scholarly journals Analysis of the Wider Economic Impact of a Transport Infrastructure Project Using an Integrated Land Use Transport Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanle Wang ◽  
Ming Zhong ◽  
John Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Standard Cost ◽  
Infrastructure Project

Major cities in developing countries are undergoing massive transportation infrastructure construction, which has significant impacts on the land use and economic activities in these cities. Standard Cost–Benefit Analysis (CBA) is applied to quantify the user benefits of transport projects, but does not provide an answer as to who will obtain the benefits and who will lose out and excludes the calculation of Wider Economic Impacts (WEIs) which can sometimes be large and hardly negligible. This paper introduces thoughts and experiences obtained through the design and development of an integrated land use transport model for the assessment of the WEI of a transport infrastructure project. The development and application of such an integrated model for WEI analysis should help decision-makers understand not only the “direct or immediate” impact of transport infrastructure on mobility, but also those “indirect or long-term” impacts on the distribution patterns of economic activities, corresponding land use, and resulting urban structure.

scholarly journals Digital Service Taxes and Their Application

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megersa Kelbesa
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Digital Service

Many developing economies have seen a rise in e-commerce activity within their borders, and a decline in income from traditional industries as a result of COVID-19, meaning the digital economy offers a potentially unexploited source of tax revenue. . As a result, more developing countries may soon begin adopting some sort of digital tax. The economic activities which may be subject to the Digital Services Tax (DST) may vary from country to country. It will, therefore, be necessary for businesses operating in multiple jurisdictions across developing countries to keep up with the changes in digital taxes. Before implementing a DST scheme, developing countries are advised to perform an in-depth cost-benefit analysis and due considerations. Some developing (and several developed) countries have already unilaterally implemented a “provisional” DST system. Other developing countries are on the process of implementing DST or have simply announced that they will implement a DST soon. Although most of the countries so far actively working on DST (are rich countries, a growing list of developing countries are joining the process. Some examples include the following: Malaysia, Indonesia, Kenya, Nigeria, Argentina and, Chile. It is important to mention that the literature on DST is very limited – although growing, and the evidence base around the economic impacts is particularly scarce. This is partly due to the quite recent nature of DST implementation. The evidence is even scarcer for developing countries – Due to these limitations, this rapid evidence review looks at different types of available literature – including reports and blogs issued by international financial institutions and development agencies. The rest of the report will give an overview of key proposed approaches to tax the digital economy, provide a very brief account of the economic impact of DST, provide a brief mapping of the implementation of digital service taxes in developing countries, provide a brief description of each DST system and about the economic impact of the DST, finally a brief account or attributes of a “good” DST system.

Rear Visibility and Some Unresolved Problems for Economic Analysis (With Notes on Experience Goods)

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cass R. Sunstein
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Market Failure ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Highway Traffic ◽  
Experience Goods ◽  
National Highway Traffic Safety ◽  
Standard Cost ◽  
Regulatory Law

AbstractIn 2014, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration finalized its rear visibility regulation, which requires cameras in all new vehicles, with the goal of allowing drivers to see what is behind them and thus reducing backover accidents. In 2018, the Trump administration embraced the regulation. The rear visibility rule raises numerous puzzles. First, Congress’ grant of authority was essentially standardless – perhaps the most open-ended in all of federal regulatory law. Second, it is not easy to identify a market failure to justify the regulation. Third, the monetized costs of the regulation greatly exceeded the monetized benefits, and yet on welfare grounds, the regulation can plausibly be counted as a significant success. Rearview cameras produce a set of benefits that are hard to quantify, including increased ease of driving, and those benefits might have been made a part of “breakeven analysis,” accompanying standard cost-benefit analysis. In addition, rearview cameras significantly improve the experience of driving, and it is plausible to think that in deciding whether to demand them, many vehicle purchasers did not sufficiently anticipate that improvement. This is a problem of limited foresight; rearview cameras are “experience goods.” A survey conducted in 2019 strongly supports this proposition, finding that about 56 % of consumers would demand at least $300 to buy a car without a rearview camera, and that fewer than 6 % would demand $50 or less. Almost all of that 6 % consists of people who do not own a car with a rearview camera. (The per-person cost is usually under $50.) These conclusions have general implications for other domains in which regulation has the potential to improve social welfare, even if it fails standard cost-benefit analysis; the defining category involves situations in which people lack experience with a good whose provision might have highly beneficial welfare effects.

