scholarly journals Manure Flushing vs. Scraping in Dairy Freestall Lanes Reduces Gaseous Emissions

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5363
Author(s):  
Elizabeth G. Ross ◽  
Carlyn B. Peterson ◽  
Yongjing Zhao ◽  
Yuee Pan ◽  
Frank M. Mitloehner
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Environmental Chamber ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cattle

The objective of the present study was to mitigate ammonia (NH3), greenhouse gases (GHGs), and other air pollutants from lactating dairy cattle waste using different freestall management techniques. For the present study, cows were housed in an environmental chamber from which waste was removed by either flushing or scraping at two different frequencies. The four treatments used were (1) flushing three times a day (F3), (2) flushing six times a day (F6), (3) scraping three times a day (S3), and (4) scraping six times a day (S6). Flushing freestall lanes to remove manure while cows are out of the barn during milking is an industry standard in California. Gas emissions were measured with a mobile agricultural air quality lab connected to the environmental chamber. Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) emissions were decreased (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05) in the flushing vs. scraping treatments, respectively. Scraping increased NH3 emissions by 175 and 152% for S3 and S6, respectively vs. F3. Ethanol (EtOH) emissions were increased (p < 0.001) when the frequency of either scraping or flushing was increased from 3 to 6 times but were similar between scraping and flushing treatments. Methane emissions for the F3 vs. other treatments, were decreased (p < 0.001). Removal of dairy manure by scraping has the potential to increase gaseous emissions such as NH3 and GHGs.

scholarly journals Uncertainties in emissions estimates of greenhouse gases and air pollutants in India and their impacts on regional air quality

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 065002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eri Saikawa ◽  
Marcus Trail ◽  
Min Zhong ◽  
Qianru Wu ◽  
Cindy L Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Regional Air Quality

Measurements and Comparative Air Quality Analysis of a Goat Farm Operation

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1723-1733
Author(s):  
Arndreya Howard ◽  
Venkata S. V. Botlaguduru ◽  
Hongbo Du ◽  
Raghava R. Kommalapati ◽  
Ziaul Huque
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Emission Rate ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Goat Farm

Abstract. Air pollutants such as hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), methane, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are harmful to the respiratory systems of humans and animals. Livestock facilities have been documented as a major source of dangerous air pollutants; however, there is a lack of data on the emissions from goat farms. This study investigated a goat farm in Texas to evaluate the emission levels and determine the correlation of meteorological conditions with these pollutants. Two locations on the goat farm were selected for monitoring: inside a goat barn, and at a manure lagoon. The monitoring campaign was conducted over a 53-day period during winter and summer seasons. Carbon dioxide, ozone, nitrous oxide, ammonia, PM10, PM2.5, hydrogen sulfide, methane, and VOCs were measured to determine hourly average concentrations using chemiluminescent instruments. An analysis of meteorological conditions using multiple regression was conducted to investigate probable correlations between emission rates and characteristic climate data, such as temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, and solar radiation. Particle size distributions of PM10 and PM2.5 were evaluated for the two monitoring locations during the different seasons to determine the typical particle diameter and the impact of season on particle diameter. The highest emission rate of 364.4 ±50 g m-2 d-1 occurred at the manure lagoon for methane, which contributed the most to the overall emissions at this animal operation. The regression results for the manure lagoon had the highest positive correlations for ozone with temperature and solar radiation. The outdoor meteorological conditions had the most significant influence on pollutants at both locations. Therefore, meteorological conditions are instrumental in the intensity of the air pollutants found on animal farms. The particle diameters ranged from 0.1 to 6.0 µm in the goat barn and from 0.3 to 1.0 µm at the manure lagoon. Even though moderate levels of emissions were monitored at this facility, the emissions from the goat farm do not pose a risk to human health and do not significantly impact the ambient air quality when compared to other livestock facilities.HighlightsEmissions from a goat farm were measured inside a goat barn and at a manure lagoon over summer and winter seasons.The highest methane emission rate of 364.4 ±50 g m-2 d-1 occurred at the manure lagoon during summer.Meteorological conditions significantly influenced emissions at both locations, especially for O3 at the manure lagoon.Emissions from goat farm operations are much lower than those from cow, swine, and chicken farm operations. Keywords: Air quality, Ammonia, Emissions, Goat farm, Methane, Multiple regression analysis.

