A Study on the Relationship between Income Change and the Water Footprint of Food Consumption in Urban China

We use a threshold model to analyze the relationship between per capita income and the per capita water footprint of food consumption in the urban Guangdong Province of China, and further simulate the effect of changes in income distribution on the per capita water footprint of food consumption. The income growth of urban residents has a significant positive effect on the per capita water footprint of food consumption, where the effect varies by income stratum. The income elasticity of the per capita water footprint of food consumption for the total sample is 0.45, where the income elasticity of the low-income group (0.75) is greater than that of the high-income group (0.23), indicating that a change of income in the low-income group has a greater effect on water resources. The simulation results show that increasing the income of residents, especially that of the low-income group, significantly increases the water footprint due to food consumption for the whole society. At present, China is in a period of rapid economic growth and urbanization, comprising a period of profound change and sensitive response to the income level of urban and rural residents. Therefore, in order to reduce the effect of food consumption on the environment, sustainable food consumption management strategies should consider group differences. We should correctly guide all kinds of groups to carry out sustainable consumption, advocate healthy and reasonable diet models, reduce animal food consumption, avoid the excessive consumption of food, and strengthen the management of food waste.

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The relationship between leisure activity types selected by older adults and their income

Studia Periegetica ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0014.1220 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 87-98

Author(s):

Hüseyin Gümüş ◽

Ülfet Erbaş

Keyword(s):

Elderly People ◽

Low Income ◽

Psychological Health ◽

Elderly Care ◽

Leisure Activity ◽

Income Group ◽

High Income Group ◽

Cultural Activities ◽

Activity Types ◽

The Relationship

This study focused on investigating the relationship between leisure activity types selected by individuals aged 65 and older and their income. The target population included inhabitants of Mersin Province aged 65 and older. A purposive sample of 228 individuals was recruited to participate in the study. The questionnaire consisted of a demographic information form and the “Leisure participation scale”, including six different activity types for which the respondents were asked to determine the frequency of participation. The collected data were analysed for normality, and by applying the independent T-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). In order to discover the cause of the inter-group differences (e.g. education level), Fisher’s LSD test was used. Significance was set at 0.05. The respondents’ participation in cultural activities was found to be positively correlated with their income level. Individuals in the low income group preferred “volunteering activities”, while individuals in the high income group preferred “cultural activities such as watching TV, going to cinema, concerts, museums”. Individuals in the moderate income group usually opted for “hobbies and indoor activities such as painting, reading, playing musical instruments”. Elderly people with moderate incomes, who tend to prefer indoor activities, should be encouraged to engage in outdoor activities that are more beneficial for their mental, physiological and psychological health. This results of the study can be used as recommendations concerning leisure activity types for private elderly care centers, ministries responsible for the health of elderly people, local authorities and other institutions that plan leisure activities for this social group.

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Do China's Plywood Exports Depend on Trade Partners? Evidence from the Gravity Model

Forest Products Journal ◽

10.13073/fpj-d-18-00032 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

pp. 26-33

Author(s):

Xue Feng ◽

John M. Zobel ◽

Guochun Wu ◽

Donald G. Hodges

Keyword(s):

Gravity Model ◽

Low Income ◽

National Income ◽

Income Group ◽

Forest Area ◽

High Income Group ◽

Data Set ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Impact ◽

Trade Partners

Abstract A gravity model was formulated to identify the factors related to China's plywood exports and examine whether the impact of factors depended on trade partners using panel data from 2005 to 2015. The data set was divided into three groups based on the income of trade partners. The findings reveal that the factors performed differently in the three groups. For the high income group, gross domestic product (GDP), per capita gross national income (GNI), the ratio of per capita forest area, and Open were related to China's plywood exports. GDP, the ratio of per capita forest area, exchange rate, and Open were correlated to China's plywood export for the middle income group. In the low income group, per capita GNI, the ratio of per capita forest area, Open and Free Trade Agreements were significantly related to China's plywood exports.

