scholarly journals The Rich Diversity of Urban Allotment Gardens in Europe: Contemporary Trends in the Context of Historical, Socio-Economic and Legal Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 11076
Author(s):  
Lidia Poniży ◽  
Monika J. Latkowska ◽  
Jürgen Breuste ◽  
Andrew Hursthouse ◽  
Sophie Joimel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Allotment Gardens ◽  
Urban Gardening ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Uk

Urban allotment gardens (AGs) provide a unique combination of productive and recreational spaces for the inhabitants of European cities. Although the reasons behind the decision to have a plot, as well as the mode of use and gardening practices, are well recognised in the literature, these issues are mainly considered in relation to particular case studies within a single country. The regional diversity of European allotment gardens is still poorly understood, however. This knowledge gap became an incentive for us to carry out the present study. The research was conducted in seven countries: Austria, Estonia, Germany, France, Portugal, Poland and the UK. Surveys were used to assess the motivations of users regarding plot uses and gardening practices. Information was also collected during desk research and study visits, making use of available statistical data. Allotment gardens in Europe are currently very diverse, and vary depending on the historical, legal, economic and social conditions of a given country, and also as determined by geographical location. Three main types of plots were distinguished, for: cultivation, recreation–cultivation, and cultivation–recreation. The recreational use of AGs has replaced their use for food production in countries with a long history of urban gardening. The only exception is the UK. In some countries, the production of food on an AG plot is still its main function; however, the motivations for this are related to better quality and taste (the UK), as well as the economic benefits of self-grown fruits and vegetables (Portugal, Estonia). Among the wide range of motivations for urban gardening in Europe, there is increasing emphasis on active recreation, contact with nature and quality food supply.

Rays of the World

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Life Project ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
Research Initiative ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Distributional Information ◽  
Living Species ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Book Collectors

Rays are among the largest fishes and evolved from shark-like ancestors nearly 200 million years ago. They share with sharks many life history traits: all species are carnivores or scavengers; all reproduce by internal fertilisation; and all have similar morphological and anatomical characteristics, such as skeletons built of cartilage. Rays of the World is the first complete pictorial atlas of the world’s ray fauna and includes information on many species only recently discovered by scientists while undertaking research for the book. It includes all 26 families and 633 valid named species of rays, but additional undescribed species exist for many groups. Rays of the World features a unique collection of paintings of all living species by Australian natural history artist Lindsay Marshall, compiled as part of a multinational research initiative, the Chondrichthyan Tree of Life Project. Images sourced from around the planet were used by the artist to illustrate the fauna. This comprehensive overview of the world’s ray fauna summarises information such as general identifying features and distributional information about these iconic, but surprisingly poorly known, fishes. It will enable readers to gain a better understanding of the rich diversity of rays and promote wider public interest in the group. Rays of the World is an ideal reference for a wide range of readers, including conservationists, fishery managers, scientists, fishers, divers, students and book collectors.

Mouldy fruits and vegetables as a source of mycotoxins: part 1

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Barkai-Golan ◽  
N. Paster
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Mycotoxin Production ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Alternaria Mycotoxins ◽  
Apple Products ◽  
And Storage

Species of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Alternaria are major contributors to fruit and vegetable decay and to mycotoxin production during various stages of pathogenesis. The mycotoxins most commonly associated with fruits and vegetables and their products are aflatoxins, patulin, ochratoxin A and Alternaria toxins. Naturally occurring aflatoxins are found in fruits of tropical and subtropical regions where environmental conditions support growth of aflatoxigenic aspergilli. Aflatoxins in figs and dates have been associated with Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, ochratoxin A in figs has been related mainly to A. alliaceus, and ochratoxin A in wines and other grape-based products has been associated with A. carbonarius and, to a lesser extent, with A. tubingensis and A. niger. Human exposure to patulin is primarily via apple-based products, following fruit infection by Penicillium expansum. Attention has been drawn to patulin contamination in infant apple products, and in organic fruits versus conventional ones. Alternaria species, which naturally attack a wide range of harvested fruits and vegetables, are capable of producing several mycotoxins during pathogenesis. The major mycotoxins include alternariol, alternariol methyl ether, altenuene, tenuazonic acid, and altertoxin-I. Although A. alternata is regarded as the major producer of Alternaria mycotoxins, other species, such as A. citri, A. longipes, A. tenuissima, A. arborescens, may also produce these mycotoxins. Mycotoxin accumulation in fruits and vegetables may occur in the field, and during harvest, postharvest and storage. Factors affecting mycotoxin production include the fruit or vegetable type and cultivar, geographical location, climate, pre-harvest treatments, method of harvest, postharvest treatments and storage conditions. Considering geostatistics, knowledge of the ecology of the fungi, data on crop distribution and meteorological conditions, risk predicting maps have recently been drawn. The methodologies of detection and determination of mycotoxigenic moulds and of ochratoxin A in grape products, of patulin in apple products and of Alternaria mycotoxins in fruit and vegetable products, are summarised and discussed. The present review is based on the multi-author book 'Mycotoxins in Fruits and Vegetables' published by Elsevier (2008).