Can somebody clear the air? How air quality and climate change are connected.

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika von Schneidemesser
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Quality Policy

Air pollution and climate change are different phenomena, but are connected in a number of ways. The same sources emit both air pollutants and greenhouse gases, many air pollutants affect the Earth’s energy balance and thereby affect climate change, and a changing climate will affect air quality. Policy options to address either air quality or climate change cannot be formulated and applied in isolation, as most will often affect emissions of both greenhouse gases and air pollutants. This article outlines the basics of what air pollutants and greenhouse gases are, how they affect air quality and climate change, and where they come from. The connections between these two environmental phenomena are also addressed.

scholarly journals Effects of Treated Manure Conditions on Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide Emissions from a Swine Finishing Barn Equipped with Semicontinuous Pit Recharge System in Summer

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 713
Author(s):  
Jisoo Wi ◽  
Seunghun Lee ◽  
Eunjong Kim ◽  
Myeongseong Lee ◽  
Jacek A. Koziel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Nitrogen Loading ◽  
Manure Management ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Climate Conditions

Gaseous emissions from animal production systems affect the local and regional air quality. Proven farm-scale mitigation technologies are needed to lower these emissions and to provide management practices that are feasible and sustainable. In this research, we evaluate the performance of a unique approach that simultaneously mitigates emissions and improves air quality inside a barn equipped with a manure pit recharge system. Specifically, we tested the effects of summertime feeding rations (used by farmers to cope with animal heat stress) and manure management. To date, the pit recharge system has been proven to be effective in mitigating both ammonia (NH3; approximately 53%) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S; approximately 84%) emissions during mild climate conditions. However, its performance during the hot season with a high crude protein diet and high nitrogen loading into the pit manure recharge system is unknown. Therefore, we compared the emissions and indoor air quality of the rooms (240 pigs, ~80 kg each) equipped with a conventional slurry and pit recharge system. The main findings highlight the importance and impact of seasonal variation and diet and manure management practices. We observed 31% greater NH3 emissions from the pit recharge system (33.7 ± 1.4 g·head−1·day−1) compared with a conventional slurry system (25.9 ± 2.4 g·head−1·day−1). Additionally, the NH3 concentration inside the barn was higher (by 24%) in the pit recharge system compared with the control. On the other hand, H2S emissions were 55% lower in the pit recharge system (628 ± 47 mg·head−1·day−1) compared with a conventional slurry pit (1400 ± 132 mg·head−1·day−1). Additionally, the H2S concentration inside the barn was lower (by 54%) in the pit recharge system compared with the control. The characteristics of the pit recharge liquid (i.e., aerobically treated manure), such as the total nitrogen (TN) and ammonium N (NH4-N) contents, contributed to the higher NH3 emissions from the pit recharge system in summer. However, their influence on H2S emissions had a relatively low impact, i.e., emissions were still reduced, similarly as they were in mild climate conditions. Overall, it is necessary to consider a seasonal diet and manure management practices when evaluating emissions and indoor air quality. Further research on minimizing the seasonal nitrogen loading and optimizing pit recharge manure characteristics is warranted.