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The Impact of Urban Recreation Environment on Residents’ Happiness—Based on a Case Study in China

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13105549 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 5549

Author(s):

Lei Kang ◽

Zhaoping Yang ◽

Fang Han

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Subjective Evaluation ◽

Objective Evaluation ◽

Income Group ◽

High Income Group ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

Indirect Impact ◽

Negative Effect ◽

The Impact ◽

Urban Recreation

Rapid urbanization promotes the expansion of urban tourism and recreation functions, but it also brings many problems, which affect residents’ happiness. Previous studies have emphasized the direct impact of urban recreation environment on happiness, and few have explored the indirect impact of urban recreation environment on happiness through subjective evaluation. Based on the survey data of nearly 10,000 permanent residents in 40 key tourism cities in China, this paper establishes a theoretical framework of the direct and indirect impact of urban recreation environment on happiness. The objective evaluation of natural recreation environment and sociocultural recreation environment has an important influence on happiness, but the influence of natural recreation environment is greater than that of sociocultural recreation environment. Individual subjective satisfaction with urban recreation environment mediates the relationship between urban objective environment and happiness. Urban parks have a positive effect on happiness, while tourist attractions have a negative effect. The influence of urban location on happiness is nonlinear. The high-income group is more sensitive to the recreation environment, while the low-income group is less sensitive to the recreation environment. These findings provide insights for further improving citizens’ quality of life and designing urban construction in developing countries under the conditions of rapid urbanization.

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Decomposition of Water Footprint of Food Consumption in Typical East Chinese Cities

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13010409 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 409

Author(s):

Ruogu Huang ◽

Xiangyang Li ◽

Yang Liu ◽

Yaohao Tang ◽

Jianyi Lin

Keyword(s):

Food Consumption ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Water Footprint ◽

Utilization Efficiency ◽

Diet Shift ◽

City Development ◽

Intensity Effect ◽

Consumption Level ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Per Capita

Water scarcity has put pressure on city development in China. With a particular focus on urban and rural effects, logarithmic mean Divisia index decomposition (LMDI) was used to analyze the water footprint per capita (WFP) of food consumption in five East China cities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Qingdao, and Xiamen) from 2008 to 2018. Results show that the WFP of food consumption exhibited an upward tendency among all cities during the research period. Food consumption structure contributed the most to the WFP growth, mainly due to urban and rural residents’ diet shift toward a livestock-rich style. Except in Beijing, the food consumption level mainly inhibited the WFP growth due to the decrease in food consumption level per capita in urban areas. Urbanization had less influence on WFP growth for two megacities (Beijing and Shanghai) due to the strictly controlled urban population inflow policy and more positive effects for other cities. The water footprint intensity effect among cities was mainly due to uneven water-saving efficiency. Meanwhile, Beijing and Tianjin have achieved advancement in water utilization efficiency.

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Abstract P180: Does Poverty Consistently Affect Food Consumption in Childhood? Evidence from a Longitudinal Study in Children

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.125.suppl_10.ap180 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽

Author(s):

Lisa Kakinami ◽

Marie Lambert ◽

Lise Gauvin ◽

Louise Séguin ◽

Béatrice Nikiéma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Food Consumption ◽

