scholarly journals The Way towards an Energy Efficient Transportation by Implementation of Fuel Economy Standards: Fuel Savings and Emissions Mitigation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7348
Author(s):  
Ahmad Zuhairi Muzakir ◽  
Eng Hwa Yap ◽  
Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Emission Mitigation ◽  
Fuel Economy Standards

Final energy use in Malaysia by the transport sector accounts for a consistent share of around 40% and even more in some years within the past two decades. Amongst all modes of transport, land transport dominates and within land transport, private travels are thought to be the biggest contributor. Personal mobility is dominated by the use of conventional internal-combustion-engine-powered vehicles (ICE), with the ownership trend of private cars has not shown any signs of tapering-off. Fuel consumption by private cars is currently not governed by a national policy on fuel economy standards. This is in contrast against not only the many developed economies, but even amongst some of the ASEAN neighbouring countries. The lack of fuel economy standards has resulted in the loss of potentially tremendous savings in fuel consumption and emission mitigation. This study analysed the increase in private vehicle stock to date, the natural fuel economy improvements brought by technology in a business as usual (BAU) situation, and the additional potential energy savings as well as emissions reduction in the ideal case of mandatory fuel economy standards for motor vehicles, specifically cars in Malaysia. The model uses the latest available data, relevant and most current parameters for the simulation and projection of the future scenario. It is found that the application of the fuel economy standards policy for cars in Malaysia is long overdue and that the country could benefit from the immediate implementation of fuel economy standards.

scholarly journals Optimal Control for a Hydraulic Recuperation System Using Endoreversible Thermodynamics

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 5001
Author(s):  
Robin Masser ◽  
Karl Heinz Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Hydraulic Systems ◽  
Commercial Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Drive ◽  
Environmental Considerations ◽  
Onboard System

Energy savings in the traffic sector are of considerable importance for economic and environmental considerations. Recuperation of mechanical energy in commercial vehicles can contribute to this goal. One promising technology rests on hydraulic systems, in particular for trucks which use such system also for other purposes such as lifting cargo or operating a crane. In this work the potential for energy savings is analyzed for commercial vehicles with tipper bodies, as these already have a hydraulic onboard system. The recuperation system is modeled based on endoreversible thermodynamics, thus providing a framework in which realistic driving data can be incorporated. We further used dissipative engine setups for modeling both the hydraulic and combustion engine of the hybrid drive train in order to include realistic efficiency maps. As a result, reduction in fuel consumption of up to 26% as compared to a simple baseline recuperation strategy can be achieved with an optimized recuperation control.

Research on Variable Cylinders of the Tandem 4-Cylinder Gasoline Engine for Fuel Economy

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kouki Yamaji ◽  
◽  
Hirokazu Suzuki ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Electronic Control Unit ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Electronic Control ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Predetermined Time

With progress in internal combustion engine fuel economy, variable cylinder systems have attracted attention. We measured fuel consumption in cylinder cutoff by stopping the injector alone, collected data changing the location and number of cutoff cylinders and when varying the cutoff cylinder, and compared the difference in fuel cost reduction. A transistor is inserted serially into the injector control circuit of the electronic control unit (ECU). By controlling the transistor via microcomputer, the injector is turned on or off independently from ECU control in obtain cylinder cutoff. The amount of fuel consumption is measured using enhancement mode of a failure diagnostic device based on the OBD II standard to collect injection time and rotational speed of the injector for a predetermined time and calculated based on this data. We confirmed that by stopping the injector alone, fuel consumption was reduced 6 to 22% and is reduced when the cutoff cylinder is varied.

scholarly journals Optimal Degree of Hybridization for Spark-Ignited Engines with Optional Variable Valve Timings

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 8151
Author(s):  
Andyn Omanovic ◽  
Norbert Zsiga ◽  
Patrik Soltic ◽  
Christopher Onder
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Valve Train ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Optimal Degree ◽  
Variable Valve Train ◽  
Variable Valve

The electric hybridization of vehicles with an internal combustion engine is an effective measure to reduce CO2 emissions. However, the identification of the dimension and the sufficient complexity of the powertrain parts such as the engine, electric machine, and battery is not trivial. This paper investigates the influence of the technological advancement of an internal combustion engine and the sizing of all propulsion components on the optimal degree of hybridization and the corresponding fuel consumption reduction. Thus, a turbocharged and a naturally aspirated engine are both modeled with the additional option of either a fixed camshaft or a fully variable valve train. All models are based on data obtained from measurements on engine test benches. We apply dynamic programming to find the globally optimal operating strategy for the driving cycle chosen. Depending on the engine type, a reduction in fuel consumption by up to 32% is achieved with a degree of hybridization of 45%. Depending on the degree of hybridization, a fully variable valve train reduces the fuel consumption additionally by up to 9% and advances the optimal degree of hybridization to 50%. Furthermore, a sufficiently high degree of hybridization renders the gearbox obsolete, which permits simpler vehicle concepts to be derived. A degree of hybridization of 65% is found to be fuel optimal for a vehicle with a fixed transmission ratio. Its fuel economy diverges less than 4% from the optimal fuel economy of a hybrid electric vehicle equipped with a gearbox.

scholarly journals Model-based estimation of light-duty vehicle fuel economy at high altitude

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 168781401988625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijun Hao ◽  
Chunjie Wang ◽  
Hang Yin ◽  
Chunxiao Hao ◽  
Haohao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Specific Fuel Consumption ◽  
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption ◽  
Engine Model ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Light Duty Vehicle

