scholarly journals A Comparative Eye Tracking Study of Usability—Towards Sustainable Web Design

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 10415
Author(s):  
Mihai Țichindelean ◽  
Monica Teodora Țichindelean ◽  
Iuliana Cetină ◽  
Gheorghe Orzan
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Web Design ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Past Experience ◽  
Horizontal Direction ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Communication Environments ◽  
Task Content

Websites are one of the most frequently used communication environments, and creating sustainable web designs should be an objective for all companies. Ensuring high usability is proving to be one of the main contributors to sustainable web design, reducing usage time, eliminating frustration and increasing satisfaction and retention. The present paper studies the usability of different website landing pages, seeking to identify the elements, structures and designs that increase usability. The study analyzed the behavior of 22 participants during their interaction with five different landing pages while they performed three tasks on the webpage and freely viewed each page for one minute. The stimuli were represented by five different banking websites, each of them presenting the task content in a different mode (text, image, symbol, graph, etc.).; the data obtained from the eye tracker (fixations location, order and duration, saccades, revisits of the same element, etc.), together with the data from the applied survey lead to interesting conclusions: the top, center and right sides of the webpage attract the most attention; the use of pictures depicting persons increase visibility; the scanpaths follow a vertical and horizontal direction; numerical data should be presented through graphs or tables. Even if a user's past experience influences their experience on a website, we show that the design of the webpage itself has a greater influence on webpage usability.

Do you see what I mean?: Using mobile eye tracking to capture parent–child dynamics in the context of anxiety risk

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Leigha A. MacNeill ◽  
Xiaoxue Fu ◽  
Kristin A. Buss ◽  
Koraly Pérez-Edgar
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Parental Behavior ◽  
Anxiety Level ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Controlling Parenting ◽  
Attractor Strength ◽  
Child Age ◽  
Mobile Eye Tracking

Abstract Temperamental behavioral inhibition (BI) is a robust endophenotype for anxiety characterized by increased sensitivity to novelty. Controlling parenting can reinforce children's wariness by rewarding signs of distress. Fine-grained, dynamic measures are needed to better understand both how children perceive their parent's behaviors and the mechanisms supporting evident relations between parenting and socioemotional functioning. The current study examined dyadic attractor patterns (average mean durations) with state space grids, using children's attention patterns (captured via mobile eye tracking) and parental behavior (positive reinforcement, teaching, directives, intrusion), as functions of child BI and parent anxiety. Forty 5- to 7-year-old children and their primary caregivers completed a set of challenging puzzles, during which the child wore a head-mounted eye tracker. Child BI was positively correlated with proportion of parent's time spent teaching. Child age was negatively related, and parent anxiety level was positively related, to parent-focused/controlling parenting attractor strength. There was a significant interaction between parent anxiety level and child age predicting parent-focused/controlling parenting attractor strength. This study is a first step to examining the co-occurrence of parenting behavior and child attention in the context of child BI and parental anxiety levels.

scholarly journals ARETT: Augmented Reality Eye Tracking Toolkit for Head Mounted Displays

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 2234
Author(s):  
Sebastian Kapp ◽  
Michael Barz ◽  
Sergey Mukhametov ◽  
Daniel Sonntag ◽  
Jochen Kuhn
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
User Interaction ◽  
R Package ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Unity 3D ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Head Mounted Displays ◽  
Virtual And Augmented Reality ◽  
Microsoft Hololens

Currently an increasing number of head mounted displays (HMD) for virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) are equipped with integrated eye trackers. Use cases of these integrated eye trackers include rendering optimization and gaze-based user interaction. In addition, visual attention in VR and AR is interesting for applied research based on eye tracking in cognitive or educational sciences for example. While some research toolkits for VR already exist, only a few target AR scenarios. In this work, we present an open-source eye tracking toolkit for reliable gaze data acquisition in AR based on Unity 3D and the Microsoft HoloLens 2, as well as an R package for seamless data analysis. Furthermore, we evaluate the spatial accuracy and precision of the integrated eye tracker for fixation targets with different distances and angles to the user (n=21). On average, we found that gaze estimates are reported with an angular accuracy of 0.83 degrees and a precision of 0.27 degrees while the user is resting, which is on par with state-of-the-art mobile eye trackers.

scholarly journals The impact of translation modality on user experience: an eye-tracking study of the Microsoft Word user interface

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Guerberof Arenas ◽  
Joss Moorkens ◽  
Sharon O’Brien
Keyword(s):  
User Interface ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Task Completion ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Software Products ◽  
Microsoft Word ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Given

