scholarly journals Assessing the Impact of Policy Measures in Reducing the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of South Asia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 11315
Author(s):  
Dilawar Khan ◽  
Nihal Ahmed ◽  
Bahtiyar Mehmed ◽  
Ihtisham ul Haq
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Cointegration Test ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Containment Measures ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
The Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic is considered to be the world’s most urgent health disaster and the greatest challenge humanity has faced since World War II. One of the most significant concerns is the effectiveness of the extraordinary efforts undertaken around the world to prevent the spread of the coronavirus. This study applied the Westerlund cointegration test and the Pooled Mean Group–Autoregressive Distributed Lag (PMG-ARDL) model to investigate the effectiveness of government policy measures in reducing the COVID-19 pandemic using weekly data for the period 1 January 2020 to 31 May 2021. The results of the Westerlund cointegration test validate the presence of a cointegration relationship between government policy measures and the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, results of PMG-ARDL show that economic support, stringency, and health and containment measures play a significant role in reducing the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this study concluded that pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical measures have a substantial impact on mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic in South Asia. Policy implications such as government financial support for poor families, stringency, and health and containment measures must be adopted during the pandemic to curb/reduce the spread of COVID-19. Furthermore, it is also recommended to provide vaccines free of charge to developing countries and a stimulus package to support health research to expand the capacity for rapid vaccine in this region.

scholarly journals Environmental Pollution a Negative Externality from China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): Policy implications for Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-8
Author(s):  
Rehmat Karim ◽  
Faqeer Muhammad ◽  
Javed Akhter Qureshi ◽  
Naveed Razzaq ◽  
Akber Ali
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
The Impact

The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) isconsidered as the ‘flagship’ project of China’s Belt andRoad Initiative (BRI) and has been widely acclaimedby both Chinese and Pakistani officials often terming itas ‘game-changer’ to overcome Pakistan’s lingeringissues of energy and economic crisis. Within theframework of CPEC, China is investing more than 56billion US dollars as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)in various energy and infrastructure projects includinga vast network of railways, highways, economic zonesand gas pipelines. While much has been debated andwritten about various projects under CPEC in theexisting academic discourses, vis-à-vis threats to thebiodiversity (Nabi et al., 2017), its potentialimplications to environmental hazards (Ali, 2018) andto overcome energy shortfall of Pakistan (Kugelman,2017). However, scientific study to reinforce the issuesof environmental pollution, particularly related toCEPEC coal-based energy projects have been stilllacking.The pertained literature on CPEC consisted qualitativestudies to inspect and judge different aspects such asimportance of CPEC for both countries and its effectson geo political of South Asia. Challenges for CPEC inPakistan, South Asia and foreign policy betweenChina-Pakistan), as Nan, (2015) explained that thisproject is not only valuable for Pakistan and China, butit is also beneficial for the global economy byincluding several other countries. Furthermore, Li andSun, (2015) and Irshad, etal, (2015) reported theimportance of CPEC and it long and short-termbenefits for both countries. Further, Hussain and Khan(2017) also stated that it will enhance the cooperationbetween two countries and advantageous for Chinese,Middle Eastern and South Asian people (Ali, 2016).Further, Wolf, (2017) explained the insights, potentialsand challenges concerning CPEC and domestic levelcooperation between China and Pakistan.In addition, quantitative studies focused to shed a lighton the impact of China Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC) (Such as, impact on gdp, socio-economy,trade, stock market, energy sector and infrastructure).CPEC will build rails and roads infrastructure andinfrastructure development may decrease the povertyand increases the agriculture development in Pakistan(Ahmed & Mustafa, 2016). Most recent articleexamined the impact of CPEC impact on energy(energy consumption and energy saving potential) inthe prospect of Pakistan (Mirza, Fatima, Ullah, 2019).A latest study surveyed in Pakistan and their researchresults shows that entrepreneur’s attitude andintentions to China and Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC) development is positive, it means CPECproject also designing an entrepreneurial environment(Kanwal et al., 2019).A large number of studies (Begum, etal., 2015; Ozturk,and Acaravci, 2010) have discussed various elementsand causes of CO2 emissions. Similarly, manyresearches (Khurshid, etal., 2018; Hadi, etal., 2018;Hussain, 2017; Hussain, 2015) on Pakistan-Chinarelations in the context of economy, society andgeopolitical point of view. Present study is aimed toinvestigate the CPEC development effects i.e. grossdomestic product (gdp), foreign direct investment (fdi),trade openness (top), energy consumption (enguse) onenvironmental pollution (CO2) in Pakistan usingFMOLS and DOLS methods.

