Mouldy fruits and vegetables as a source of mycotoxins: part 1

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Barkai-Golan ◽  
N. Paster
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Mycotoxin Production ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Alternaria Mycotoxins ◽  
Apple Products ◽  
And Storage

Species of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Alternaria are major contributors to fruit and vegetable decay and to mycotoxin production during various stages of pathogenesis. The mycotoxins most commonly associated with fruits and vegetables and their products are aflatoxins, patulin, ochratoxin A and Alternaria toxins. Naturally occurring aflatoxins are found in fruits of tropical and subtropical regions where environmental conditions support growth of aflatoxigenic aspergilli. Aflatoxins in figs and dates have been associated with Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, ochratoxin A in figs has been related mainly to A. alliaceus, and ochratoxin A in wines and other grape-based products has been associated with A. carbonarius and, to a lesser extent, with A. tubingensis and A. niger. Human exposure to patulin is primarily via apple-based products, following fruit infection by Penicillium expansum. Attention has been drawn to patulin contamination in infant apple products, and in organic fruits versus conventional ones. Alternaria species, which naturally attack a wide range of harvested fruits and vegetables, are capable of producing several mycotoxins during pathogenesis. The major mycotoxins include alternariol, alternariol methyl ether, altenuene, tenuazonic acid, and altertoxin-I. Although A. alternata is regarded as the major producer of Alternaria mycotoxins, other species, such as A. citri, A. longipes, A. tenuissima, A. arborescens, may also produce these mycotoxins. Mycotoxin accumulation in fruits and vegetables may occur in the field, and during harvest, postharvest and storage. Factors affecting mycotoxin production include the fruit or vegetable type and cultivar, geographical location, climate, pre-harvest treatments, method of harvest, postharvest treatments and storage conditions. Considering geostatistics, knowledge of the ecology of the fungi, data on crop distribution and meteorological conditions, risk predicting maps have recently been drawn. The methodologies of detection and determination of mycotoxigenic moulds and of ochratoxin A in grape products, of patulin in apple products and of Alternaria mycotoxins in fruit and vegetable products, are summarised and discussed. The present review is based on the multi-author book 'Mycotoxins in Fruits and Vegetables' published by Elsevier (2008).

Availability and Post-harvest losses of fruits and vegetable in Bihar: Economic Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (02) ◽  
pp. 207-212
Author(s):  
Meera Kumari ◽  
Shoji Lal Bairwa ◽  
Lokesh Kumar Meena ◽  
Sk. M. Rahman
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Air Cargo ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Scope For Growth ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Wide Range

Bihar is the rich state with abundance natural resources and wide range of diversity in agriculture in comparison to other growing states of the country.Horticultural crops constitute a significant component of total agricultural production of the country and cover nearly 11.6 million ha area with a total production of over 91 million tonnes per year. Production of fruits and vegetables play an important role in generating employment, income and meeting household nutritional security. The combined annual production of fruits and vegetables in India is likely to cross 377 million tonnes (MT) mark by 2021 from the current level of over 227 MT. However, the projected production of fruits and vegetables would only cater to domestic demand leaving no scope for growth on export front due to the huge wastage would continue to rise simultaneously in absence of on-farm processing facilities. Post-harvest losses are very high in fruit, vegetables and root crops as they are much less hardy and are quickly perishable, and if care is not taken in their harvesting, handling and transport, they soon decay and become unfit for human consumption. The importance of post-harvest management for fruit and vegetable trade should not be ignored. New strategies need to be developing to promote adoption of post-harvest technology by the fruit and vegetable growers for good marketing. The creation of market infrastructure from export point of view such as creation of pre- cooling, cold storage, air cargo, packinghouse etc. may be taken up by the concerted efforts of the state government. There is also need to develop the efficient marketing systems with better storage facilities and less number of middlemen for the ultimate welfare of farmers. Thus, the policy makers should promote processing of fruits and vegetables for value addition and also explore export avenues.