AbstractThis paper presents results of the effect of different translation modalities on users when working with the Microsoft Word user interface. An experimental study was set up with 84 Japanese, German, Spanish, and English native speakers working with Microsoft Word in three modalities: the published translated version, a machine translated (MT) version (with unedited MT strings incorporated into the MS Word interface) and the published English version. An eye-tracker measured the cognitive load and usability according to the ISO/TR 16982 guidelines: i.e., effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction followed by retrospective think-aloud protocol. The results show that the users’ effectiveness (number of tasks completed) does not significantly differ due to the translation modality. However, their efficiency (time for task completion) and self-reported satisfaction are significantly higher when working with the released product as opposed to the unedited MT version, especially when participants are less experienced. The eye-tracking results show that users experience a higher cognitive load when working with MT and with the human-translated versions as opposed to the English original. The results suggest that language and translation modality play a significant role in the usability of software products whether users complete the given tasks or not and even if they are unaware that MT was used to translate the interface.

scholarly journals A Fast and Effective System for Analysis of Optokinetic Waveforms with a Low-Cost Eye Tracking Device

Healthcare ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Chong-Bin Tsai ◽  
Wei-Yu Hung ◽  
Wei-Yen Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Slow Phase ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Tracking Device ◽  
Traditional Approaches

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is an involuntary eye movement induced by motion of a large proportion of the visual field. It consists of a “slow phase (SP)” with eye movements in the same direction as the movement of the pattern and a “fast phase (FP)” with saccadic eye movements in the opposite direction. Study of OKN can reveal valuable information in ophthalmology, neurology and psychology. However, the current commercially available high-resolution and research-grade eye tracker is usually expensive. Methods & Results: We developed a novel fast and effective system combined with a low-cost eye tracking device to accurately quantitatively measure OKN eye movement. Conclusions: The experimental results indicate that the proposed method achieves fast and promising results in comparisons with several traditional approaches.

scholarly journals Human–Robot Interaction through Eye Tracking for Artistic Drawing

Robotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Scalera ◽  
Stefano Seriani ◽  
Paolo Gallina ◽  
Mattia Lentini ◽  
Alessandro Gasparetto
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Assistive Technology ◽  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Industrial Robot ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Eye Motion ◽  
Artistic Images

In this paper, authors present a novel architecture for controlling an industrial robot via an eye tracking interface for artistic purposes. Humans and robots interact thanks to an acquisition system based on an eye tracker device that allows the user to control the motion of a robotic manipulator with his gaze. The feasibility of the robotic system is evaluated with experimental tests in which the robot is teleoperated to draw artistic images. The tool can be used by artists to investigate novel forms of art and by amputees or people with movement disorders or muscular paralysis, as an assistive technology for artistic drawing and painting, since, in these cases, eye motion is usually preserved.

The Use of Eye Tracking to Discern the Threshold at Which Metopic Orbitofrontal Deformity Attracts Attention

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 1392-1401
Author(s):  
Mark P. Pressler ◽  
Emily L. Geisler ◽  
Rami R. Hallac ◽  
James R. Seaward ◽  
Alex A. Kane
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Graduate Students ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Average Dwell Time ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Introduction and Objectives: Surgical treatment for trigonocephaly aims to eliminate a stigmatizing deformity, yet the severity that captures unwanted attention is unknown. Surgeons intervene at different points of severity, eliciting controversy. This study used eye tracking to investigate when deformity is perceived. Material and Methods: Three-dimensional photogrammetric images of a normal child and a child with trigonocephaly were mathematically deformed, in 10% increments, to create a spectrum of 11 images. These images were shown to participants using an eye tracker. Participants’ gaze patterns were analyzed, and participants were asked if each image looked “normal” or “abnormal.” Results: Sixty-six graduate students were recruited. Average dwell time toward pathologic areas of interest (AOIs) increased proportionally, from 0.77 ± 0.33 seconds at 0% deformity to 1.08 ± 0.75 seconds at 100% deformity ( P < .0001). A majority of participants did not agree an image looked “abnormal” until 90% deformity from any angle. Conclusion: Eye tracking can be used as a proxy for attention threshold toward orbitofrontal deformity. The amount of attention toward orbitofrontal AOIs increased proportionally with severity. Participants did not generally agree there was “abnormality” until deformity was severe. This study supports the assertion that surgical intervention may be best reserved for more severe deformity.

Verificación, mediante biometría de neuromarketing, del patrón de lectura propuesto en una imagen estática

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (32) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Juárez Varón ◽  
Maiara Naiahama Cruz-Dantas ◽  
Olga Mykhaylyuk ◽  
Ana Mengual Recuerda
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Tracker

