance has been a core vehicle for communication and education regarding Hawaiian culture, it does not represent the full spectrum of Hawaiian agriculture and, on the younger islands of Hawai‘i and Maui in particular, does not accurately represent participants’ ancestral engagement with ‘āina malo‘o (dry land, as opposed to flooded lands). These “dryland” forms of agriculture produced more food than lo‘i, especially on the younger islands, were used to produce a broader range of resource crops such as for fiber, timber, and medicine, were more widespread across the islands, and formed the economic base for the powerful Hawai‘i Island chiefs who eventually conquered the archipelago. The recent engagement in the restoration of these forms of agriculture on Hawai‘i Island, compared to the more longstanding efforts to revive lo‘i-based cultivation, is challenging due to highly eroded knowledge systems. However, their restoration highlights the high level of place-based adaptation, demonstrates the scale and political landscape of pre-European Hawai‘i, and provides essential elements in supporting the restoration of Hawaiian culture.

scholarly journals The Sociology of Agriculture in Transition: The Political Economy of Agriculture after Biotechnology

2010 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Pechlaner
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Agricultural Biotechnology ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Patent Infringement ◽  
The Political ◽  
Corporate Ownership ◽  
Seed Saving ◽  
Traditional Agricultural Practices ◽  
Sociology Of Agriculture

ABSTRACT Due to its particularities as a nature-based process, agriculture’s ‘exceptionalism’ to capitalist industrialization has garnered much debate. One of the more productive consequences of this debate has been the development of conceptual tools that account for its distinction from typical capital accumulation patterns, such as Goodman, Sorj and Wilkinson’s (1987) classic concepts of “appropriationism” and “substitutionism.” The advent of agricultural biotechnology is now testing the limits of even these more refined conceptualizations, however, as the technology’s associated proprietary framework is reorganizing many traditional agricultural practices. Drawing on empirical examples of biotechnology-induced change—e.g. restrictions on seed saving, grower contracts, and patent infringement lawsuits—this paper argues that there is a need for a new concept in political economy of agriculture theory, which I term “expropriationism.” This concept identifies several aspects of an agricultural reorganization premised on legal means to enhance capital accumulation and on separating corporate ownership from liability.

scholarly journals Analysis of ancient DNA from a prehistoric Amerindian cemetery

1999 ◽  
Vol 354 (1379) ◽  
pp. 153-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne C. Stone ◽  
Mark Stoneking
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Dna ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Hypervariable Region ◽  
Dna Preservation ◽  
European Contact ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
High Level ◽  
Central Illinois

The Norris Farms No. 36 cemetery in central Illinois has been the subject of considerable archaeological and genetic research. Both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA have been examined in this 700–year–old population. DNA preservation at the site was good, with about 70% of the samples producing mtDNA results and approximately 15% yielding nuclear DNA data. All four of the major Amerindian mtDNA haplogroups were found, in addition to a fifth haplogroup. Sequences of the first hypervariable region of the mtDNA control region revealed a high level of diversity in the Norris Farms population and confirmed that the fifth haplogroup associates with Mongolian sequences and hence is probably authentic. Other than a possible reduction in the number of rare mtDNA lineages in many populations, it does not appear as if European contact significantly altered patterns of Amerindian mtDNA variation, despite the large decrease in population size that occurred. For nuclear DNA analysis, a novel method for DNA–based sex identification that uses nucleotide differences between the X and Y copies of the amelogenin gene was developed and applied successfully in approximately 20 individuals. Despite the well–known problems of poor DNA preservation and the ever–present possibility of contamination with modern DNA, genetic analysis of the Norris Farms No. 36 population demonstrates that ancient DNA can be a fruitful source of new insights into prehistoric populations.

scholarly journals Practice of indigenous knowledge system by the farmers in maintaining ecosystem in Bangladesh

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafizur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Knowledge ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Knowledge System ◽  
Knowledge Systems ◽  
Organizational Participation ◽  
Indigenous Knowledge System ◽  
Indigenous Knowledge Systems ◽  
High Level ◽  
Moderate User ◽  
Rural Appraisal

