scholarly journals Household Welfare Implications of Better Fertilizer Access and Lower Use Inefficiency: Long-Term Scenarios for Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 3952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ermias Engida Legesse ◽  
Amit Kumar Srivastava ◽  
Arnim Kuhn ◽  
Thomas Gaiser
Keyword(s):  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Crop Model ◽  
Economic Modeling ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Welfare Gain ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Welfare Implications ◽  
Crop Farmer ◽  
Attainable Yield ◽  
Farming Households

High population growth in Ethiopia is aggravating farmland scarcity, as the agrarian share of the population stays persistently high, and also creates increasing demand for food and non-food biomass. Based on this fact, this study investigates welfare implications of intensification measures like interventions that improve access and use efficiency to modern farming inputs. Using a dynamic meso-economic modeling framework for Ethiopia, ex-ante scenarios that simulate a) decreased costs of fertilizer use and b) elevated efficiency of fertilizer application for all crops are run for a period of 20 years. Fertilizer-yield response functions are estimated (based on results from an agronomic crop model and actual survey data) and embedded into the economic model in order to get realistic marginal returns to fertilizer application. This is our novel methodological contribution in which we introduce how to calculate input use inefficiency based on attainable yield levels from agronomic crop model and actual yield levels. Simultaneous implementation of these interventions lead to annual yield increases of 8.7 percent for an average crop farmer compared to the current level. Increased fertilizer application is also found to be profitable for an average farmer despite price reduction for crops following increased market supply. As a result of price and income effects of the interventions, all household types exhibit welfare gain. Non-farming households, being net consumers, enjoy lower costs of living. Rural farming households enjoy even higher welfare gain than non-farming households because they consume a higher share from crop commodities that become cheaper, and because their farming profits increase.

scholarly journals Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizer Application Strategies in Corn–Soybean Rotations

Agronomy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Boring ◽  
Kurt Thelen ◽  
James Board ◽  
Jason De Bruin ◽  
Chad Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
Corn Grain ◽  
Corn Grain Yield

To determine if current university fertilizer rate and timing recommendations pose a limitation to high-yield corn (Zea mays subsp. mays) and soybean (Glycine max) production, this study compared annual Phosphorous (P) and Potassium (K) fertilizer applications to biennial fertilizer applications, applied at 1× and 2× recommended rates in corn–soybean rotations located in Minnesota (MN), Iowa (IA), Michigan (MI), Arkansas (AR), and Louisiana (LA). At locations with either soil test P or K in the sub-optimal range, corn grain yield was significantly increased with fertilizer application at five of sixteen site years, while soybean seed yield was significantly increased with fertilizer application at one of sixteen site years. At locations with both soil test P and K at optimal or greater levels, corn grain yield was significantly increased at three of thirteen site years and soybean seed yield significantly increased at one of fourteen site years when fertilizer was applied. Site soil test values were generally inversely related to the likelihood of a yield response from fertilizer application, which is consistent with yield response frequencies outlined in state fertilizer recommendations. Soybean yields were similar regardless if fertilizer was applied in the year of crop production or before the preceding corn crop. Based on the results of this work across the US and various yield potentials, it was confirmed that the practice of applying P and K fertilizers at recommended rates biennially prior to first year corn production in a corn–soybean rotation does not appear to be a yield limiting factor in modern, high management production systems.

What Can Demographic–Economic Modeling Tell Us about the Consequences of Regional Decline?

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 256-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter W. J. Batey
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Economic Modeling ◽  
Extended Model ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Output Analysis ◽  
East Anglia ◽  
Regional Labor Market ◽  
Regional Labor ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this article is to demonstrate how a particular modeling framework, based on extended input–output analysis, can be used to obtain a clearer understanding of the impact of regional decline of the effects of high, and rising, unemployment; of falling industrial final demand; of welfare payments; and of declining population. The activity–commodity framework used here provides a systematic way of adding demographic variables to the familiar Leontief interindustry model and the extended inverse derived from it provides a rich source of information about the interaction of demographic and economic change, expressed as demographic–economic and economic–demographic multipliers. Drawing on the author’s research in the 1980s and 1990s, this article considers two empirical examples to show the framework’s analytical value: a simple extended model is used to assess the distributional effects of welfare payments in a declining region; and a more elaborate version is linked to a set of regional labor market accounts, summarizing intercensal change in population and employment. This model is used to produce a comprehensive assessment of the effects of population and employment change in two UK regions, one a growing region (East Anglia) and the other a region in decline (Merseyside). In a final section, the benefits and limitations of the extended input–output modeling framework are discussed in comparison with some of the alternative modeling frameworks that are currently available.

scholarly journals Prediction of Maize Yield Response to Climate Change with Climate and Crop Model Uncertainties

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 785-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Yanxia Zhao ◽  
Sining Chen ◽  
Jianping Guo ◽  
Enli Wang
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Crop Model ◽  
Global Climate Models ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
Crop Models ◽  
Climate Change Uncertainty