In order to estimate the light-duty vehicle fuel economy at high-altitude areas, the coast-down tests of a passenger car on level road were conducted at different elevations, and the coast-down resistance coefficients were calculated. Furthermore, a fuel economy model for a light-duty vehicle adopting backward simulation method was developed, and it mainly consists of vehicle dynamic model, internal combustion engine model, transmission model, and differential model. The internal combustion engine model consists of the brake-specific fuel consumption maps as functions of engine torque and engine speed, and the brake-specific fuel consumption map near sea level was constructed based on engine experimental data, and the brake-specific fuel consumption maps at high altitudes were calculated by GT-Power Modeling of the internal combustion engine. The fuel consumption rate was calculated from the brake-specific fuel consumption maps and brake power and used to calculate the fuel economy of the light-duty vehicle. The model predicted fuel consumption data met well with the test results, and the model prediction errors are within 5%.

scholarly journals Model-Based Optimization of a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Powertrain with Multimode Transmission

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Geng ◽  
Andreas Meier ◽  
Thomas Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Electric Motor ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
Motor Operation

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are developed in order to reduce the fuel consumption and the emission of carbon dioxide. Besides the series, parallel and power split configurations are commonly used for conventional hybrid electric vehicles, and multimode transmissions are used for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, which are able to switch between different modes like parallel or series operation of the combustion engine and electric motor. Several concepts have already been discussed and presented. These concepts comprise novel structures and multi-speed operation for the combustion engine and the electric motor, respectively. For improving the fuel and energy consumption, model-based optimizations of multimode transmissions are performed. In the first step of the optimization, the optimal number of gears and transmission ratios, as well as the corresponding fuel and energy savings, are estimated. Based on these results, a new multimode transmission concept with two-speed transmissions for the combustion engine and the electric motor has been developed. The knowledge of the concrete concept enables the further optimizations of the transmission ratios and the transmission control. In order to prove the benefit of the new and optimized transmission concept, powertrain simulations have been carried out. The new powertrain concept is compared to a powertrain concept with single-speed transmissions for the internal combustion engine (ICE) and electric motor operation. The new transmission concept enables a significant improvement of the fuel consumption.

scholarly journals Managing Fuel Consumption and Emissions in the Renewed Fleet of a Transport Company

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 5047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmina Pašagić Škrinjar ◽  
Borna Abramović ◽  
Lucija Bukvić ◽  
Željko Marušić
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Transport Policy ◽  
Impact Reduction ◽  
Negative Environmental Impact ◽  
Vehicle Purchase

This research shows the relationship between the energy emission parameters and CO2 equivalents for conventional fossil fuel-powered vehicles (ICEV, Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) to determine the life cycle costs of the vehicles. The combination of transport policy and alternative fuels has the purpose of creating a sustainable transport system. Transport policy focuses on increasing energy efficiency and reducing the price of electric vehicles as technology advances. The profitability for each vehicle type was also observed through current vehicle purchase prices. The main objective of this paper is to study the environmental impact of diesel vans, taking into account lifelong energy use, fuel consumption and CO2 equivalents through air pollution. Although the purchase price of the ICEV is less than the HEV, all electric vehicles are determined to have the lowest overall environmental impact during the operational phase. The goal of transport companies and logistics operators that own a fleet is to achieve quality service with maximum cost and negative environmental impact reduction.

scholarly journals Usage of Production Functions in the Comparative Analysis of Transport Related Fuel Consumption

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 292-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Torok ◽  
Arpad Torok ◽  
Florian Heinitz
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Production Function ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Fuel Price ◽  
Constant Elasticity ◽  
Constant Elasticity Of Substitution ◽  
Labour Relations

Abstract This contribution aims to examine the relationship between the transport sector and the macroeconomy, particularly in fossil energy use, capital and labour relations. The authors have investigated the transport related fossil fuel consumption 2003 -2010 in a macroeconomic context in Hungary and Germany. The Cobb-Douglas type of production function could be justified empirically, while originating from the general CES (Constant Elasticity of Substitution) production function. Furthermore, as a policy implication, the results suggest that a solution for the for the reduction of anthropogenic CO2 driven by the combustion of fossil fuels presupposes technological innovation to reach emission reduction targets. Other measures, such as increasing the fossil fuel price by levying taxes, would consequently lead to an undesirable GDP decline.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF THE EXCESS AIR FACTOR ON FUEL CONSUMPTION BY DIESEL INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (5) ◽  
pp. 38-42
Author(s):  
Инна Карнаухова ◽  
Inna Karnaukhova ◽  
Владимир Карнаухов ◽  
Vladimir Karnaukhov ◽  
Дмитрий Захаров ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Intake Manifold ◽  
Excess Air ◽  
The Mathematical Model

According to the results of the study numeric val-ues of influence dynamics of the excess air factor on fuel consumption by diesel internal combustion engine have been received. Cause and effect relationships between the excess air factor and formation of a mix have been defined, optimum intervals of the excess air factor, temperature and air pressure in an intake mani-fold which provide optimum fuel consumption have been given. The mathematical model of fuel consumption de-pending on the excess air factor has been introduced. Studies carried out at the department "Operation of motor vehicles" of the Tyumen Industrial University show that the heating of air in an intake manifold of internal combustion engine KAMAZ 740 up to +67C the temperature interval of the minimum fuel ≤ 2,05 that gives fuel economy consumption increases from-25 to + 77 ° C when to 30 %, especially, at cars opera-tion in severe climatic conditions.

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