scholarly journals The Greenery of Early Modernist Housing Estates: The 1919–1927 Wałbrzych Agglomeration

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3921
Author(s):  
Bogna Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
Social Needs ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
Source Studies ◽  
Design Ideas ◽  
Housing Estates ◽  
Lower Silesia

Using the Wałbrzych agglomeration housing estates—once the most important mining and industrial region in Lower Silesia—as an example, this article illustrates the specific significance of the design of green spaces, including urban layouts, and the issue of protecting unique trees and green spaces in the concepts of estates from the early modernism period after the First World War in the years 1919–1927. This article tries to deepen the knowledge on the origins of the design solutions of public and private greenery systems while considering natural, landscape, and social needs. This study complements the information gathered so far in the field of forming green areas in modernist housing estates and highlights the importance of this issue in complex urban design. The Wałbrzych housing settlements are crucial because they were among the first of their kind, not only in Lower Silesia but also in the whole of the Weimar Republic. Based on literature and source studies, it was possible to reconstruct design ideas concerning the composition of green areas in most housing estates in the discussed area. The most interesting ones were presented and broken down into the landscape-related and functional aspects of the use of greenery in housing estates. This made it possible to select specific solutions applied by designers in order to indicate sources of inspiration and theoretically developed rules which then and now seem to be extremely adequate.

scholarly journals Greenery of Early Modernist Housing Estates on the Example of the Waldenburg (Wałbrzych) Agglomeration (1919-1927)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogna Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
World War ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Source Studies ◽  
Design Ideas ◽  
Housing Estates ◽  
First World ◽  
Lower Silesia

On the example of the Wałbrzych agglomeration housing estates once the most important mining and industrial region in Lower Silesia, this article illustrates the specific significance of the designing of green spaces, including urban layouts, and the issue of protecting unique trees and green spaces in the concepts of estates from the early modernism period after the First World War, in the years 1919-1927. The Wałbrzych housing settlements are crucial due to the fact that they were among the first of their kind, not only in Lower Silesia, but in the whole of the Weimar Republic. The concepts developed during the designing process soon spread beyond the borders of the country. On the basis of literature and source studies it was possible to reconstruct design ideas concerning the composition of green areas in most housing estates in the discussed area. The most interesting were presented, grouped according to the landscape and functional aspects of the use of greenery in housing estates. This made it possible to select specific solutions applied by designers, to indicate sources of inspiration and theoretically developed rules, which both then and now seem to be extremely adequate.

scholarly journals The Socioeconomic Welfare of Urban Green Areas and Parks; A Literature Review of Available Evidence

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7863
Author(s):  
Antonios Kolimenakis ◽  
Alexandra D. Solomou ◽  
Nikolaos Proutsos ◽  
Evangelia V. Avramidou ◽  
Evangelia Korakaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Urban Policy ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Urban Green ◽  
Urban Green Spaces ◽  
Urban Green Areas ◽  
Green Areas

Urban green areas present a lucid example for the harmonious co-existence of the artificial and natural environments best illustrated by their interdependence and interconnection in urban spaces. Urban green areas are essential for the health and wellbeing of citizens. The present study aimed to investigate those multiple benefits for citizens that arise through the existence of urban green areas, as well as important policy dimensions that should be considered when designing the expansion of urban green spaces in urban development. The study was based on a literature review to examine for available evidence on the benefit levels derived by the existence of urban green areas. An extended literature review was followed by a structured review, based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, which partly followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The search was conducted in two databases, and a total of 1674 articles and abstracts were identified through the database searches. After removing 114 duplicates, 1560 records were initially screened based on title and abstract. Following inclusion and exclusion criteria, 14 articles were incorporated in the structured review and a total of 47 in the extended review. The extended literature review identified 33 additional articles examining aspects of benefits that did not fall under the pre-established inclusion and exclusion criteria used in the structured review, such as health benefits and other social parameters associated with urban green spaces. The selected studies were allocated in five principal groups according to study types: three of the them consisted of studies employing “willingness to pay” (WTP) methods, five were based on property values, two studies assigned monetary values, while another two assigned CO2 values, and, finally, two studies were based on qualitative criteria. The results indicated benefits to citizens and increased welfare levels gained by the existence of urban green areas. The conducted review revealed a number of findings and recommendations that could direct future research and urban policy. Those hints could assist local authorities as well as stakeholders in order to measure and assess the benefits of green spaces and urban parks and promote measures and programs to assist their further deployment.