Los patrones normales de movimiento ocular de lectura tienen 3 componentes principales: movimientos sacádicos que mueven los ojos de una palabra a otra, movimientos sacádicos que devuelven los ojos al comienzo de la siguiente línea, y pausas de fijación entre cada movimiento sacádico para el procesamiento de la información. Las propuestas de patrones oculares en imágenes estáticas sirven para corroborar el comportamiento de orden de visualización o lectura. En este trabajo se ha verificado, mediante biometría de neuromarketing, el patrón de respuesta a un estímulo estático, basado en un texto con cambios de tamaño de letra y ubicación, el cual prevé el patrón de fijación de los usuarios. La biometría empleada fue eye tracking, obteniendo datos de visualización, mapas de calor y mapas de fijación que verifican el orden seguido por la mayoría de los usuarios. Con esta técnica pasiva se pretendía obtener los patrones mentales de lectura, estableciendo las áreas de interés previamente, a través de la aplicación informática del eye tracker. El resultado confirma que el patrón de lectura no se corresponde a las indicaciones del texto en la imagen estática, descartando la propuesta del estímulo y descubriendo que el ojo lee en un determinado orden, según la cultura de aprendizaje.

scholarly journals ¡Pide mi vino!: análisis con eye tracking del etiquetado de botellas de vino en una feria nacional del vino

2021 ◽  
pp. 213-226
Author(s):  
Marta Retamosa Ferreiro ◽  
Miguel Ángel Gómez Borja ◽  
Ángel Millán Campos
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Ciudad Real ◽  
La Mancha ◽  
De Sobremesa

En una sociedad saturada e hipercomunicada, un diseño eficaz es clave para el éxito de un producto. Las técnicas neurocientíficas al servicio de la publicidad y el marketing constituyen herramientas efectivas a la hora de predecir el comportamiento del consumidor. Teniendo en cuenta este contexto y la gran diversidad de vinos que se comercializan en el mercado español, se pretende analizar el etiquetado de una selección de marcas y envases de vino. El objetivo principal de la investigación fue demostrar a las bodegas participantes cuales eran las zonas de sus etiquetados en los envases que despertaban mayor interés o engagementcon su público objetivo. El estudio emplea un Eye Tracker de sobremesa y se desarrolló en la feria nacional de vino (FENAVIN) celebrada en Ciudad Real (Castilla La-Mancha) en 2019. La muestra objeto de análisis está integrada por especialistas del sector asistentes a la feria. Los resultados demostraron que las zonas superiores y centrales del etiquetado despertaban mayor interés, identificando las áreas ciegas que no reciben atención por parte de los sujetos analizados. El estudio concluye que el grado de atractivo y originalidad en el diseño de las etiquetas son factores determinantes clave en los procesos de percepción y la selección de los consumidores.

scholarly journals A new comprehensive Eye-Tracking Test Battery concurrently evaluating the Pupil Labs Glasses and the EyeLink 1000

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedikt V. Ehinger ◽  
Katharina Groß ◽  
Inga Ibs ◽  
Peter König
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Test Battery ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Experimental Session ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Spatial Accuracy

ABSTRACTEye-tracking experiments rely heavily on good data quality of eye-trackers. Unfortunately, it is often that only the spatial accuracy and precision values are available from the manufacturers. These two values alone are not sufficient enough to serve as a benchmark for an eye-tracker: Eye-tracking quality deteriorates during an experimental session due to head movements, changing illumination or calibration decay. Additionally, different experimental paradigms require the analysis of different types of eye movements, for instance smooth pursuit movements, blinks or microsaccades, which themselves cannot readily be evaluated by using spatial accuracy or precision alone. To obtain a more comprehensive description of properties, we developed an extensive eye-tracking test battery. In 10 different tasks, we evaluated eye-tracking related measures such as: the decay of accuracy, fixation durations, pupil dilation, smooth pursuit movement, microsaccade detection, blink detection, or the influence of head motion. For some measures, true theoretical values exist. For others, a relative comparison to a gold standard eye-tracker is needed. Therefore, we collected our gaze data simultaneously from a gold standard remote EyeLink 1000 eye-tracker and compared it with the mobile Pupil Labs glasses.As expected, the average spatial accuracy of 0.57° for the EyeLink 1000 eye-tracker was better than the 0.82° for the Pupil Labs glasses (N=15). Furthermore, we detected less fixations and shorter saccade durations for the Pupil Labs glasses. Similarly, we found fewer microsaccades using the Pupil Labs glasses. The accuracy over time decayed only slightly for the EyeLink 1000, but strongly for the Pupil Labs glasses. Finally we observed that the measured pupil diameters differed between eye-trackers on the individual subject level but not the group level.To conclude, our eye-tracking test battery offers 10 tasks that allow us to benchmark the many parameters of interest in stereotypical eye-tracking situations, or addresses a common source of confounds in measurement errors (e.g. yaw and roll head movements).All recorded eye-tracking data (including Pupil Labs’ eye video files), the stimulus code for the test battery and the modular analysis pipeline are available (https://github.com/behinger/etcomp).BVE, KG, IIandPKconceived the experiment.IIandBVEcreated the experiment and recorded the gaze data.BVEandKGperformed the analysis.BVE, KGandPKreviewed the manuscript critically.

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