scholarly journals Estimation of the Amount of Disposed Antibiotics

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Cioca ◽  
Florentina-Daniela Munteanu
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Present Article ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Beta Lactams ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
The Impact

The impact of the antibiotics in the environment is not well understood yet. Moreover, the total amount of antibiotics that are ending up in the environment as solid waste is not known and cannot be rigorously determined as many variables are influencing the determination of their concentration. The present article is focused on the estimation of the amount of non-prescribed antibiotics that are used in different European countries. Particular attention is paid to the class of beta-lactams, as they are responsible for a considerate share of the antimicrobial resistance. The primary purpose was the estimation of the quantity of non-prescribed antibiotics that might reach the environment as solid waste. For the present study, we used the ECDC and EUROSTAT reported data.

scholarly journals An expert-based mapping of healthcare system strategies to support rational drug prescribing in primary care across 13 European countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandru M. Rotar ◽  
Michael J. van den Berg ◽  
Niek S. Klazinga
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Research Question ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Drug Prescribing ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
Rational Prescribing ◽  
Rational Drug ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Irrational prescribing has received increasing attention among policy-makers to improve drug safety and effectiveness while avoiding economic waste. The policies intended to rationalise prescribing have been grouped by WHO under a taxonomy, classifying them into two types of strategies – (1) targeted approaches (micro level) and (2) system-oriented approaches (macro level). The extent to which countries implement strategies and the existing types is currently unknown. This paper explores the following research question via expert opinions: to what extent have European countries implemented strategies to support rational prescribing (targeted and system oriented) and what are the types implemented? Methods We assessed the available information on policies intended to promote rational prescribing. We used the WHO taxonomy to explore our research question as the basis for a standardised questionnaire. The data were collected between August 2018 and April 2019. The questionnaire consisted of questions that solicited the opinion of experts on the implementation of prescribing control mechanisms in primary care in their respective countries. Experts were identified through the literature and relevant networks. The questionnaire was sent to 17 identified country experts from 17 different countries; 15 responded and 13 were used in our analysis. Answers were validated through follow-up correspondence, interviews and presentation at an OECD meeting. Results Expert-reported data shows that all 13 countries included in our study have several mechanisms in place for enhancing rational prescribing in primary care. All approaches were reported to have been implemented in at least two countries. We identified two groups of countries, namely a small group of countries (n = 3) with fewer mechanisms in place and a larger group of countries (n = 10) with a large number of strategies with accompanying instruments at both the micro and macro levels. Conclusions The data reported by the experts suggests that all 13 countries included in our study have several mechanisms in place for enhancing rational prescribing in primary care on both the micro and macro levels. With respect to the extent of mechanisms being in place, two groups of countries were identified. This initial mapping of strategies forms a basis for more in-depth research to be able to assess the impact of bundles of strategies on system and targeted level on rational drug prescribing in primary care in Europe.

The impact of contamination from a municipal solid waste landfill (Zagreb, Croatia) on underlying soil

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 203-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marijan Ahel ◽  
Nevenka Mikac ◽  
Bozena Cosovic ◽  
Esad Prohic ◽  
Vesna Soukup
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Microbial Transformation ◽  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Aquifer Sediments ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Underlying Soil

The present study was conducted on the main landfill of the city of Zagreb which contains about 5 million tons of waste disposed of directly onto highly permeable alluvial sediments. The investigations were aimed at assessing the impact of contamination from the landfill on underlying soil and comprised the determination of a broad spectrum of inorganic and organic constituents in the samples (size fractions <2 mm) of solid waste, soil and aquifer sediments. Both the total content of various contaminants as well as their part which is readily leachable with water were determined in the examined samples. Compound classes identified in the landfill can be classified into the two main categories: (1) markers of biological waste and of its microbial transformation (ammonia, dissolved organic carbon, short-chain aliphatic acids, phenols, derivatives of abietic acid) and (2) markers of anthropogenic waste (toxic metals, hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, surfactant-derived compounds, phthalates, pharmaceutical chemicals). The complex assemblages of contaminants were shown to change dramatically during the transport from the solid waste through unsaturated zone of the soil to aquifer sediments. It was shown that, in addition to the vertical infiltration of leachate from the solid waste, the hydrological regime of groundwater has also a strong impact on the contaminant distribution in soils below the landfill.

scholarly journals Termes exprimant la notion d’amour en grec, leurs traductions adoptées et leur contexte d’emploi dans les Évangiles synoptiques et dans l’Évangile selon saint Jean

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Αleksandra Żłobińska-Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Religious Literature ◽  
Historical Changes ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Basic Semantic ◽  
Semantic Scope

The purpose of the present article is the analysis of the Greek terms expressing the concept of love ἔρως (eros), στοργή (storge), φιλία (philia) and ἀγάπη (agape) and the impact of their semantic character on the uses appearing in the Bible. The author is primarily concerned with the study of etymology and determination of historical changes in the meaning of the analyzed terms, their use in secular and religious literature, in classical and late Greek.The next step is a detailed analysis of the verbs φιλέω (phileo) and ἀγαπάω (agapao), which are the only of the four terms to appear in the Gospels. The text ends by indicating for each form used in the Gospels its semantic scope and checking whether it corresponds to the basic semantic features of each of the verbs.

Assessment of sensitivity of the efficiency of regional tax spending towards investment attractiveness of the types of economic activity carried out by the residents of advanced development territory

2020 ◽  
pp. 98-110
Author(s):  
Evgeniya Mikhailovna Popova ◽  
Guzel Mukhtarovna Guseinova ◽  
Sergei Borisovich Milov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Tax Incentives ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Investment Process ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Advanced Development

The deficit of subnational budgets and deceleration capital investments in multiple Russian regions increase the relevance of research aimed at improvement of tax incentivizing practice of the regional investment process. The studies focused on determination of the impact of socioeconomic and institutional factors upon the efficiency of investment tax expenses obtained wide circulation within the foreign scientific literature. The subject of this article is the assessment of sensitivity of the efficiency of regional tax expanses towards investment attractiveness of the types of economic activity carried out by the residents of territories of advanced socioeconomic development, created in the subjects of Far Easter Federal District. The scientific novelty and practical values of this research consists in substantiation of the reasonableness of assessment of investment attractiveness of the types of economic activity that are stimulated by tax incentives. Methodology for assessing investment attractiveness is proposed and tested. The conclusion is made that in case of low investment attractiveness of the type of economic activity, which was planned to support by tax incentives, it is required to conduct and additional analysis to avoid unjustified tax expanses.

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