The French Nitrogen Industry during the Interwar Period: The Ambiguous Relationship between the State and Manufacturers

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-212
Author(s):  
Michael Llopart
Keyword(s):  
Market Competition ◽  
The State ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Private Industry ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
The First World War ◽  
French Case ◽  
International Cartel ◽  
First World

Abstract At the end of the First World War, the French government seized the opportunity to acquire the chemical processes of the German firm BASF, including the Haber-Bosch process. This patent made it possible to synthesize nitrogen from the air and thus produce nitrogen fertilizers in large quantities. French industrialists, however, refused to acquire these patents, and to make up for this lack of private sector involvement, the French Parliament decided in 1924 to create a national plant (ONIA), which became the first state-owned plant to be exposed to market competition. The intention was for the ONIA to supply the army with nitric acid in times of war, and, in peacetime, to sell fertilizers at the lowest possible prices in order to curb the monopoly of the private industry cartel. The purpose of this article is therefore to study the establishment and organisation of the French market for nitrogen fertilisers during the inter-war period by raising a number of questions about the ambiguous and complex relations between the state and private industry in this strategic sector. Why was the state policy initiated with the ONIA not successful at first? From 1927-1928, once the ONIA was operational, why and how did the public and private players jointly organise the marketing of fertilisers even though their interests were partially divergent? From the economic crisis of the 1930s onwards, how did the regulation of this mixed market evolve and how were public/private tensions overcome? In the French case, why did French producers leave the international cartel very early on in favour of state protectionism? And finally, to what extent can it be said that this “managed economy” framework succeeded in satisfying all the players in the French nitrogen industry?

scholarly journals As paisagens coexistenciais interespecíficas, ou sobre humanos e não-humanos compartilhando espaços domésticos numa cidade amazônica

ILUMINURAS ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (42) ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávio Leonel Abreu da Silveira
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Urban Wildlife ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Theoretical Discussion ◽  
Domestic Cats ◽  
Living Space ◽  
Green Area ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
The City

O artigo propõe uma discussão teórica acerca das paisagens coexistenciais interespecíficas na urbe, voltando-se especialmente à morada humana. Esta é percebida como o lugar da convivência entre humanos e não-humanos – também se considera o seu entorno, onde aparecem os quintais/pomares e os espaços verdes habitados pela fauna silvestre urbana. A coexistência interespecífica contribui para a diversidade na conformação das paisagens citadinas, sendo que as ambiências domésticas – a localidade do espaço habitado/lócus da experiência íntima – permitem a humanos e não-humanos o compartilhamento de uma vida juntos a partir de diferentes formas de interações simbólico-práticas. As áreas verdes revelam-se lugares de interações interespecíficas diversas na urbe, figurando enquanto espaços de contato. Para as reflexões que proponho realizar, parto de minha experiência de coabitação com gatos domésticos e de meu ofício de etnógrafo que pesquisa as relações entre humanos e não-humanos em uma área verde na cidade de Belém (PA) na Amazônia.Palavras-chave: Paisagens. Cidade. Habitat. Animais. Áreas verdes. Interespécies.The Coexistent and Interspecific Landscapes or About Humans and Nonhumans Sharing Domestics Places in an Amazonian City  AbstractThe paper proposes a theoretical discussion about the coexistent and interspecific landscapes at the urbis, regarding, specially, the human shelter. This is perceived as a place of coexistence between humans and nonhumans – its surroundings where there are yards/orchards and green spaces inhabited by urban wildlife is also considered. The interspecific coexistence contributes to the diversity in shaping cityscapes and the domestic ambiences - the location of the living space/locus of intimate experience - allow human and nonhuman sharing a life together, founded on different forms of symbolic and practical interactions. The green areas turn up in places of diverse and interspecific interactions at the urbis, constituting spaces of contact. Aiming at these reflections, I consider my own coexistence experience with domestic cats and my work as an ethnographer who studies the relationships between human and nonhumans in a green area in the city of Belém (PA) in Amazon.Key words: Landscapes. City. Habitat. Animals. Green areas. Interspecies.