High-resolution air-quality observations onboard commercial Zeppelin flights in Germany 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf Tillmann ◽  
Franz Rohrer ◽  
Georgios I. Gkatzelis ◽  
Benjamin Winter ◽  
Christian Wesolek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Source Attribution ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Gas Measurements ◽  
Air Speed

&lt;p&gt;A Zeppelin NT airship has been used as a platform for in-situ measurement of greenhouse gases and air pollutants in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). The Zeppelin especially with its long flight endurance, low air speed and potential high payload fills a gap between stationary ground based and remote sensing measurements, payload limited UAV based air monitoring, long range-high-altitude aircraft, and satellite observations. Its flight properties render unique applications for the observation of PBL dynamics and air quality monitoring. Highly resolved spatial and temporal trace gas measurements provide input required for modelling of air pollution and validation of emission inventories.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The core instrument deployed was a novel Quantum Cascade Laser (QCL) based multi-compound gas analyzer (MIRO Analytical AG) to measure in-situ concentrations of 10 greenhouse gases and air pollutants simultaneously. The analyzer measured CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, and the pollutants CO, NO, NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; with high precision and a measurement rate of 1 Hz. The instrument was operated remotely without the need of on-site personnel. The instrument package was complemented by electrochemical sensors for NO, NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, O&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; and CO (alphasense), an optical particle counter (alphasense), temperature, humidity, altitude and position monitoring. Three campaigns of two weeks each were conducted in 2020 comprising unattended operation during commercial passenger flights.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The acquired data set will be discussed in regard to (1) diurnal height profiles of trace gases such as NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, (2) a detailed source attribution by fingerprinting, and (3) a comparison to observations from ground-based monitoring stations. The results demonstrate the QCL spectrometer as an all-in-one solution for air-borne trace gas monitoring. By measuring 10 compounds at once it helps to greatly reduce payload, space requirements and power consumption.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals An Integrated View of Homologous Emissions of Greenhouse Gases and Air Pollutants in China

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohui Lin ◽  
Ruqi Yang ◽  
Wen Zhang ◽  
Ning Zeng ◽  
Yu Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Grid Cells ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Technological Improvements ◽  
Pollution Emissions

Abstract Background: Air pollution in China has raised great concerns due to its adverse effects on air quality, human health, and climate. Emissions of air pollutants (APs) are inherently linked with CO2 emissions through fossil-energy consumption. Knowledge of the characteristics of APs and CO2 emissions and their relationships is fundamentally important in the pursuit of co-benefits in addressing air quality and climate issues in China. However, the linkages and interactions between APs and CO2 in China are not well understood.Results: Here, we conducted an ensemble study of six bottom-up inventories to identify the underlying drivers of APs and CO2 emissions growth and to explore their linkages in China. The results showed that, during 1980-2015, the power and industry sectors contributed 61–79% to China’s overall emissions of CO2, NOx, and SO2. In addition, the residential and industrial sectors were large emitters (77–85%) of PM10, PM2.5, CO, BC, and OC. The emissions of CH4, N2O and NH3 were dominated by the agriculture sector (46–82%), while the share of CH4 emissions in the energy sector increased since 2010. During 1980-2015, APs and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions from residential sources generally decreased over time, while the transportation sector increased its impact on recent emissions, particularly for NOx and NMVOC. Since implementation of stringent pollution control measures and accompanying technological improvements in 2013, China has effectively limited pollution emissions (e.g., growth rates of –10% per year for PM and –20% for SO2) and slowed down the increasing trend of carbon emissions from the power and industrial sectors. We also found that areas with high emissions of CO, NOx, NMVOC, and SO2 also emitted large amounts of CO2, which demonstrates the possible common sources of APs and GHGs. Moreover, we found significant correlations between CO2 and APs (e.g., NOx, CO, SO2, and PM) emissions in the top 5% high-emitting grid cells, with more than 60% common/overlapped grid cells during 2010–2015. Conclusions: We found significant homology in spatial and temporal aspects for CO2, and NOx, CO, SO2, and PM emissions in China. We targeted sectorial and spatial APs and GHGs emission hot-spots, which help for management and policy-making of collaborative reductions of them. This comprehensive analysis over 6 datasets improves our understanding of APs and GHGs emissions in China during the period of rapid industrialization from 1980 to 2015. This study helps elucidate the linkages between APs and CO2 from an integrated perspective, and provides insights for future synergistic emissions reduction.