Standardization of a Method To Determine the Efficacy of Sanitizers in Inactivating Human Pathogenic Microorganisms on Raw Fruits and Vegetables

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 1079-1084 ◽  
Author(s):  
LARRY R. BEUCHAT ◽  
JEFFREY M. FARBER ◽  
EDITH H. GARRETT ◽  
LINDA J. HARRIS ◽  
MICKEY E. PARISH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Method ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Basic Method ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Reference Strains ◽  
Basic Standard

The efficacy of sanitizers in killing human pathogenic microorganisms on a wide range of whole and fresh-cut fruits and vegetables has been studied extensively. Numerous challenge studies to determine the effects of storage conditions on survival and growth of pathogens on raw produce have also been reported. Results of these studies are often difficult to assess because of the lack of sufficient reporting of methods or, comparatively, because of variations in procedures for preparing and applying inocula to produce, conditions for treatment and storage, and procedures for enumerating pathogens. There is a need for a standard method to accurately determine the presence and populations of pathogenic microorganisms on produce. The adoption of standard, well-characterized reference strains would benefit a comparative assessment of a basic method among laboratories. A single protocol will not be suitable for all fruits and vegetables. Modifications of a basic method will be necessary to achieve maximum recovery of pathogens on various types of produce subjected to different sanitizer or storage treatments. This article discusses parameters that must be considered in the course of developing a basic standard method against which these modifications could be made.

Reducing Patulin Contamination in Apple Juice by Using Inactive Yeast

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
TIANLI YUE ◽  
QINFANG DONG ◽  
CAIXIA GUO ◽  
RANDY W. WOROBO
Keyword(s):  
Apple Juice ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Juice Quality ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Apple Products

The mycotoxin, patulin (4-hydroxy-4H-furo[3,2c]pyran-2[6H]-one), is a secondary metabolite produced mainly in rotten parts of fruits and vegetables, most notably apples and apple products, by a wide range of fungal species in the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Byssochlamys. Due to its mutagenic and teratogenic nature and possible health risks to consumers, many countries have regulations to reduce levels of patulin in apple products. In the present study, reduction of patulin contamination in apple juice by using 10 different inactivated yeast strains was assessed. Our results indicated that nearly twofold differences in biomass existed among the 10 yeast strains. Eight of the 10 inactivated yeast strains could provide >50% patulin reduction in apple juice within 24 h, with the highest reduction rate being >72%. Furthermore, juice quality parameters, i.e., degrees Brix, total sugar, titratable acidity, color value, and clarity, of the treated apple juice were very similar to those of the untreated patulin-free juice. Potential applications of using inactivated yeast strain for patulin control are also discussed.

scholarly journals Socio-economic differences in fruit and vegetable consumption among Australian adolescents and adults

2002 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 663-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrina Giskes ◽  
Gavin Turrell ◽  
Carla Patterson ◽  
Beth Newman
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Vegetable Intake ◽  
Vegetable Consumption ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable Consumption ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Annual Household Income ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
And Storage

AbstractObjectives:To determine whether socio-economic groups differ in their fruit and vegetable consumption, and the variety eaten, and whether socio-economic differences are similar for adolescents and adults. The study also examined whether socio-economic groups vary in their reported desire to increase the amount of fruit and vegetables consumed, and the perceived barriers to achieving this.Design, setting and subjects: The 1995 Australian National Nutrition Survey collected fruit and vegetable intake data from adolescents aged 13–17 years (n = 654) and adults 18–64 years (n = 7695) using a 24-hour dietary recall. Gross annual household income was used to measure socio-economic position.Results:Approximately 44% of males and 34% of females did not consume fruit in the 24 hours preceding the survey, and 20% of males and 17% of females did not consume vegetables. Among adolescents and adults, fruit and vegetable consumption was positively related to income. The only exception was vegetable consumption among adolescent males, which did not vary by income Lower-income adults consumed a smaller variety of fruits and vegetables than their higher-income counterparts. Fruit and vegetable variety did not vary by income among adolescents. Lower-income adults expressed less desire to increase their fruit and vegetable consumption, and were more likely to report that price and storage were barriers to doing so. Socio-economic differences in consumption and variety were more apparent for adults than for adolescents.Conclusions:In addition to increasing the consumption of fruits and vegetables among the general population, nutrition interventions, programmes and policy aiming to improve diet should target adolescents and adults from low socio-economic groups. Strategies should address price and storage barriers.

