scholarly journals Experimental Study of the Performance of a Laboratory-Scale ESP with Biomass Combustion: Discharge Electrode Disposition, Dynamic Control Unit and Aging Effect

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 10344
Author(s):  
Natalia Cid ◽  
Juan Jesús Rico ◽  
Raquel Pérez-Orozco ◽  
Ana Larrañaga
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Control ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Aging Effect ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Retention Efficiency ◽  
Discharge Electrode ◽  
Dynamic Control System ◽  
High Concentrations

The increasing use of biomass combustion systems as household appliances for heat generation is causing concern about local air quality. Areas with high concentrations of particulate matter (PM) emissions are linked to health risks. There is a need for a removal device that collects the particles before they reach the atmosphere. Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) are the most suitable option. In this study, a laboratory-scale prototype ESP was tested with a pellet boiler. Retention efficiencies above 90% were obtained with three different discharge electrode dispositions. The continuous operation of the ESP was achieved with a dynamic control system despite fluctuations in emissions, gas conditions, etc. The accumulation of particles on inner ESP surfaces over the operation time reduced the effectiveness of the electric field, and thus retention efficiency. In this study, the retention efficiency fell from 90% to 31% in 34 h.

Dynamic Simulation and Control of a Roller Conveyor

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradford Range
Keyword(s):  
Material Handling ◽  
Dynamic Control ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Roller Conveyor ◽  
Loop Control ◽  
Simulation And Optimization ◽  
Control Schemes ◽  
Loading System

Abstract Passive roller conveyors are frequently used in material handling applications to transport objects of various sizes and shapes. Passive systems cannot control unit flow, leading to queues and system jams. In this paper we analyze the performance of a gravity-driven roller conveyor with brakes selectively installed on rollers to control package flow in the load lanes of a transportation hub. Dynamics of the rollers and kinematic interaction with boxes on the conveyor were derived and fully modeled in MATLAB to simulate accurate conveyor behavior. Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of friction, box mass, roller inertia, and other factors. Using heuristic data to define boundary conditions (box weight, size, and input frequency), several control cases were evaluated. Performance was defined by buffering efficiency of the conveyor, or how effectively the conveyor “kept pace” with a person moving boxes from the load conveyor onto a waiting truck. Several dynamic control cases were simulated. It was found that the optimal number of installed brakes is 30% of the total rollers on the conveyor. Even rudimentary brake control schemes (applying a simple duty-cycle on/off to roller brakes) had the potential to increase the conveyor buffer efficiency by 10% over baseline, with the potential for much greater benefits from more “intelligent” closed-loop control schemes. The simulation and optimization of the active roller conveyor gave insights into the behavior of their truck loading system and identified several ways to increase loading efficiency.

scholarly journals Aerosol from Biomass Combustion in Northern Europe: Influence of Meteorological Conditions and Air Mass History

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 789
Author(s):  
Jun Noda ◽  
Robert Bergström ◽  
Xiangrui Kong ◽  
Torbjörn L. Gustafsson ◽  
Borka Kovacevik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Submicron Particles ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Back Trajectory ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Marine Origin ◽  
High Concentrations

Alkali-containing submicron particles were measured continuously during three months, including late winter and spring seasons in Gothenburg, Sweden. The overall aims were to characterize the ambient concentrations of combustion-related aerosol particles and to address the importance of local emissions and long-range transport for atmospheric concentrations in the urban background environment. K and Na concentrations in the particulate matter PM1 size range were measured by an Alkali aerosol mass spectrometer (Alkali-AMS) and a cluster analysis was conducted. Local meteorological conditions and trace gas and PM concentrations were also obtained for a nearby location. In addition, back trajectory analyses and chemical transport model (CTM) simulations were included for the evaluation. The Alkali-AMS cluster analysis indicated three major clusters: (1) biomass burning origin, (2) mixture of other combustion sources, and (3) marine origin. Low temperatures and low wind speed conditions correlated with high concentrations of K-containing particles, mainly owing to local and regional emissions from residential biomass combustion; transport of air masses from continental Europe also contribute to Cluster 1. The CTM results indicate that open biomass burning in the eastern parts of Europe may have contributed substantially to high PM2.5 concentrations (and to Cluster 1) during an episode in late March. According to the CTM results, the mixed cluster (2) is likely to include particles emitted from different source types and no single geographical source region seems to dominate for this cluster. The back trajectory analysis and meteorological conditions indicated that the marine origin cluster was correlated with westerly winds and high wind speed; this cluster had high concentrations of Na-containing particles, as expected for sea salt particles.

