TOPOI RESOURCES: Quantification and Assessment of Global Warming Potential and Land-Uptake of Residential Buildings in Settlement Types along the Urban–Rural Gradient—Opportunities for Sustainable Development

The METAPOLIS as the polycentric network of urban–rural settlement is undergoing constant transformation and urbanization processes. In particular, the associated imbalance of the shrinkage and growth of different settlement types in relative geographical proximity causes negative effects, such as urban sprawl and the divergence of urban–rural lifestyles with their related resource, land and energy consumption. Implicitly related to these developments, national and global sustainable development goals for the building sector lead to the question of how a region can be assessed without detailed research and surveys to identify critical areas with high potential for sustainable development. In this study, the TOPOI method is used. It classifies settlement units and their interconnections along the urban–rural gradient, in order to quantify and assess the land-uptake and global warming potential driven by residential developments. Applying standard planning parameters in combination with key data from a comprehensive life cycle assessment of the residential building stock, a detailed understanding of different settlement types and their associated resource and energy consumption is achieved.

Download Full-text

Exploring the Energy Implication of Urban Density in Residential Buildings

Journal of Applied Engineering Sciences ◽

10.1515/jaes-2017-0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 7-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Soufiane Boukarta ◽

Ewa Berezowska

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Residential Building ◽

Holistic Approach ◽

Building Stock ◽

Urban Density ◽

Spatial Approach ◽

Residential Building Stock ◽

Gas Consumption

AbstractIn the context of the Algerian energy policy, and through the review of the Algiers’ residential building stock, this paper explores the correlation between the energy consumption of gas and electricity with urban density. Based on a holistic approach of the 57 Algiers’ municipalities, the analysis is organized in two ways. Firstly, the spatial approach is conducted within a GIS implementation, carried out based on the 2013 aggregated annual energy consumption data. The cross analysis of Electricity and Gas consumption and density of population within a GIS spatial distribution approach shows effectively a strong correlation between urban density and energy consumption with a Pearson correlation of −56% and −65% of the Electricity and Gas consumption in the urban municipalities, respectively. Also, the household located in the suburban municipalities consume clearly more energy than the urban centered ones. Based on the electricity and gas consumption, density and carbon footprint we have clustered, within a PCA, the Algiers’ municipalities into three profiles: the “thrifty”, the “intermediate” and the “wasteful” profile.

Download Full-text

Selection of Favourable Concept of Energy Retrofitting Solution for Social Housing in the Czech Republic Based on Economic Parameters, Greenhouse Gases, and Primary Energy Consumption

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11226482 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (22) ◽

pp. 6482

Author(s):

Katerina Sojkova ◽

Martin Volf ◽

Antonin Lupisek ◽

Roman Bolliger ◽

Tomas Vachal

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Residential Building ◽

Primary Energy ◽

Primary Energy Consumption ◽

Building Stock ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Residential Building Stock

Energy retrofitting of existing building stock has significant potential for the reduction of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Roughly half of the CO2 emissions from Czech building stock are estimated to be allocated to residential buildings. Approximately one-third of the Czech residential building stock have already been retrofitted, but retrofitting mostly takes place in large cities due to greater income. A favourable concept for the mass retrofitting of residential building stock, affordable even in low-income regions, was of interest. For a reference building, multi-criteria assessment of numerous retrofitting measures was performed. The calculation involved different building elements, materials, solutions, and energy-efficiency levels in combination with various heating systems. The assessment comprised environmental impact, represented by operational and embodied primary energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, and investment and operational costs using the annuity method. Analysis resulted in the identification of favourable retrofitting measures and showed that complex building retrofitting is advantageous from both a cost and an environmental point of view. The environmental burden could be decreased by approximately 10–30% even without photovoltaic installation, and costs per year could be decreased by around 40%.

Download Full-text

GREEN BUILDING RATING FOR OFFICE BUILDINGS – LESSONS LEARNED

Journal of Green Building ◽

10.3992/jgb.11.2.131.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 131-146 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Jian Zuo ◽

Bo Xia ◽

Qing Chen ◽

Stephen Pullen ◽

Martin Skitmore

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Global Warming ◽

Significant Proportion ◽

Residential Building ◽

Green Building ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Office Buildings ◽

Office Building ◽

Building Stock ◽

Residential Building Stock

Office buildings constitute a significant proportion of the non-residential building stock. In recent years, various rating tools have been developed to foster green office building development. The Green Building Council of Australia (GBCA) has developed the Green Star - Office rating tools for this purpose. There are an increasing number of stakeholders adopting these tools to showcase their efforts in sustainable development. This research focuses on the challenges and barriers in obtaining GBCA ratings in Australian Office buildings. To accomplish this, the scoring sheets from the rating of 264 certified office buildings were collected and critically analysed. The findings indicated that credits related to the attributes of innovation, ecology and energy are comparatively difficult to achieve. It was also found in this study that a large number of projects did not apply for the specific credits of refrigerant global warming potential, re-use of façade, topsoil and fill removal from site, and individual comfort control. This study provides a useful reference to both the property developer and the Green Building Council of Australia for green building developments in the future. In particular, the findings provide useful inputs to the development of the next generation of green building rating tools.

