scholarly journals Linking the Determinants of Air Passenger Flows and Aviation Related Carbon Emissions: A European Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7574
Author(s):  
Xuanyu Yue ◽  
Julie Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Emission Reductions ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Carbon Efficiency ◽  
Planning Decisions ◽  
Flight Frequency ◽  
Modelling Techniques ◽  
Passenger Flows

Increasing global concern regarding the negative consequences of climate change will see the introduction of comprehensive policy governing aviation-related carbon emissions. With demand for air travel set to accelerate over the next three decades airlines are faced with the task of catering to increased demand while simultaneously achieving emission reductions. In this study we identify the determinants of air passenger flows and flight frequency and assess their impact on carbon emissions and carbon efficiency. Confining our analysis to the European market, we employ Fixed-Effects (FEIV) and Random-Effects (REIV) instrumental variables modelling techniques to 150 intra-Europe routes and find that the factors that are significant in influencing the operational planning decisions of an airline often lead to carbon inefficiencies. Our findings have important implications for both airlines and policymakers. For airlines, we show how the decisions they make to optimise operations can have negative environmental consequences, while we make suggestions as to how policymakers can incentivise airlines to achieve emission reductions.

The Environmental Consequences of Asymmetric War: A Panel Study of Militarism and Carbon Emissions, 2000–2010

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-237
Author(s):  
Chad L. Smith ◽  
Michael R. Lengefeld
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
World Systems ◽  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Risk Transfer ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
International Panel ◽  
Asymmetric War

Warmaking and war preparation have changed significantly in the 21st century. A number of scholars have documented and analyzed these changes. Drawing on work focused upon “new war” and “new militarism,” we argue that one facet of these practices has received little attention—the environmental consequences of “new militarism.” Specifically, we contend that “asymmetric war” through the mechanism of risk-transfer militarism results in increased carbon emissions. Our analyses utilize fixed effects models for 126 countries using international panel data from 2000 to 2010. We sketch the differences in these outcomes for both developed and developing nations, contextualize carbon emissions within both times of economic prosperity and decline, provide evidence of the differential effects on carbon emissions by a nation’s world-systems standing, and provide empirical evidence of the rise of risk-transfer militarism and its negative effects on the environment.

scholarly journals Early Careers of Dropouts from Vocational Training: Signals, Human Capital Formation, and Training Firms

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 741-759
Author(s):  
Alexander Patzina ◽  
Gabriele Wydra-Somaggio
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Vocational Training ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Career Progression ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Dropping Out ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Human Capital Development ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Capital Development

Abstract Dropping out of post-secondary education has negative consequences for career progression. However, as human capital theory predicts and as previous studies have shown, having some training still pays off. For a large part of the European workforce who has attended vocational training, however, the theoretical predictions are less clear and empirical studies are scarce. In occupational labour markets, signalling and credentialism theories predict negative effects of dropping out. Furthermore, apprenticeship dropouts learn at different training firms, which differ in their influence on human capital development and the provision of job opportunities. Relying on a unique panel data set from Germany and estimating normalized fixed effects growth curve estimators, our study reveals the following results. First, the timing of dropping out structures career progression, as late dropouts have the highest employment rates and highest wages within the dropout population. However, in an occupational labour market setting, credentials and signals are still highly important for career progression, as the wage advantage of late dropouts within the dropout population is rather small, and late dropouts suffer a wage penalty when we compare their wage profiles to those of graduates. Second, our study emphasizes the importance of training firms, which influence the human capital development of individuals during the course of training and provide dropouts with connections to their first jobs. Thus, in occupational labour markets, the consequences of dropping out depend mainly on different mechanisms, as in other settings.