The main focus of the study was to identify the indigenous knowledge system being used by the rural men in farming and household activities and also to examine its extent. Data were collected from Poba upazila under Rajshahi district and Gabtoli upazila under Bogra district in Bangladesh from 125 randomly selected rural men out of total population of 1,145 from 15 February to 14 May, 2009. The fifty potential indigenous knowledge systems were identified through participatory rural appraisal prior to finalizing the schedule. The findings reveal that greater proportion of rural men were illiterate, middle aged categories, small farmer category, medium agricultural and environmental knowledge category, high level farming experience, medium cosmopoliteness, medium communication exposure, no organizational participation and moderately favorable category. Among the 50 identified indigenous knowledge systems, ?Setting up bamboo sticks, branches of trees etc., in rice fields to let the birds sit and eat away insects? reached the highest extent of use by the farmers in agricultural practices. ?Soaking boro rice seeds in water for 1-3 days before sowing in the bed for rapid germination?, ?Drying mature bottle gourds (Lagenaria vulgaris) in the sun and storing the seeds inside without rupturing the fruits? and ?Keeping rice seedlings under shed for 1-2 days before transplanting for the purpose of increasing tolerance? took the 2nd, 3rd and 4th position regarding the extent of use. Considering farmers? practicing category, the highest proportion (47.2%) of the respondents belonged to the low user as compared to 39.2% in the moderate user and 13.6% in the high user. Recommendations were forwarded to the extension specialists, researchers and administrators to undertake desk and experimental research concerning indigenous knowledge systems.

scholarly journals Willingness to Adopt the Recommended Practices of Organic Turmeric among Kandhamal Farmers of Odisha

2021 ◽  
pp. 80-87
Author(s):  
Asish Panigrahi ◽  
Satarupa Modak ◽  
Chitrasena Padhy
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Economic Variables ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Willingness To Adopt ◽  
Healing Property ◽  
Socio Economic Variables ◽  
Chemical Inputs ◽  
High Level

Turmeric Cultivation is one of livelihood for the Kondh tribes of Kandhamal District of Odisha. These farmers were cultivating this crop with their traditional knowledge of crop practices without any intervention of chemical inputs. From the studies, it is found that farmers of the district were economically and educationally backward. Turmeric of Kandhamal is well known for its healing property, color, aroma etc. and received GI tag for its unique features. From the secondary data it was found that there were few public and private extension actors trying to promote organic recommended package of practices for Turmeric.  And, to boost willingness among farmers towards recommended organic Turmeric various socio-economic variables might be responsible. In this view the present study was carried out (2020-21) in Kandhamal district of Odisha to understand attitude towards recommended organic Turmeric and socio-economic variables effecting willingness to adopt organic package of practices of Turmeric. It was found that turmeric growers had medium to high level of willingness to adopt the recommended agricultural practice. And among selected socio-economic variables respondent’s total family member, Members help in family farming and adult male had negative and significantly relationship with willingness to adopt the recommended agricultural practices of organic turmeric. Private extension actors and State Horticulture Department training were continually motivating them to adopt recommended agricultural practices of organic turmeric. 

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON GROUNDWATER QUALITY: A CRITICAL STUDY BASED ON NAVITHANVELI DS DIVISION IN AMPARA DISTRICT IN SRI LANKA

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 36-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nijamir K ◽  
Kaleel MIM
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Groundwater Contamination ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Phosphate Concentration ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Traditional Agricultural Practices ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Chemical Testing

This study was proceeded to identify the groundwater contamination based on the primary and secondary objectives. The primary objective is “identifying the groundwater contamination by the utilization of agro-chemicals, and the secondary objectives are “finding out Nitrate and Phosphate concentration to identify the Groundwater quality depletion by the chemical testing, identifying adverse agricultural practices and to make awareness among agro-chemical users by inducing traditional agricultural practices and recommend favorable solutions to the groundwater oriented problems in study area. For this study five parameters such as NO3, PO4, EC, pH and Turbidity were analyzed. All the parameters varied from wet season to dry season. Particularly, NO3 and PO4 concentration has deviated from both seasons. The conclusion of the study is that the application of the agrochemicals has impacted on the groundwater quality drastically.

Abstract TP379: “Build It and They Will Come”: How Comprehensive Stroke Certification Increases the Number of Transfers

Stroke ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Betty Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Research Question ◽  
Heart Association ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Joint Commission ◽  
Level Of Care ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Specialized Care ◽  
High Level

Introduction/Background: Stroke is the leading cause of long-term disability affecting 800,000 people in the U.S. each year. In September 2012 The Joint Commission, in collaboration with the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association’s Brain Attack Coalition, launched the Advanced Certification for Comprehensive Stroke Centers (CSCs). This new level of certification recognizes the significant resources in staff and training that comprehensive stroke centers must have to treat complex stroke. Certification is available only to comprehensive stroke centers in Joint Commission-accredited acute care hospitals. For CSC eligibility, there are numerous requirements and volumes that must be met. The most complicated stroke cases should be treated at the centers best equipped to provide specialized care that lead to better outcomes. Cedar-Sinai became the 4 th program in the nation to receive this prestigious certification. By providing expert care, numerous clinical trials, and high level treatment and procedures, we have become the center of choice for patients in need of a higher level of care. Research Question: Does comprehensive stroke certification lead to an increased number of transfers for higher level of care? Methods: Retrospective analysis of the number of acute strokes transferred to Cedars-Sinai between the first years of Comprehensive Stroke Certification in 2012 through 2015. Results: 2012 yielded a total transfer of 97 patients. In 2015 the volume had risen to 194, a 50% increase in 4 years. It is important to note that in 2014, 4 patients were transferred post TPA infusion (Drip and Ship), the gold standard for treatment of ischemic stroke. 2015 resulted in 25 such transfers, a six fold increase. Conclusion: The full spectrum and coordination of services that a CSC is equipped to provide contributes to increased access of specialized care for complex stroke patients. This in turn leads to better outcomes. This not only translates to delivery of timely optimal treatment for stroke patients, but also increases our expertise in delivery of this care.