Download Full-text

PREFABRICATED TIMBER PANELS APPLICATION POSSIBILITIES FOR THE ENERGY REFURBISHMENT OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS ENVELOPE IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA AND SLOVENIA

САВРЕМЕНА ТЕОРИЈА И ПРАКСА У ГРАДИТЕЉСТВУ ◽

10.7251/stp2014224g ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Darija Gajić ◽

Anna Sandak ◽

Slobodan Peulić ◽

Črtomir Tavzes ◽

Tim Mavrič

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Residential Building ◽

Building Envelope ◽

Hvac System ◽

The European Union ◽

Renewable Materials ◽

Building Stock ◽

Existing Building ◽

Residential Building Stock

System of prefabricated modules installed on the existing building envelope is one alternativesolution for deep energy refurbishment of buildings in the European Union. It allows thermalupgrade installation of new parts in the HVAC system. Moreover, some elements of the envelopecan be made of renewable materials. This research compares the residential building stock andidentifies potential types of buildings for energy refurbishment in Bosnia and Herzegovina andSlovenia. It presents refurbishment possibilities of existing residential building stock in bothcountries with prefabricated timber panels. It also presents potential obstacles to the widerapplication of this refurbishment solution.

Download Full-text

A Multilevel Procedure at Urban Scale to Assess the Vulnerability and the Exposure of Residential Masonry Buildings: The Case Study of Pordenone, Northeast Italy

Heritage ◽

10.3390/heritage3040080 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 1433-1468

Author(s):

Marco Vettore ◽

Marco Donà ◽

Pietro Carpanese ◽

Veronica Follador ◽

Francesca da Porto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Residential Buildings ◽

Fragility Curves ◽

Multicriteria Analysis ◽

Residential Building ◽

Mechanical Analysis ◽

Masonry Buildings ◽

Building Stock ◽

Damage Scenarios ◽

Residential Building Stock ◽

Definition Of

More than the 60% of the Italian residential building stock had already been built by 1974, when seismic codes were enforced on a minimal part of the country. Unreinforced masonry buildings represent most of that share, but they are typical for each region, in terms of both materials and structural configurations. The definition of ‘regional’, i.e., more specific, vulnerability and exposure models are required to improve existing forecast models. The research presents a new geographic information system (GIS)-based multilevel procedure for earthquake disaster prevention planning at urban scale; it includes multicriteria analysis, such as architectural types, structural vulnerability analysis, microzonation studies, and socio-economic aspects. The procedure has been applied to the municipality of Pordenone (PN), a district town of the Friuli–Venezia–Giulia region, in Northeast Italy. To assess the urban seismic risk, more than 5000 masonry residential buildings were investigated and common types within sub-municipal areas and exposure data were collected. Simplified mechanical analysis provided a ‘regional’ vulnerability model through typological fragility curves. The integration of results into GIS tool permitted the definition of cross-mapping among vulnerability, damage scenarios (conditional and unconditional) and exposure (seismic losses, casualties, impact), with respect to various earthquake intensities expected in the town. These results are presented at different scales: from the single building, to submunicipal area and to the entire town.

Download Full-text

Empirical assessment of the Hellenic non-residential building stock, energy consumption, emissions and potential energy savings

Energy Conversion and Management ◽

10.1016/j.enconman.2006.10.008 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 1160-1175 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

Athina G. Gaglia ◽

Constantinos A. Balaras ◽

Sevastianos Mirasgedis ◽

Elena Georgopoulou ◽

Yiannis Sarafidis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Potential Energy ◽

Energy Savings ◽

Residential Building ◽

Building Stock ◽

Empirical Assessment ◽

Residential Building Stock

Download Full-text

Development and Verification of Prototypical Office Buildings Models Using the National Building Energy Consumption Survey in Korea

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13073611 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 3611

Author(s):

Hye-Jin Kim ◽

Do-Young Choi ◽

Donghyun Seo

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Policy ◽

Policy Development ◽

Large Scale ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Residential Building ◽

Building Energy ◽

Office Buildings ◽

Policy Enforcement ◽

Building Stock

In the early 2000s, the Korean government mandated the construction of only zero-energy residential buildings by 2025 and for non-residential buildings from 2030. Two decades since the start of building energy policy enforcement, Korean experts believe that it is time to evaluate its impact. However, few studies have systematically and extensively examined the energy consumption characteristics of the non-residential building stock. In this study, a framework development is implemented for defining non-residential prototypical office buildings based on Korea’s first large-scale non-residential building survey result from the Korea Energy Economics Institute (KEEI). Then, a detailed building energy model of the defined prototypical building is constructed to verify the model’s energy estimation against observed energy consumption. As an application of the model, a case study for energy policy evaluation utilizing the constructed prototypical building model is presented. Every researcher and county may have their own circumstances when gathering definition data. However, by using the best available representative data, this suggested framework may result in informed decisions regarding energy policy development and evaluation. In addition, the mitigation of greenhouse gases from buildings may be expedited.