Low Income ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Latent Class ◽

Group Analysis ◽

High Exposure ◽

Low Exposure ◽

Statistics Canada ◽

The Relationship

Background: Childhood poverty is associated with poorer food consumption patterns but longitudinal data on this association is limited. To assess if the relationship between food consumption and poverty differs depending on the child’s age and pattern of poverty, we analyzed the relationship between consumption of selected foods and poverty trajectories at various ages in a birth cohort. Methods: The 1998-2010 "Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development" (n=2,120) cohort was used for these analyses. Household income was measured annually with poverty defined as income below the low-income thresholds established by Statistics Canada adjusted for household size and geographic region. Frequency of children’s consumption of dairy (milk, cheese, yogurt), fruits, and vegetables were reported by parents using a food frequency questionnaire. Analyses were conducted on the 739 children with food consumption data. Trajectories of poverty at 6, 8, 10, and 12 years were characterized with latent class group analysis using maximum likelihood in a semiparametric mixture model. Multivariable logistic regression predicted the likelihood of having less than 2 servings a day of dairy, fruits and vegetables based on poverty trajectories after adjusting for age and sex. Results: The poverty trajectories were stable and fell into 1 lower exposure category (consistently low exposure (73%, n=537)) and 3 higher exposure categories (increasing: 8%, n=61; decreasing: 10%, n=73; or consistently high exposure: 9%, n=68)). Compared to children experiencing low exposure to poverty, children with increasing or high exposure to poverty were less likely to have at least two servings of fruit a day at all ages, but the results were not significant. Compared to children experiencing low exposure to poverty, children with high exposure were 55% (CI: 0.2-0.8, p=0.001), 31% (CI: 0.4-1.2, p=0.23), 67% (CI: 0.2-0.6, p<.0001), and 49% (CI: 0.3-0.8, p=0.001) less likely to have at least two servings of dairy a day at 6, 8, 10, and 12 years, respectively. Compared to children with low exposure to poverty, children with high exposure were 43% (CI: 0.3-0.9, p=0.02), 46% (CI: 0.3-0.9, p=0.02), 55% (CI: 0.3-0.8, p=0.003), and 47% (CI: 0.3-0.9, p=0.02) less likely to have at least two servings of vegetables a day at 6, 8, 10, and 12 years, respectively. Children at all ages with decreasing or increasing exposure to poverty were less likely to have at least two servings of vegetables a day, but the results were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Experiencing high exposure to poverty has consistent effects on food consumption throughout childhood. In addition, compared to children with low exposure to poverty, children with increasing or decreasing exposure were less likely to have at least 2 servings of fruits and vegetables a day, suggesting any exposure to poverty may have detrimental effects on consumption of selected foods.

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SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS AFFECTING PATIENT COMPLIANCE TO LONG-TERM THERAPIES

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2021.v14i7.41868 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 59-62

Author(s):

SHAKEEL AHMAD MIR

Keyword(s):

Patient Compliance ◽

Low Income ◽

Income Group ◽

Sociodemographic Factors ◽

High Income Group ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Validated Questionnaire ◽

Adherence Scale ◽

Study Population

Objective: The aim is to study the effect of various sociodemographic factors on patient compliance in long-term therapies. Methods: This is a questionnaire-based study of 195 adult outdoor patients suffering from chronic illnesses and receiving long-term drug therapy. Various sociodemographic factors were noted in a validated questionnaire. Questions about drugs being taken were asked. The compliance was measured by General Medication Adherence Scale. Results: The study population consists of 51.3% of males and 48.7% of females. About 39.0% of participants were literate and 61.0% were illiterate. About 72.3% belonged to the rural area, 13.3% urban, and 14.4% to the main city. About 33.3% were self-employed or unemployed, 17.4% government employees, and 49.3% were private employees. About 20.0% belonged to high-income group, and 40.0% to middle- and 40.0% to low-income group. Statistically significant correlation was found between compliance and age, gender, area of residence, education, and marital status (p<0.05). Better compliance was observed in men, unmarried,middle-aged, literate, and urban populations. Conclusions: We conclude that some sociodemographic factors correlate with compliance to long-term therapies.

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Healthy living practices in families and child health: 5-year follow-up of Taiwan Birth Cohort Study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033613 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. e033613

Author(s):

Yi-Ching Lin ◽

Yi-Fan Li ◽

Tung-liang Chiang

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Good Health ◽

Income Group ◽

Birth Cohort Study ◽

High Income Group ◽

School Age ◽

Healthy Living ◽

High Level ◽

Taiwan Birth Cohort Study

ObjectivesWe have previously developed the Child Healthy Living Practices in Family (CHLPF) Index and found that the CHLPF Index was concurrently associated with the health of children at age 3. In this follow-up study, we aimed to examine whether healthy living practices in family at age 3 predicted health of children at school age.Design and settingData came from the Taiwan Birth Cohort Study designed to assess the development and health of 24 200 children born in 2005.ParticipantsA total of 18 553 cohort members whose mothers or primary caregivers had completed 6-month, 3-year, 5-year and 8-year surveys were included for analysis, representing a response rate of 87.3%.Outcome measuresA multiple logistic regression model was used to test the relationship between mother-rated children’s health at age 8 and the CHLPF Index level, after controlling for sex, birth outcomes, family structure, parental education, residential area, family income and mother-rated child’s health at age 3.ResultsThe percentage of mother-rated good health at age 8 was 79.7%. Compared with the low CHLPF level, the adjusted OR of mother-rated good health was 1.38 (95% CI 1.19 to 1.60), 1.21 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.35) and 1.17 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.29), respectively, for high, high–low and mid-low CHLPF levels. Moreover, the prevalence of mother-rated good health at age 8 with high-level CHLPF Index in the low-income group was similar to that of the high-income group (83.72% vs 84.18%); the prevalence with low-level CHLPF Index in the low-income group was much lower than that of the high-income group (70.21% vs 78.98%).ConclusionsOur study underscores that high level of healthy living practices in early childhood is positively associated with good health at school age, particularly for children from disadvantaged families.