CLASSICAL BAND STRUCTURE OF PERIODIC ELASTIC COMPOSITES

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (09) ◽  
pp. 977-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
MANVIR S. KUSHWAHA
Keyword(s):  
Band Structure ◽  
Band Gap ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Spectral Gaps ◽  
Wave Localization ◽  
Band Theory ◽  
Phononic Band Gap ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Rich

The rich diversity and the fundamental character of the essential theoretical problems associated with it have given band theory a width of interest which contrasts strongly with the apparent narrowness of its subject matter. This review, dealing mainly with the classical band structures of periodic elastic and acoustic binary systems, offers briefly a systematic survey of the historical development of the principles, tools, and applications of band theory for electrons, phonons, photons, and vibrations giving what may be called the "background" to the more recent developments in the fields of photonic and phononic band-gap crystals. Attention is given to survey the physical conditions required to achieve the complete spectral gaps within which the respective propagating modes are utterly forbidden irrespective of the direction of propagation. The existence of complete spectral gaps for cleverly synthesized photonic crystals guarantees the observability of classical Anderson localization of photons and the influence on the spontaneous emission which was, until the 1980's, often regarded as a natural and uncontrollable phenomenon. The phononic band-gap crystals, on the other hand, offer the feasibility of constructing the ultrasound filters, polarization filters, and improvements in designing the transducers, as well as the observability of classical elastic or acoustic wave localization. Abiding by the central theme of the review, numerous theoretical results on the band structure related problems for periodic elastic and acoustic binary sytems have been gathered and reviewed. This survey is preceded by a detailed mathematical machinery that provides the reader with numerous useful analytical results applicable to a wide range of systems of varying interest. Finally, the report concludes with a summary of anticipated implications of photonic and phononic band-gap crystals and proposes some interesting relevant problems concerned with the spectral gaps and the classical wave localization. Our satisfaction in writing this review, like any other review which covers a considerably longer period, was to reach a reasonably self-contained unity by wanting to "leave nothing unexplained". The background provided is believed to make less formidable the task of future writers of reviews in this rather general field and hence enable them to deal more readily with particular aspects of the subject, or with recent advances in those directions in which notable progress may have been made.

scholarly journals Paulus en mag: Raamwerke en aansprake

2012 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Punt
Keyword(s):  
Rich Diversity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Imperial Ideology ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Interpretive Strategies ◽  
And Function

Paul and power: Framing claims. Evidently an important theme in the Pauline letters, discussions of the nature, scope and function of power have given rise to a wide range of explanations and interpretative positions. Engaging the rich diversity regarding the content and nature of power in Paul, this contribution argues that the Roman imperial context is indicative and instrumental for understanding the construction and regulation of power in the Pauline letters. Coming to terms with the significance of imperial ideology in the understanding of power in Paul requires appropriate interpretive strategies such as a postcolonial interpretation.

scholarly journals Solar farm development in the United Kingdom

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Jones ◽  
David Hillier ◽  
Daphne Comfort
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Farm Market ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Planning Policies

Purpose – Solar energy is the most abundant of all renewable energy sources and the development pressures for solar farms have grown rapidly in the last five years within the UK. With this in mind the purpose of this paper is to offer a general review of solar farm development in the UK. Design/methodology/approach – The paper begins with a description of the characteristics of solar farms, outlines the solar farm market in the UK and discusses the planning policies and issues associated with solar farm development. Findings – The paper reveals that solar farms have been developed on both agricultural land and brownfield sites and that the development pressures are greatest in the southwest and southeast of England. While national and local authority planning policies generally promote renewable energy schemes, proposals for the development of solar farms have raised a wide range of planning issues. These include impacts on land, landscape and visual amenity; ecology and nature conservation: cultural heritage and historic environment; construction traffic and highways; security; economic benefits; and potential economic and social impacts within the community. Originality/value – This paper provides an accessible review of the development of solar farms within the UK and as such it will be of value to developers, land and property professionals and students.

scholarly journals Diamond Light Source: status and perspectives

2015 ◽  
Vol 373 (2036) ◽  
pp. 20130161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Materlik ◽  
Trevor Rayment ◽  
David I. Stuart
Keyword(s):  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Light Source ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
10Th Anniversary ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
User Facility ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Uk