The Impact of Equity-driven Policy Measures of the Equity of the State

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Backhaus
Keyword(s):  
Public Finance ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Market Failure ◽  
Social Equity ◽  
Government Action ◽  
Effective Instrument ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Public Equity ◽  
Finance Theory ◽  
The Impact

During the last decades, the idea that government can and should be an effective instrument for the attainment of social justice and other ideals dear to social economists has come under powerful attack. Sometimes the attack is doctrinaire, designating areas in which government should or should not intervene. In economics, this often is done in the tradition of identifying areas of ‘market-failure’. Sometimes the attack is fueled by the serious shortcomings of well-intentioned government action leading to poor results. Some economists have tried to identify these areas of poor government policy in terms of theory of governmental failure. In this paper, a different route is chosen. Building on traditional public finance theory, the concept of public equity is developed as a measuring rod with which to judge the outcomes of policies guided by considerations of social equity or justice.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Pandemic and MSMEs in Indonesia: Impact and Policy Responses

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-171
Author(s):  
Ahmad Dading Gunadi ◽  
Harry Lesmana ◽  
Hilda Fachrizah ◽  
Mohamad Dian Revindo ◽  
Rama Vandika Daniswara
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Since the first confirmed case of COVID-19 infection in Indonesia in March 2020, the pandemic has hit the economy hard, especially the Micro, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (MSMEs). This study aims to analyze the extent of the impact of the pandemic on MSMEs and the effectiveness of the government policy measures. Primary data was collected through a questionnaire administered to 2,535 MSMEs in 17 provinces during July–September 2020. The results show that MSMEs already suffered revenue slump within the second month of the pandemic and encountered both financial and non-financial hardships. The government supports and assistance was perceived as very helpful to mitigate the impact of the pandemic by the recipients. However, the programs’ distribution was hampered by either mis-targeting or lack of socialization regarding applicationrequirements, procedures and registration location. The policy, academic and managerial implications of the findings are provided.

scholarly journals Conflict of Interest: Evidence from The Implementation of The Provincial Government Policy, Jakarta

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 2462-2466
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Provincial Government ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Business Operation ◽  
Implementation Policy ◽  
The Impact

This paper tries to disentangle the causes of conflicts of interests between the proponent and the opposition factions on the implementation policy of the provincial government. We also explain the impact of the provincial government policy to close the business operation of the Alexis Hotel after the period of conflicts of interest. In this research, we use Pfetsch’s theory on public policy, as well as Steinberger’s and Sartori’s theory on conflict to explore the sources and forms of conflict of interest between the executive government, the parliament, and the interest groups. Through qualitative method with a typical case study, we find that the emergence of the provincial government policy to shut down the operation of Alexis Hotel can occur in the form of the campaign promises, the moral preferences, the supports from the element of society, and the applicable regulations. Such policy gives a substantial impact on law and order, popularity, and the management of other cases.

scholarly journals Extreme temperatures and mortality in 326 Latin American cities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josiah L Kephart ◽  
Brisa N Sánchez ◽  
Jeffrey Moore ◽  
Leah H Schinasi ◽  
Maryia Bakhtsiyarava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
The Impact ◽  
American Cities

Background: Climate change and urbanization are rapidly increasing human exposure to extreme ambient temperatures, yet few studies have examined the impact of temperature on mortality across Latin America, where 80% of residents live in urban areas. Methods: We used distributed lag nonlinear conditional Poisson models to estimate city-specific associations between daily temperatures above (heat) and below (cold) each city-specific minimum mortality temperature and all-cause mortality, overall and stratified by age and cause of death. We estimated the percentage of total deaths attributable to heat or cold (excess death fraction [EDF]) and the difference in mortality per 1°C higher daily mean temperature above the 95th percentile of observed daily temperature. Results: We analyzed data from 326 cities in nine Latin American countries between 2002-2015, representing 15,431,532 deaths from 249 million residents. The EDF of total deaths from heat was 0.67% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.58%, 0.74%), and from cold was 5.09% (95% CI 4.64%, 5.47%). EDFs from heat and cold were particularly high among individuals aged 65+ years (0.81% [95% CI 0.75%, 0.86%] and 6.82% [95% CI 6.41%, 7.18%], respectively). The relative risk of death per 1°C increase above the city-specific 95th percentile daily temperature was 1.057 (95% CI 1.046, 1.067). Conclusions: In Latin American cities, a substantial proportion of deaths are attributable to non-optimal ambient temperatures. Older populations are particularly vulnerable. Marginal increases in observed hot temperatures are associated with steep increases in mortality risk. Projected increases in temperature from climate change may have a substantial impact on mortality.