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Nonlinear Dynamics in the Finance-Inequality Nexus in China-CHNS Data

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11010191 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 191 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mohammad Masudur Rahman ◽

Guan Fuquan ◽

Laila Arjuman Ara

Keyword(s):

Financial Development ◽

Low Income ◽

Income Group ◽

High Income Group ◽

Middle Income ◽

Linear Effect ◽

Quantile Regression Model ◽

Income Groups ◽

Using Data ◽

The Impact

This paper empirically investigates the effects of financial development on incomes of Chinese residents particularly within various income groups using data from six provinces by applying the Quantile Regression model. The Greenwood and Jovanovich hypothesis that illustrates the inverted U shaped relationship between financial development and income inequality is tested. This empirical study demonstrates that financial development has a positive but non-linear effect on the annual income of individuals from various income groups at different quantiles. The effect is an inverted U or Kuznets effect indicating an increase at first and then a drop. As for the distribution of the impact on various income groups, the low-income group is under the most dominant influence followed by the high-income group with the middle-income groups receiving relatively smaller influence. Findings indicate that promoting balanced financial development would help to ease the income gap between Chinese residents.

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Heterogeneous Impacts of Basic Social Health Insurance on Medical Expenditure: Evidence from China’s New Cooperative Medical Scheme

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare7040131 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 131 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fang ◽

He ◽

Rozelle ◽

Shi ◽

Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Social Health Insurance ◽

Good Health ◽

Income Group ◽

Medical Expenditure ◽

High Income Group ◽

New Cooperative Medical Scheme ◽

Health Group ◽

Cooperative Medical Scheme ◽

Low Income Groups

This paper examines the effects of China’s New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS) on medical expenditure. Utilizing the quasi-random rollout of the NCMS for a difference-in-difference analysis, we find that the NCMS increased medical expenditure by 12.3%. Most significantly, the good-health group witnessed a 22.1% rise in medical expenditure, and the high-income group saw a rise of 20.6%. The effects, however, were not significant among the poor-health or low-income groups. The findings are suggestive of the need for more help for the very poor and less healthy.

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Long-Term Effect of Income Level on Mortality after Stroke: A Nationwide Cohort Study in South Korea

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17228348 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (22) ◽

pp. 8348

Author(s):

Seungmin Jeong ◽

Sung-il Cho ◽

So Yeon Kong

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Income Group ◽

Income Level ◽

High Income ◽

High Income Group ◽

Stroke Mortality ◽

Stroke Event ◽

Middle Income ◽

Medical Aid ◽

Post Stroke

We investigated whether income level has long-term effects on mortality rate in stroke patients and whether this varies with time after the first stroke event, using the National Health Insurance Service National Sample Cohort data from 2002 to 2015 in South Korea. The study population was new-onset stroke patients ≥18 years of age. Patients were categorized into Category (1) insured employees and Category (2) insured self-employed/Medical Aid beneficiaries. Each category was divided into three and four income level groups, retrospectively. The study population comprised of 11,668 patients. Among the Category 1 patients (n = 7720), the low-income group’s post-stroke mortality was 1.15-fold higher than the high-income group. Among the Category 2 patients (n = 3948), the lower income groups had higher post-stroke mortality than the high-income group (middle-income, aOR (adjusted odds ratio) 1.29; low-income, aOR 1.70; Medical Aid beneficiaries, aOR 2.19). In this category, the lower income groups’ post-stroke mortality risks compared to the high-income group were highest at 13–36 months after the first stroke event(middle-income, aOR 1.52; low-income, aOR 2.31; Medical Aid beneficiaries, aOR 2.53). Medical Aid beneficiaries had a significantly higher post-stroke mortality risk than the high-income group at all time points.

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