Drought forecasting: A review of modelling approaches 2007–2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 771-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. Fung ◽  
Y. F. Huang ◽  
C. H. Koo ◽  
Y. W. Soh
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Dynamic Modelling ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Drought Forecasting ◽  
Modelling Techniques ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Resources Planning ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Modelling Approaches

Abstract Droughts are prolonged precipitation-deficient periods, resulting in inadequate water availability and adverse repercussions to crops, animals and humans. Drought forecasting is vital to water resources planning and management in minimizing the negative consequences. Many models have been developed for this purpose and, indeed, it would be a long process for researchers to select the best suited model for their research. A timely, thorough and informative overview of the models' concepts and historical applications would be helpful in preventing researchers from overlooking the potential selection of models and saving them considerable amounts of time on the problem. Thus, this paper aims to review drought forecasting approaches including their input requirements and performance measures, for 2007–2017. The models are categorized according to their respective mechanism: regression analysis, stochastic, probabilistic, artificial intelligence based, hybrids and dynamic modelling. Details of the selected papers, including modelling approaches, authors, year of publication, methods, input variables, evaluation criteria, time scale and type of drought are tabulated for ease of reference. The basic concepts of each approach with key parameters are explained, along with the historical applications, benefits and limitations of the models. Finally, future outlooks and potential modelling techniques are furnished for continuing drought research.

Wealth Inequality and Carbon Emissions in High-income Countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 403-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle W. Knight ◽  
Juliet B. Schor ◽  
Andrew K. Jorgenson
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
High Income ◽  
Economic Power ◽  
Longitudinal Models ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

This study contributes to the emerging literature on connections between climate change and economic inequality by investigating the relationship between domestic wealth inequality and consumption-based carbon emissions for 26 high-income countries from 2000 to 2010. Results of the two-way fixed effects longitudinal models indicate that the effect of wealth inequality, measured as the wealth share of the top decile, on per capita emissions in high-income countries is consistently positive and relatively stable over the time period. This finding is consistent with political economy theories arguing that the concentration of political and economic power that accompanies the concentration of wealth plays an important role in increasing environmental degradation and preventing proenvironmental actions.

scholarly journals The Impact of Air Pollution on the Development of Inbound Tourism in Chinese Megacities: The Case Study of Beijing, Guangzhou and Chongqing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nianlin Zhou ◽  
Yeli Gu ◽  
Manyuan Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Fixed Investment ◽  
Inbound Tourism ◽  
New Business ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Impact

The existing studies pay more attention to the impact of public transport and other public service facilities on urban air pollution and tourism, but less on the negative effect of air pollution caused by carbon emissions of business fixed investment on inbound tourism. This article attempts to make a supplementary analysis about the above point through examining the correlation between air pollution associate with business fixed investment and the size of inbound tourism based on panel data of three megacities (Beijing, Guangzhou and Chongqing) in China over the period from 2015 to 2019. The findings of this paper show that the effects of air pollution linked with carbon emissions from business fixed investment on the number of inbound tourists (NIT) is a negative correlation, while the influence of GDP per capita and tourism revenue on NIT reveal a positive relationship by applying fixed effects model for benchmark regression and the system-GMM estimator for robustness check. Moreover, the negative influence of PM 10 on sample cities is more than PM2.5. Some different results of core variables between benchmark and sub-sample regressions don’t imply the above conclusion to be substantively changed because of different distribution and concentration of nominal inbound tourists in specific sample megacities. In order to fundamentally improve air quality and to stimulate the development of inbound tourism, the suggestion of this study is to promote new business fixed investment with clean energy of renewable and low carbon.

Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Recent Air Passenger Flows

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 37-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changjoo Kim ◽  
Hyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Passenger Travel ◽  
Geographic Coverage ◽  
Flight Frequency ◽  
Passenger Flows ◽  
Airline Mergers ◽  
Spatial Temporal Analysis ◽  
Traveled Distances

Airline mergers and acquisitions (MAs) are on the rise across the globe and have been a growing trend in the U.S. aviation industry in the last few years. MAs are taking several factors into consideration, such as cost efficiency, competition, and geographic coverage. For airlines, these transactions can eliminate overlapping routes and help reduce competition, leading airlines to achieve higher operating margins. For travelers, MAs often lead to lesser flight frequency, higher airfares or longer travel miles. To explore spatial-temporal variations from airline and passenger perspectives, this paper focuses on 55 major airports in the 50 largest cities between 2000 and 2010. The detailed results of passenger flow patterns suggest that some airports have more spatial imbalance than others in terms of passenger travel distances. Further, the findings indicate that the MAs have different effects on passenger flows and traveled distances, and the effect is complexly related to the airport’s spatial status.