scholarly journals Crystallization of CaCO3 in Aqueous Solutions with Extremely High Concentrations of NaCl

Crystals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 647
Author(s):  
Mengqi Qian ◽  
Yuwei Zuo ◽  
Zhihao Chen ◽  
Xiaoshuang Yin ◽  
Ying Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Retention Efficiency ◽  
Static Test ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The One ◽  
Phosphate Inhibitors

The effect of NaCl at extremely high concentrations from 3.5 to 14 wt. % on the crystallization of CaCO3 was investigated in depth. The static test experiment verified that the Ca2+ retention efficiency (η) of NaCl on CaCO3 scale increased from 31.06% (3.5 wt. %) to 41.56% (14 wt. %). Based on the calculation of supersaturation rations, the high concentration of NaCl could reduce the activity coefficients of [Ca2+] and [CO32−], thus reducing the actual concentration of CaCO3. The CaCO3 deposition rate constants (k) showed that NaCl slowed down the rate of CaCO3 crystallization. The X–ray diffraction (XRD) testing disclosed that the growth of (1 0 4) and (1 1 0) faces from calcite was impeded, while the formation of (1 1 1) face from aragonite was induced by the increasing concentration of NaCl. The inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP–OES) results indicated that Na+ could be doped into CaCO3, leading to the one–dimensional crystal growth. It was further proved that NaCl heightens the efficiency of the typical phosphate inhibitors (2–phosphonobutane–1,2,4–tricarboxylic acid (PBTCA) and 1–hydroxyethane–1,1–diphosphonic acid (HEDP)) on prohibiting the scale of CaCO3.

612 Experimental PDCS (Passive Dynamic Control System) with MRF-Brake and Spring Balancer

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005.58 (0) ◽  
pp. 225-226
Author(s):  
Naoki NODA ◽  
Yoshihiro UJIMOTO ◽  
Yasuhiro MINAMIYAMA ◽  
Takumi SASAKI ◽  
Takanori KIYOTA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Dynamic Control ◽  
Dynamic Control System

Implementation of a Dynamic Control System for SCARA Robot

1997 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 297-302
Author(s):  
Jang M. Lee ◽  
M.C. Lee ◽  
K. Son ◽  
M.H. Lee ◽  
S.H . Han
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Dynamic Control ◽  
Scara Robot ◽  
Dynamic Control System

Influence of Random Components of the Sampling Period on the Combined Dynamic System

2014 ◽  
Vol 693 ◽  
pp. 80-85
Author(s):  
German Michalconok ◽  
Martin Nemeth ◽  
Maximilian Stremy
Keyword(s):  
Control Algorithm ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Dynamic Control ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Entire System ◽  
Random Character ◽  
Random Components ◽  
Dynamic Control System ◽  
And Control ◽  
Required Quality

The combined dynamic control system is executing control algorithm based on time and control algorithm based on the data change in one sampling period. Processing time of control algorithm is based on the data change that has a random character. Previous shows that the deviation between the sampling period of the entire system and desired sampling period has also random character. The aim of this article is to find boundaries, in which the sampling period can be changed and by which the control algorithm of time-based technological processes remains in the required quality.

Study on Ion Concentration of New Type Transverse Plate ESP

2012 ◽  
Vol 468-471 ◽  
pp. 2381-2384
Author(s):  
Cheng Wu Yi ◽  
Shuai Ma ◽  
Yun Qing Zhao ◽  
Rong Jie Yi
Keyword(s):  
Applied Voltage ◽  
High Velocity ◽  
Electrostatic Precipitator ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Gas Velocity ◽  
Dust Collection ◽  
Discharge Electrode ◽  
New Type

According to the transverse plate electrostatic precipitator with high velocity collect dust theory, established the laboratory scale transverse plate ESP combines the hydrodynamic, static electrics. In this paper, experiment of ion concentration are carried using the transverse plate ESP. (The laboratory scale transverse plate electrostatic precipitator self-designed) system. The influence rules of the factors to ion concentration are examined such as distance between the export, the discharge electrode, applied voltage, internal of dust collection plates and the gas velocity. According to the experiment result, the ion concentration can increase about 109/cm3, when the working voltage is 18kV, the gas velocity is 4m/s, the distance of effective dust collecting plate is 40mm. The ion concentration of electrostatics precipitator system reaches the maximum and is above 109.

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