Diamond Light Source, a third-generation synchrotron radiation (SR) facility in the UK, celebrated its 10th anniversary in 2012. A private limited company was set up in April 2002 to plan, construct and operate the new user-oriented SR facility, called in brief Diamond. It succeeded the Synchrotron Radiation Source in Daresbury, a second-generation synchrotron that opened in 1980 as the world's first dedicated X-ray-providing facility, closing finally in 2008, by which time Diamond's accelerators and first beamlines were operating and user experiments were under way. This theme issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A gives some examples of the rich diversity of research done in the initial five years, with some glimpses of activity up to 2014. Speakers at the 10 year anniversary symposium were drawn from a small number of major thematic areas and each theme was elaborated by a few speakers whose contributions were placed into a broader context by a leading member of the UK academic community in the role of rapporteur. This introduction gives a summary of the design choices and strategic planning of Diamond as a coherent user facility, a snapshot of its present status and some consideration of future perspectives.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Winter
Keyword(s):  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Local Contexts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Religious Oppression ◽  
The Rich ◽  
To Come

This concluding chapter summarizes key themes and presents some final thoughts. The book has shown that the multiplicity of lived ʻAlawi experiences cannot be reduced to the sole question of religion or framed within a monolithic narrative of persecution; that the very attempt to outline a single coherent history of “the ʻAlawis” may indeed be misguided. The sources on which this study has drawn are considerably more accessible, and the social and administrative realities they reflect consistently more mundane and disjointed, than the discourse of the ʻAlawis' supposed exceptionalism would lead one to believe. Therefore, the challenge for historians of ʻAlawi society in Syria and elsewhere is not to use the specific events and structures these sources detail to merely add to the already existing metanarratives of religious oppression, Ottoman misrule, and national resistance but rather to come to a newer and more intricate understanding of that community, and its place in wider Middle Eastern society, by investigating the lives of individual ʻAlawi (and other) actors within the rich diversity of local contexts these sources reveal.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF EDUCATION AND TOLERANCE IN STUDENTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-119
Author(s):  
VLADIMIR GLEB NAYDONOV
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
Interethnic Differences ◽  
The World ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Correct Understanding ◽  
Psychological Features ◽  
Different Levels

The article considers the students’ tolerance as a spectrum of personal manifestations of respect, acceptance and correct understanding of the rich diversity of cultures of the world, values of others’ personality. The purpose of the study is to investgate education and the formation of tolerance among the students. We have compiled a training program to improve the level of tolerance for interethnic differences. Based on the statistical analysis of the data obtained, the most important values that are significant for different levels of tolerance were identified.

Imereti Region's Natural - Recreational and Historical - Cultural Potential as Tourism Development Factor in Georgia

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Mikautadze Rusudan
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Location ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Western Society ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Development Factor ◽  
Fast Pace ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Tourism Potential ◽  
Work Done

Imereti – is one of the smallest region on the Black Sea coast in Georgia. The geographical location, historical-cultural and natural monuments, the rich Imeretian hospitality traditions are a good prerequisite for the development of recreation and tourism. Imereti region is a growing tourist segment. For more than 900 historical and more than 350 natural monuments continuously presents the rich history of the country from the primitive societies until nowadays. Myths and legends related to Imereti ( Colchis kingdom, myth about Amirani (Prometheus), Golden Fleece, King Aetees and Medea and etc.) are well-known for the Western society. The work done for the popularization of these tourist products has greatly contributed to the growth of both organized and unorganized tourism. (80,000 men in 2007, in 2017 - more than 450,000). Today, tourism in Georgia is developing at a fast pace. Natural and historic monuments are the "Golden Keys" of the tourism potential of the region. We believe that tourism is a stimulus for the development of the local economy, and it should facilitate for staying of youth in the small towns by creating different jobs in order not to leave their country and therefore alienate from their national identities and culture.Key words: natural monuments; historical-cultural heritage; national identity; recreational resources.

ESRC Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 657-698
Author(s):  
Simeon J. Yates ◽  
Jordana Blejmar
Keyword(s):  
Social Research ◽  
Social Science Research ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Us ◽  
Levels Of Automation ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Technological World ◽  
Ways Of Being

Two workshops were part of the final steps in the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) commissioned Ways of Being in a Digital Age project that is the basis for this Handbook. The ESRC project team coordinated one with the UK Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (ESRC-DSTL) Workshop, “The automation of future roles”; and one with the US National Science Foundation (ESRC-NSF) Workshop, “Changing work, changing lives in the new technological world.” Both workshops sought to explore the key future social science research questions arising for ever greater levels of automation, use of artificial intelligence, and the augmentation of human activity. Participants represented a wide range of disciplinary, professional, government, and nonprofit expertise. This chapter summarizes the separate and then integrated results. First, it summarizes the central social and economic context, the method and project context, and some basic definitional issues. It then identifies 11 priority areas needing further research work that emerged from the intense interactions, discussions, debates, clustering analyses, and integration activities during and after the two workshops. Throughout, it summarizes how subcategories of issues within each cluster relate to central issues (e.g., from users to global to methods) and levels of impacts (from wider social to community and organizational to individual experiences and understandings). Subsections briefly describe each of these 11 areas and their cross-cutting issues and levels. Finally, it provides a detailed Appendix of all the areas, subareas, and their specific questions.

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