scholarly journals Assessment of the contribution of TEX air pollutants from Nigeria’s petroleum refineries to the ambient air quality: Part II

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1947007
Author(s):  
Ebenezer Leke Odekanle ◽  
Chinchong Blessing Bakut ◽  
Abiodun Paul Olalekan ◽  
Roseline Oluwaseun Ogundokun ◽  
Charity O. Aremu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Quality ◽  
Petroleum Refineries

scholarly journals Spatial Analysis (Measurements at Heights of 10 m and 20 m above Ground Level) of the Concentrations of Particulate Matter (PM10, PM2.5, and PM1.0) and Gaseous Pollutants (H2S) on the University Campus: A Case Study

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Robert Cichowicz ◽  
Maciej Dobrzański
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Leeward Side ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Above Ground Level ◽  
High Concentrations

Spatial analysis of the distribution of particulate matter PM10, PM2.5, PM1.0, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas pollution was performed in the area around a university library building. The reasons for the subject matter were reports related to the perceptible odor characteristic of hydrogen sulfide and a general poor assessment of air quality by employees and students. Due to the area of analysis, it was decided to perform measurements at two heights, 10 m and 20 m above ground level, using measuring equipment attached to a DJI Matrice 600 unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The aim of the measurements was air quality assessment and investigate the convergence of the theory of air flow around the building with the spatial distribution of air pollutants. Considerable differences of up to 63% were observed in the concentrations of pollutants measured around the building, especially between opposite sides, depending on the direction of the wind. To explain these differences, the theory of aerodynamics was applied to visualize the probable airflow in the direction of the wind. A strong convergence was observed between the aerodynamic model and the spatial distribution of pollutants. This was evidenced by the high concentrations of dust in the areas of strong turbulence at the edges of the building and on the leeward side. The accumulation of pollutants was also clearly noticeable in these locations. A high concentration of H2S was recorded around the library building on the side of the car park. On the other hand, the air turbulence around the building dispersed the gas pollution, causing the concentration of H2S to drop on the leeward side. It was confirmed that in some analyzed areas the permissible concentration of H2S was exceeded.

scholarly journals Indoor Air Quality: Assessment of Dangerous Substances in Incense Products

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 8086
Author(s):  
Gabriela Ventura Silva ◽  
Anabela O. Martins ◽  
Susana D. S. Martins
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Indoor Air Pollution ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Cone Type ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Taking Action ◽  
At Home

Indoor air pollution has obtained more attention in a moment where “stay at home” is a maximum repeated for the entire world. It is urgent to know the sources of pollutants indoors, to improve the indoor air quality. This study presents some results obtained for twelve incense products, used indoors, at home, and in temples, but also in spa centers or yoga gymnasiums, where the respiratory intensity is high, and the consequences on health could be more severe. The focus of this study was the gaseous emissions of different types of incense, performing a VOC screening and identifying some specific VOCs different from the usual ones, which are known or suspected to cause severe chronic health effects: carcinogenic, mutagenic, and reprotoxic. Thirteen compounds were selected: benzene, toluene, styrene, naphthalene, furfural, furan, isoprene, 2-butenal, phenol, 2-furyl methyl ketone, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein. The study also indicated that incense cone type shows a higher probability of being more pollutant than incense stick type, as from the 12 products tested, four were cone type, and three of them were in the group of the four higher polluters. Benzene and formaldehyde presented worrying levels in the major part of the products, above guideline values established by the WHO. Unfortunately, there are no limit values established for indoor air for all the compounds studied, but this fact should not exempt us from taking action to alert the population to the potential dangers of using those products. From this study, acetaldehyde, acrolein, furfural, and furan emerge as compounds with levels to deserve attention.

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