A Class Analysis of Agrarian Capitalist Development in Haryana

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Class Analysis ◽  
Capitalist Development ◽  
Neoliberal Reforms ◽  
High Level ◽  
Sustainable Agricultural Practices

The present study attempted to present an alternative paradigm to understand the agrarian changes in Haryana. The findings of the study highlighted that the introduction of neoliberal reforms during the 1990s gave way to the process of dispossession and proletarianization in Haryana’s agriculture. The class analysis of agrarian changes highlighted the increase in the use of market-based agro-inputs and the incidence of indebtedness among all the peasant classes. There was persistence and continuity of a high level of capitalisation and inequality among different peasantry classes. Hence, there is an urgent need for state intervention to regulate the uncontrolled development of capitalism in Haryana’s agriculture, which was not only harmful to sustainable agricultural practices but also aggravated the problem of inequality among peasant classes

Traditional Agricultural Practices, Land Cover Diversity and Biodiversity in the Southern Podpolanie Region

2016 ◽  
pp. 249-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Slámová ◽  
Peter Jančura ◽  
Vladimíra Fabriciusová ◽  
Boris Beláček ◽  
Katarína Zrníková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Traditional Agricultural Practices

scholarly journals Agroforestry Heritage Systems as Agrobiodiversity Hotspots. The Case of the Mountain Oases of Tunisia

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 4054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Santoro ◽  
Martina Venturi ◽  
Sihem Ben Maachia ◽  
Fadwa Benyahia ◽  
Federica Corrieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Landscape Structure ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Traditional Agricultural Practices

Traditional agricultural systems are receiving increasing attention at the international level due to their multifunctional role. The Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) programme of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) aims to identify agricultural systems of global importance, preserve landscape, agrobiodiversity and traditional knowledge and apply the principles of dynamic conservation to promote sustainable development. Biodiversity associated to traditional agricultural practices is particularly important, especially in difficult environments, like traditional oases, for ensuring food and nutrition to local communities. We documented landscape and biological diversity associated with traditional agricultural practices in three traditional oases in Tunisia, through a landscape analysis based on land-use survey, and an assessment of cultivated species. Results show that the landscape structure is dominated by agricultural land uses and characterized by a high level of diversification. Agrobiodiversity is high: we identified 20 varieties of date palm, 21 species of fruit trees, 21 vegetable species and two fodder crops. Results highlighted that traditional oases, as other agroforestry and agricultural heritage systems, continue to play a crucial role in maintaining genetic resources and agrobiodiversity. Farmers who, all over the world, still cultivate applying traditional practices are the main actors that practice a real conservation of genetic resources and diversity by maintaining traditional cultivars and a diversified landscape structure. Our methodology, based on the combined assessment of land uses and agrobiodiversity, can be replicated in other agricultural heritage systems to evaluate and measure possible transformations and identify the best strategies for their preservation.

Combating Crime in the Digital Age: a Critical Review of EU Information Systems in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice in the Post-Interoperability Era

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-97
Author(s):  
Athina Giannakoula ◽  
Dafni Lima ◽  
Maria Kaiafa-Gbandi
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Personal Data Protection ◽  
Criminal Procedure Law ◽  
Critical Account ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Eu

Abstract This article provides a systematic and critical account of EU information systems in the area of freedom, security and justice, with the aim of establishing the contemporary links between information sharing and criminal law in the EU and of evaluating its impact on individuals. To this end, Part 1 offers a systemisation and critical assessment of the essential elements of the pertinent systems (ECRIS, ECRIS-TCN, Prüm, PNR, Europol, SIS, Eurodac, VIS, EES, ETIAS) and of the new interoperability regime under Regulation (EU) 2019/818, from the perspective of their objective to prevent and combat serious crime and to ensure a high level of security in the EU. In Part 2 the article explores personal data protection law, police law and criminal procedure law, in order to propose safeguards and limitations for effectively regulating this rapidly evolving framework and addressing the growing challenges for fundamental legal principles and individual rights. In this respect, the authors put forward concrete views and ideas, on the basis of their central suggestion that the issue discussed falls within the context of an emerging precognitive paradigm of criminal law.

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