scholarly journals The Rich Diversity of Urban Allotment Gardens in Europe: Contemporary Trends in the Context of Historical, Socio-Economic and Legal Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 11076
Author(s):  
Lidia Poniży ◽  
Monika J. Latkowska ◽  
Jürgen Breuste ◽  
Andrew Hursthouse ◽  
Sophie Joimel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Allotment Gardens ◽  
Urban Gardening ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Uk

Urban allotment gardens (AGs) provide a unique combination of productive and recreational spaces for the inhabitants of European cities. Although the reasons behind the decision to have a plot, as well as the mode of use and gardening practices, are well recognised in the literature, these issues are mainly considered in relation to particular case studies within a single country. The regional diversity of European allotment gardens is still poorly understood, however. This knowledge gap became an incentive for us to carry out the present study. The research was conducted in seven countries: Austria, Estonia, Germany, France, Portugal, Poland and the UK. Surveys were used to assess the motivations of users regarding plot uses and gardening practices. Information was also collected during desk research and study visits, making use of available statistical data. Allotment gardens in Europe are currently very diverse, and vary depending on the historical, legal, economic and social conditions of a given country, and also as determined by geographical location. Three main types of plots were distinguished, for: cultivation, recreation–cultivation, and cultivation–recreation. The recreational use of AGs has replaced their use for food production in countries with a long history of urban gardening. The only exception is the UK. In some countries, the production of food on an AG plot is still its main function; however, the motivations for this are related to better quality and taste (the UK), as well as the economic benefits of self-grown fruits and vegetables (Portugal, Estonia). Among the wide range of motivations for urban gardening in Europe, there is increasing emphasis on active recreation, contact with nature and quality food supply.

scholarly journals EXPORT OPPORTUNITY AND CONSTRAINTS FOR FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PRODUCERS IN ALBANIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-71
Author(s):  
Etleva Muca ◽  
Ana Kapaj ◽  
Ledia Thoma
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Distribution Channels ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
South West ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Interview Survey

Albania has considerable potential for growth in the fruit and vegetable market. Its climate-arable conditions are very adequate for the successful growth of a wide range of fruits and vegetables. Albania has an interior market in development and a non structured exporting market. The study is aimed at estimating and identifying export growth opportunities and constraints for fruit and vegetable exporters. The paper investigates the opinions of producers and exporters in south-west Albania. A face-to-face interview survey method was conducted. Database elaboration was made through the SPSS program. An ordinary probit regression was used to evaluate the constraints of fruit and vegetable producers in Albania. We conclude that there are several problems that hamper exportation growth in Albania. Albanian producers are usually not able to penetrate into foreign markets because they are not part of consolidated marketing distribution channels.

Mouldy fruits and vegetables as a source of mycotoxins: part 2

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Paster ◽  
R. Barkai-Golan
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Hazard Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Critical Control Points ◽  
Mycotoxigenic Fungi ◽  
Sulphydryl Groups ◽  
B Complex Vitamins ◽  
Processed Products