Take actions or outsource? An empirical examination of strategic environmental options on greenhouse gas emissions

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 753-776
Author(s):  
Wayne Fu ◽  
Hung-Chung Su
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
Environmental Practices ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Environmental Consequences

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the effects of three strategic environmental options on reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Namely, we examine the effects of pollution prevention and waste management (PPWM) practices, green supply chain (GSC) practices, and outsourcing on reducing local and supply chain GHG emissions.Design/methodology/approachUsing ASSET4 and deploying first-differencing fixed-effects panel data models, the study conducts a large-scale empirical examination on the effects of these focal strategic environmental options on GHG emissions.FindingsThis study finds that PPWM practices reduce local GHG emissions and that GSC practices reduce supply chain GHG emissions. The results also show that outsourcing does not reduce local GHG emissions and has an adverse effect on supply chain GHG emissions.Practical implicationsThe study findings indicate that environmental practices are effective in reducing GHG emissions. However, they are effective only in their corresponding domain. Further, outsourcing is not a viable strategic option, and managers should be mindful of its undesired environmental consequences.Originality/valueFirms undertake strategic environmental options, such as implementing environmental practices and reallocating production activities, to improve their environmental performance. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of these options on reducing GHG emissions has not been thoroughly examined.

Market-based Climate Policy in China? The Case of Emissions Trading Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (04) ◽  
pp. 46-59
Author(s):  
Erik BAARK
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Policy ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Emissions Trading ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Trading Systems ◽  
Emissions Trading System

China recognises the need to reduce carbon emissions in order to avoid negative consequences from climate change in the future. Therefore, the Chinese government initiated seven emissions trading system (ETS) pilots in 2013 and began to develop China’s national ETS in 2017. However, Chinese efforts to implement ETS have encountered legal, institutional and political issues that must be solved so that a national ETS could help to mitigate emissions in China.

Does Preservice Preparation Matter? Examining an Old Question in New Ways

2014 ◽  
Vol 116 (10) ◽  
pp. 1-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Ronfeldt ◽  
Nathaniel Schwartz ◽  
Brian A. Jacob
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
Science Teachers ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Preservice Preparation ◽  
Practice Teaching ◽  
Nationally Representative

Background Over the past decade, most of the quantitative studies on teacher preparation have focused on comparisons between alternative and traditional routes. There has been relatively little quantitative research on specific features of teacher education that might cause certain pathways into teaching to be more effective than others. The vast majority of evidence on features of preservice preparation comes from qualitative case studies of single institutions that prepare teachers. Among the few large-scale cross-institution studies that exist, most provide only descriptive trends that fail to account for teacher and school characteristics that might explain apparent relationships in the data. Additionally, these studies typically look at state- or district-level data, providing little information on national trends. Purpose Focusing on two features of preparation commonly targeted by certification policies, this study asks: Does completing more practice teaching and methods-related coursework predict teachers’ retention and perceived instructional preparedness? Do the results vary for different kinds of teachers and schools. Research Design This is a secondary analysis of data from the two most recent administrations of the Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS), a nationally representative survey of teachers that includes information about preservice preparation, retention, and perceptions of preparedness. We link surveyed teachers to Common Core of Data on their schools and to Barron's ratings of college competitiveness. Data Analysis We use linear and logistic regression with state and district fixed effects, as well as comprehensive controls for school and teacher characteristics, to estimate whether completing more practice teaching and methods-related coursework predicts teachers’ self-perceived instructional preparedness and persistence in the profession. Findings We find that teachers who completed more methods-related coursework and practice teaching felt better prepared and were more likely to stay in teaching. These positive relationships were similar across alternative and traditional routes and tended to be greater among graduates from competitive colleges, males, and mathematics and science teachers, as well as teachers in urban, rural, and secondary schools. Conclusions Our study provides some of the best suggestive evidence to date that teacher education programs, and certification policies that influence them, can improve teachers’ preparedness and persistence by increasing requirements for practice teaching and methods-related coursework. Policy makers often consider reducing preparation requirements to increase the supply of academically talented and underrepresented teacher groups. Finding these groups to be at least as, and usually more, responsive to additional preparation raises some concern that reducing requirements could have negative consequences for their preparedness and retention.

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