AbstractProjections of climate change impacts on crop yields are subject to uncertainties, and quantification of such uncertainty is essential for the effective use of the projection results for adaptation and mitigation purposes. This work analyzes the uncertainties in maize yield predictions using two crop models together with three climate projections downscaled with one regional climate model nested with three global climate models under the A1B emission scenario in northeast China (NEC). Projections were evaluated for the Zhuanghe agrometeorological station in NEC for the 2021–50 period, taking 1971–2000 as the baseline period. The results indicated a yield reduction of 13% during 2021–50, with 95% probability intervals of (−41%, +12%) relative to 1971–2000. Variance decomposition of the yield projections showed that uncertainty in the projections caused by climate and crop models is likely to change with prediction period, and climate change uncertainty generally had a larger impact on projections than did crop model uncertainty during the 2021–50 period. In addition, downscaled climate projections had significant bias that can introduce significant uncertainties in yield projections. Therefore, they have to be bias corrected before use.

scholarly journals Response of cucumber to timing of fertilizer application in southwest Nigeria

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 1391-1394
Author(s):  
F. O. Odeleye ◽  
O. M. O. Odeleye ◽  
J. K. Vessey ◽  
Z. Dong ◽  
H. N. Ebuzome
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Environmental Biology ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Southwest Nigeria

A field trial was conducted at the experimental farm of the Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, to determine the growth and yield response of cucumber (cv. Poinsett) to timing of fertilizer application. Fertilizer (20:10:10), at the rate of 150 kg N ha-1, was applied at: planting, 3 weeks after planting (WAP) and 6 WAP. Similarly, split applications were given at planting + 3 WAP, at planting + 6 WAP and at 3 WAP + 6 WAP. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with seven treatments (six fertilizer application treatments plus a non fertilizer control) and four replications. Means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at the 5% level of significance. In general, plants that were fertilized performed better than control plants in terms of vegetative growth and yield. A split application at 3 WAP + 6 WAP performed the best in terms of vegetative growth and fruit yield. Fertilizer applied once-over at 6 WAP was the least beneficial; application of fertilizer once-over at planting, or a split application at planting + 3 WAP, resulted in a high level of vegetative growth but lower fruit yield compared with the split application at 3 WAP + 6 WAP. Key words: Cucumber, N-P-K., time of application, vegetative growth, fruit yield

scholarly journals Yield Response of Cowpea to Phosphorus Fertilizer Application

2020 ◽  
pp. 125-135
Author(s):  
Alhassan Bawa
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Biomass ◽  
Cowpea Varieties

Phosphorus fertilizer application plays a major role in nodulation and grain yield production of cowpea. However, phosphorus is a major limiting nutrient in soils in Ghana. Selection of cowpea varieties that produce good biomass and grain yield under low soil phosphorus or those with high phosphorus response efficiency could be a cost-effective approach in solving the phosphorus deficiency problem in Ghana. This study was therefore conducted to determine the appropriate levels of phosphorus fertilizer application for improved nodulation and grain yield of four cowpea varieties. Two-season experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of phosphorus (P) fertilizer on growth, nodulation, biomass and grain yield in cowpea. Each of the two experiments comprised of 16 treatment combinations of 4 cowpea varieties and 4 levels of P2O5 application laid out in 4×4 factorial experiments in RCBD with three replications. The cowpea varieties were IT × P 148, Valenga, Bengkpla and DPC. The levels of P were 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P2O5 ha−1. The study revealed that varieties DPC and Valenga performed relatively better with respect to grain yield, shoot and root dry biomass production, nodulation, nodule dry biomass production, plant height, number of branches produced and number of days to 50% flowering across all levels of phosphorus fertilizer application. The study further established that P level of 60 kgha−1 also produced significantly higher quantities of yield and vegetative parameters such as grain yield, 100-grain weight, number of pods and branches, shoot and root dry biomass, nodulation and nodule dry biomass, as compared to P levels of 0 kgha−1, 20 kgha−1 and 40 kgha−1. Phosphorus fertilizer application level of 60 kgha−1 should be used for increased grain and biomass yield. For the purpose of producing grains for human consumption and leguminous fodder crops for feeding livestock, it is recommended that varieties DPC and Valenga should be cultivated for increased yield.

scholarly journals MODIFICATION OF FAO CROP MODEL TO SIMULATE YIELD RESPONSE TO WATER FOR PEACH TREES

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-172
Author(s):  
S. M. Ismail ◽  
T. K. Zin El-Abedin ◽  
D. O. El-Ansary ◽  
A. Abd El-Al
Keyword(s):  
Crop Model ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
Response To Water

scholarly journals Understanding Business Disruption and Economic Losses Due to Electricity Failures and Flooding

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elco Koks ◽  
Raghav Pant ◽  
Scott Thacker ◽  
Jim W. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Economic Modeling ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Geospatial Information ◽  
Geospatial Modeling ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Infrastructure Services

Abstract Failure of critical national infrastructures can cause disruptions with widespread economic impacts. To analyze these economic impacts, we present an integrated modeling framework that combines: (1) geospatial information on infrastructure assets/networks and the natural hazards to which they are exposed; (2) geospatial modeling of the reliance of businesses upon infrastructure services, in order to quantify disruption to businesses locations and economic activities in the event of infrastructure failures; and (3) multiregional supply-use economic modeling to analyze wider economic impacts of disruptions to businesses. The methodology is exemplified through a case study for the United Kingdom. The study uses geospatial information on the location of electricity infrastructure assets and local industrial areas, and employs a multiregional supply-use model of the UK economy that traces the impacts of floods of different return intervals across 37 subnational regions of the UK. The results show up to a 300% increase in total economic losses when power outages are included in the risk assessment, compared to analysis that just includes the economic impacts of business interruption due to flooded business premises. This increase indicates that risk studies that do not include failure of critical infrastructures may be underestimating the total losses.

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