Although chemical control is still the main way to reduce the preharvest and postharvest incidence of mycotoxigenic fungi, the worldwide tendency to reduce chemical use, and the emergence of resistant strains, have accelerated the search for non-chemical strategies. Those applied at the postharvest stage include heat treatments, biological control, and modified-or controlled-atmosphere storage. It is now evident that combinations of treatments are more efficient than individual treatments applied alone. Most of the studies on mycotoxins in fruits are focused on patulin (produced mainly by Penicillium expansum) in apple products, and ochratoxin A (produced mainly by Aspergillus carbonarius) in grapes and in wines. Patulin levels can be significantly reduced by washing and sorting apples, and trimming away rotten tissues. Other treatments for patulin reduction have been associated with its ability to react readily with compounds containing sulphydryl groups. Other additives that reduce patulin levels are ascorbic acid and B-complex vitamins. The rate of ochratoxin A reduction during fermentation depends, among others, on the yeast used for fermentation and the type of wine produced. During vinification, ochratoxin A is also reduced by binding to the solid residues of grapes. Alternaria mycotoxins may be produced naturally in a variety of fruits and vegetables and their processed products. At least two of these mycotoxins, alternariol and alternariol monomethyl, were shown to be stable in heated apple juice. In some apple cultivars, Alternaria occurs in the core and the damage is hidden. Contamination with mycotoxins is recognized as an unavoidable risk, but three major components are involved in the attempt to minimize the risk: Good Agricultural Practices, Good Manufacturing Practices, and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points. In many countries, regulatory measures have been taken to limit the presence of mycotoxins in fruits and vegetables. Several factors may influence the establishment of national and regional mycotoxin limits and regulations.

Mycobiota of Czech wine grapes and occurrence of ochratoxin A and Alternaria mycotoxins in fresh grape juice, must and wine.

2007 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimír Ostrý ◽  
Jarmila Škarková ◽  
Ivana Procházková ◽  
Alena Kubátová ◽  
František Malíř ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Grape Juice ◽  
Wine Grapes ◽  
Alternaria Mycotoxins

Gluten-Free Dry Mixtures with Rice and Amaranth for Children over Three Years Old with Gluten Intolerance

Food Industry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
Sergey Urubkov ◽  
Svetlana Khovanskaya ◽  
Ekaterina Pyrieva ◽  
Olga Georgieva ◽  
Stanislav Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Organoleptic Evaluation ◽  
Free Products ◽  
Wide Range

Diet therapy is one of the main approaches to the treatment of a wide range of diseases of the digestive system. The treatment effectiveness of celiac disease depends on how strictly the patient adheres to a gluten-free diet. It is often disrupted due to the limited range of recommended foods and dishes, especially for children who are particularly sensitive to dietary restrictions. In this case, the development of new types of specialized gluten-free products is relevant, allowing to expand the diet both in terms of nutritional value and taste diversity. This study concerns the recipe developments of dry gluten-free mixtures using rice and amaranth with the inclusion of fruit and vegetable and berry raw materials intended for the nutrition of children over three years old suffering from celiac disease. When developing the recipes, researchers used various combinations of rice and amaranth flour, as well as fruit and vegetable powders. The rice flour composition varied in the range from 15 to 75%; amaranth – from 15 to 45%; fruit and vegetable and berry powders – up to 10%. The finished product was gluten-free cookies, muffins, pancakes made of rice and amaranth. Organoleptic evaluation showed that the studied samples of gluten-free cookies have high quality characteristics, have a pleasant taste and aroma. According to the calculated data, specialized gluten-free dry mixtures intended for children over three years with celiac disease can serve as an important source of: vegetable carbohydrates – from 26.81 to 55.19 g / 100g of finished products; protein – from 4.06 to 11.82 g/100g of finished products; dietary fiber – from 3.82 to 6.36 g/100g of finished products; and energy – from 158.12 to 333.96 kcal/100g of finished products) The developed recipess of gluten-free products can help to provide children with an adequate amount of nutrients and energy.

Perspectives of using standards based on management systems for increasing the competitiveness of fruit and vegetable products in the republic of Uzbekistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
Imomov Jamshidxon Odilovich
Keyword(s):  
Network Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Network Management System ◽  
Food Markets ◽  
Vegetable Products ◽  
The Republic

This article examines the role and importance of agriculture in the economy of the Republic of Uzbekistan and demonstrates the need to improve the competitiveness of fruit and vegetable products in future economic reforms and the need for implementing a network management system. The SWOT method also shows the prospects and ways to increase the competitiveness of fruits and vegetables in the global agrarian and food markets.

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