Download Full-text

Assessment of the Energy Savings Potential in the Residential Building Stock in Bosnia and Herzegovina

South East European Journal of Architecture and Design ◽

10.3889/seejad.2017.10029 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nermina Zagora ◽

Mladen Burazor ◽

Erdin Salihović

Keyword(s):

Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽

Energy Savings ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Residential Building ◽

Building Stock ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Research Activities ◽

The Status ◽

Residential Building Stock ◽

The Individual

This paper intends to bring attention of both scientific and general audience to the status quo of the existing, residential building stock in Bosnia and Herzegovina, highlighting its energy savings potential. The research results presented in this text may be applicable on two levels: on a larger scale, the policy makers may use this data in the process of development of strategic and EE measures implementation plans, while, on a smaller scale, the individual users may gain practical insight into the benefits of energy saving measures and implement them in their own households. Moreover, the exposed data may be subject to further evaluations, studies and comparisons, while the presented methodology can be used by other researchers in countries where there have not been research activities on the existing residential buildings stock from the EE perspective.

Download Full-text

Seismic risk assessment for the residential buildings of the major three cities in Colombia: Bogotá, Medellín, and Cali

Earthquake Spectra ◽

10.1177/8755293020942537 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (1_suppl) ◽

pp. 298-320

Author(s):

Ana Beatriz Acevedo ◽

Catalina Yepes-Estrada ◽

Daniela González ◽

Vitor Silva ◽

Miguel Mora ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Seismic Risk ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Residential Building ◽

Exceedance Probability ◽

Building Stock ◽

Seismic Risk Assessment ◽

Earthquake Scenarios ◽

Residential Building Stock ◽

Aggregate Loss

This study presents a seismic risk assessment and a set of earthquake scenarios for the residential building stock of the three largest metropolitan centers of Colombia: Bogotá, Medellín and Cali (with 8.0, 2.5, and 2.4 million inhabitants, respectively). A uniform methodology was followed for the development of the seismic hazard, vulnerability, and exposure models, thus allowing a direct comparison between the seismic risk of the different cities. Risk metrics such as exceedance probability curves and average annual losses were computed for each city. The earthquake scenarios were selected considering events whose direct economic impact is similar to the aggregated loss for a probability of exceedance of 10% in 50 years. Results show a higher mean aggregate loss ratio for Cali and similar mean aggregate loss ratios for Bogotá and Medellín. All of the models used in this study are openly accessible, enabling risk modelers, engineers, and stakeholders to explore them for disaster risk management.

Download Full-text

Residential building stock modelling for mainland China

10.5194/nhess-2019-385 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Danhua Xin ◽

James Edward Daniell ◽

Hing-Ho Tsang ◽

Friedemann Wenzel

Keyword(s):

Census Data ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Mainland China ◽

Residential Building ◽

Field Investigation ◽

Building Stock ◽

Floor Area ◽

Stock Value ◽

Residential Building Stock ◽

Stock Model

Abstract. Previous seismic damage reports have shown that the damage and collapse of buildings is the leading cause of fatality and property loss, especially in developing countries. To better serve the risk analysis targeted at near-real-time post-earthquake mitigation and pre-earthquake preparedness and resources allocation, this study develops a fully reproducible grid-level residential building stock model for mainland China, by disaggregating urbanity level census data of each province into 1 km × 1 km scale and using population density profile as the proxy. To evaluate the model performance, the modelled residential building stock value is compared with the net capital stock value in Wu et al. (2014) using perpetual inventory method at provincial level. The modelled stock values in these two studies are in good agreement for all the 31 provinces in mainland China. Furthermore, district level comparison of the residential floor area developed in this study with records from statistical yearbook of Shanghai is also conducted. It turns out that the floor area developed in this study is compatible with floor area recorded in the yearbook of Shanghai. To further validate the applicability of the modelled results in seismic risk assessment, an estimation of the scenario loss to modelled residential buildings is performed, by assuming the recurrence of 2008 Wenchuan M8.0 earthquake. The overall estimated loss approximates the loss value derived from damage reports based on field investigation quite well. Both results indicate the reliability of the residential building stock model developed in this study. The limitations of this study are discussed and directions for future work are recommended.

Download Full-text