Who Gains?

2005 ◽  
Vol 1906 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
Mogens Fosgerau ◽  
Niels Buus Kristensen
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Partial Equilibrium ◽  
Recent Analysis ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
European Network ◽  
Partial Equilibrium Model ◽  
Infrastructure Project ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Public Decision

A public decision by several countries on whether to cofinance an international infrastructure project is the subject of a cost–benefit analysis (CBA). The CBA elements are broken out and analyzed for each country. The issue of freight user benefits is discussed, and results are derived from a partial equilibrium model and point toward practical applicability. A recent analysis of the Fehmarn Belt Bridge, which will connect Denmark and Germany in a link in the Trans-European Network for Transport, is used for illustrative purposes.

scholarly journals Analytical and Numerical Methods for a Preliminary Assessment of the Remediation Time of Pump and Treat Systems

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2850
Author(s):  
Matteo Antelmi ◽  
Francesca Renoldi ◽  
Luca Alberti
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Remediation ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Matrix Diffusion ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Pump And Treat ◽  
Advection Dispersion ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Several remediation technologies are currently used to address groundwater pollution. “Pump and treat” (P&T) is probably one of the most widely applied, being a process where contaminated groundwater is extracted from the subsurface by pumping and then treated before it is discharged or reinjected into the aquifer. Despite being a very adaptable technology, groundwater remediation is often achieved in long and unsustainable times because of limitations due to the hydrogeological setting and contaminant properties. Therefore, the cost–benefit analysis over time results in an inefficient system and a preliminary evaluation of the clean-up time is crucial. The aim of the paper is to compare, in an integrated manner, the application of some models to estimate the time to compliance of a P&T system in relation to the specific hydrogeological condition. Analytical solutions are analyzed and applied to an industrial site and to a synthetic case. For both cases, batch flushing and the advection-dispersion-retardation (ADR) model underestimate remediation times comparing the results to real or simulated monitoring data, whereas the Square Root model provided more reliable remediation times. Finally, for the synthetic case, the reliability of analytical approaches and the effects of matrix diffusion are tested on the basis of a numerical groundwater transport model specifically implemented, which confirm the results of the analytical methods and the strong influence of the matrix diffusion on the results.

Improving Assessment of Transport Policies by Dynamic Cost-Benefit Analysis

2003 ◽  
Vol 1839 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Schade ◽  
Werner Rothengatter
Keyword(s):  
Network Effects ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Assessment ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Approach ◽  
Economic Sectors

In the history of cost-benefit analysis (CBA), macroeconomic and micro-economic foundations have been developed. The latter has dominated in transport CBA during the last decades. The most widely used CBA approach can be characterized as comparative static and based on separate partial modeling. However, when it comes to significant indirect effects in the economic, social, and environmental systems connected with the transport system, alternative approaches to the microeconomic approach become inevitable. A system dynamics platform was developed that allows for a dynamic CBA integrating the most important indirect effect of transport policies. The approach was tested with large infrastructure programs and transport policy packages. Results of the dynamic approach reveal that the choice of the most favorable policy can change over time and depend on the time horizon defined for the analysis. In particular the dynamic approach allows for a clear allocation of costs and benefits to periods of time, which might be valuable information for policy acceptance and implementation. This research is integrated within a stream of European Commission projects on integrated and dynamic assessment, starting with the Assessment of Transport Strategies project (ASTRA) and extended by the projects Transport Infrastructure and Policy: A Macroeconomic Analysis for the European Union (TIPMAC) and Integrated Appraisal of Spatial Economic and Network Effects of Transport Investments and Policies (IASON). IASON focuses on analysis of indirect, second-round, or induced benefits and costs that occur through feedback effects between the transport sector and other economic sectors.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document