The value of public and private green spaces under water restrictions

2010 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 192-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darla Hatton MacDonald ◽  
Neville D. Crossman ◽  
Parvin Mahmoudi ◽  
Laura O. Taylor ◽  
David M. Summers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Spaces ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Water Restrictions

scholarly journals Investigation of The Sufficiency of Antalya Parks

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (sp) ◽  
pp. 2449-2457
Author(s):  
Orhun Soydan ◽  
Nefise Çetin
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Spatial Analyses ◽  
Urban Green ◽  
Urban Green Spaces ◽  
Functional Value ◽  
Neighborhood Boundaries ◽  
Nature Parks

Urban green spaces are areas established to meet the recreational needs of urban people. Although green spaces vary from country to country and region in terms of plan and design features, they were basically created to allow people to meet with nature. Parks are the basic components of urban landscapes that provide environmental and social functional value. Urban parks, in particular, provide spaces for outdoor physical activities. In order to take advantage of the opportunities of activities in the parks, users must have convenient access to these resources. One of the most important aspects for researching the use and potential benefits of urban green spaces is the assessment of their geographic accessibility. The widespread use of smart city systems and the gradual expansion of their usage areas increase the importance of spatial analysis. Spatial analyses are used in today’s urban management in the processes of determining social needs, identifying current problems, and putting forward solutions. When spatial analyses are used together with GIS, the field of application develops even more, and it supports local governments in responding to the changing demands of the society for a better life. In the study, the adequacy and accessibility of 160 city parks in Konyaaltı District of Antalya Province were examined. In terms of the adequacy of the parks, the area value of 10 m2 per person determined with the Construction Plan numbered 3194 was taken as basis. In terms of accessibility, distance values of 200, 400, 800, 1,200 meters were examined. Neighborhood boundaries and population information were obtained from the relevant units, and Arc-GIS software was used in the analysis. It was determined that the parks in Konyaaltı district were insufficient in terms of adequacy and accessibility. Finally, suggestions were made in terms of increasing the adequacy of the parks and ensuring accessibility.

EVOLUTION AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF GREEN PUBLIC SPACES IN KRASNOYARSK

2021 ◽  
pp. 29-42
Author(s):  
Olga N. Bliankinshyein ◽  
◽  
Natalya A. Popkova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Photographic Recording ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
The City ◽  
Cultural Role

One of the criteria for a comfortable ecologically clean urban environment is access to green spaces, their number and quality in any given city. Public green spaces play an important socio-cultural role in the context of active and passive recreation of citizens, various types of recreational activities. The relevance of this study is due to increased attention to the formation of open public spaces in the city of Krasnoyarsk. The purpose of this work is to trace the evolution and identify the social and cultural significance of the green public spaces in Krasnoyarsk. The objectives of the research are to study the green spaces of Krasnoyarsk in a historical retrospective, analyze the green spaces of Krasnoyarsk from the point of view of their ecological significance, recreational use. Research methods included literature review on the topic, analysis of historical data, field survey of the territory, long-term observation, photographic recording, comparative retrospective analysis, and graphic-analytical method. The study captures the most common types of public green spaces and their role in creating a comfortable urban environment. It traces in the most detail the evolution and cultural significance of the most important historical green spaces in Krasnoyarsk: the City Garden (now the Central Park), Yudinsky Garden, Krutovsky Garden. These examples show that gardens and parks can be formed both on the basis of the natural environment of urban forests, and artificially created by the efforts of citizens, that over time they can undergo various quantitative and qualitative, planning and functional transformations. Despite the transformations that have taken place, all the studied historical objects still exist and are used for their intended purpose. In addition to these historical green areas, we examine the newly organized public green spaces with a cultural and recreational component over the past decades: Tatyshev Park, All-season Fun-Park Bobrovy Log, Flora and Fauna Park Roev Ruchey, Dream Gardens and others. The article notes the importance of municipal, public and private initiatives in the organization of local green areas. The analysis allows us to assert that there is a certain system of public green spaces in Krasnoyarsk. It has disadvantages, such as an uneven distribution of green areas throughout the city, lack of interconnections between individual elements, aging of certain areas of greenery, and the complete destruction of some. Nevertheless, the city authorities, architects, designers and the general public make great effort to create a green framework for Krasnoyarsk destined to have an important recreational and cultural role.

Architecture, Town Planning, and Large-Scale Housing Estates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beate Störtkuhl
Keyword(s):  
Weimar Republic ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Housing Construction ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Not For Profit ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Housing Estates

Architecture and urban planning were facing great challenges during the Weimar Republic, given the difficult economic context of the time. The housing conditions in Germany had already been problematic prior to the First World War. In the Weimar Republic, their improvement was defined as a communal, not-for-profit task. New urban quarters emerged and a new urban infrastructure had to be created, while many historic urban cores changed into a ‘city centre’ dominated by business and consumerism. In the optimistic, euphoric situation of societal renewal after the war, many architects produced visionary projects. Yet at the same time, they had to develop pragmatic approaches for a cost-saving, industrialized type of housing construction. Large settlements in Berlin and in Frankfurt, or the experimental Weißenhof settlement in Stuttgart as well as the Bauhaus represented the ideas of an architectural avant-garde that was internationally connected. The protagonists of modernism, the so-called Neues Bauen, dominated contemporary coverage and contributed, once they had been forced into exile in 1933, to the global reach of this current. Yet in reality, architecture and housing construction in the Weimar Republic were not dominated by the Neues Bauen. They can rather be described as multiple modernity, which showed fluid boundaries and permeability between radical modernist forms and traditionalist elements.

Green Spaces of the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara

2019 ◽  
pp. 151-179
Author(s):  
Roberto Jiménez ◽  
Paula Lourdes Guerrero Rodríguez ◽  
Rogelio Rivera Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Urban Green Spaces ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
Social Environmental

The analysis of some systems of green areas and public parks of the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, other cities of our country Mexico and Latin America, shows common problems such as the deficit of urban green spaces, insecurity, unemployment, and uncertainty with a social exclusion in these areas of stress. Likewise, the lack of economic value of the services provided by such natural systems as recreation is added. Together they are important factors in the allocation of territories destined to this use with respect to others that generate Urban speculation. Therefore, it is proposed to develop a typology of green areas appropriate to the needs of the metropolitan region. It will facilitate the production of inventories that estimate indicators of territorial cohesion, governance, economic profitability, social, environmental quality and innovation, as well as incorporating new technologies that improve geographic information systems and internet media that support management.

Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 194-202
Author(s):  
Ilaria Scaglia
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Winter Olympics ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Alps ◽  
The One ◽  
First World

This book’s journey through the history of a broad range of political, leisure, educational, and medical institutions in the Alps shows that emotions constituted an essential ingredient in the development of internationalist ideas and practices in the interwar period. After the First World War—a traumatic event that contemporaries blamed on mismanaged passions—internationalists constructed the Alps—a recent battleground and the markers of national borders—as ideal sites for instilling amicable feelings among nations. The staging of large-scale international events such as the 1924 Winter Olympics strengthened the image of mountains as a natural backdrop for peaceful encounters. The commercialization of “typical” convivial products such as cheese fondue and the “cup of friendship” further reinforced this association. At the same time, in an age of increasing industrialization, the Alps attracted both public and private entities interested in large infrastructure projects (including roads, electrical plants, railway lines, and tunnels like the one celebrated in ...

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