scholarly journals Environmental Impact of Economic Growth and Fuel Subsidy in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
Olawunmi Omitogun ◽  
Adedayo Emmanuel Longe ◽  
Shehu Muhammad ◽  
Idowu Jacob Adekomi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Correction Model ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Auto Regressive ◽  
The Impact

The study investigates the impact of economic growth and fuel subsidy on the environment of Nigeria from the year 1985-2018. We used Auto-regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) to analyse the data employed in this study. From our findings, it was revealed that output per head had a positive and significant impact on carbon emission both in the long-run and short-run, while subsidy which explains government policy also had a negative and significant impact on carbon emission both in the short-run and long-run. The Error Correction Model (ECM) showed that 96% of shocks in the response variable are corrected in the long-run by the independent variables. It was concluded that increasing output in the economy increases the amount of carbon emission in the economy while removal of fuel subsidy reduces the amount of carbon emission in the economy. Therefore, effective policies should be implemented towards reducing carbon emission without hampering the growth of the economy.

scholarly journals HOUSE PRICE CHANGES AND ISLAMIC BANK STABILITY: EVIDENCE FROM MALAYSIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiau Hui Kok ◽  
Normaz Wana Ismail
Keyword(s):  
House Prices ◽  
House Price ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Bank Stability ◽  
Price Changes ◽  
Islamic Bank ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

In this paper, we examine the relationship between house price and Islamicbank stability in Malaysia. In particular, in relating to Islamic bank stability toMalaysian house price changes, we evaluate the nature of the relationship from theperspective of nonlinearities. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) modelis applied to a sample that consists of 9 Islamic banks in Malaysia for the periodof 2000-2016. Our results indicate that there is an inverted U-shaped relationshipbetween house price and Islamic bank stability in the long run. Meanwhile, therelationship is insignificant in the short-run. To put it differently, initially, thehigher house prices, the more stable the bank. Then, the impact of house prices onbank stability becomes negative when house prices surpass the threshold point.As far as the bank-specific characteristics are concerned, the cost to income ratiois found to significantly and negatively related to the bank stability. Such a resulthas policy implications in which it is crucial for achieving balance in the housingmarket, and efficiently managing the cost is equally important to ensure Islamicbank soundness.

scholarly journals Mitigating Tourism Social Costs during a Pandemic: Evaluating Residents’ Perceptions and Behavioral Intentions

2021 ◽  
pp. 004728752110004
Author(s):  
ShiNa Li ◽  
Hengyun Li ◽  
Haiyan Song ◽  
Mengxin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Research Policy ◽  
Mental Accounting ◽  
Social Costs ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Residents Attitudes

During a pandemic, tourism can inflict negative social costs on communities in tourist destinations. This study examines factors affecting residents’ responses to policies to mitigate the social costs of tourism during a pandemic. Two hypothetical scenarios are analyzed. Study 1 investigates framing effects on residents’ attitudes toward the effectiveness of policy measures; study 2 explores the impact of mental accounting on residents’ willingness to pay. Findings show that residents perceive policy measures as more effective if their positive outcomes of such measures are highlighted. Also, residents are more willing to fund social cost mitigation with unearned income, such as anti-pandemic bonds, than through their salaries. This article contributes to academic debate on the efficacy of public policies in combating pandemics and extends the literature on framing and mental accounting in tourism research. Policy implications of these findings are also discussed.

scholarly journals Empirical Implications of Decentralization Dimensions and the Role of Political Institutions in the Economic Growth of Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-80
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shahid ◽  
Dr Rukhsana Kalim
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Allocative Efficiency ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Political Freedom ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
The Impact

Decentralization is the fundamental policy variable used to enhance the allocative efficiency through public spending / tax priorities, subject to the local demand. The current study evaluates the impact of the various dimensions of decentralization on the economic growth of Pakistan for the years 1972-2018. Ng-Perron tests and Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin (KPSS) were applied to fix the unit root problem in the time series data. To find the cointegration among decentralization, the role of institutions, and economic growth the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Approach (ARDL) was used. The outcomes suggested that tax decentralization is a growth promoting policy. On the contrary, administrative and political decentralization negatively affect the economic growth. The analysis shows that political freedom also has a growth retarding impact on the economy. The current study is useful regarding the policy implications of the process of decentralization.

Post-Crisis Development: Regional Aspects

2012 ◽  
pp. 67-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Zubarevich
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
Federal Aid ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Economic Specialization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Competitive Regions

The article deals with post-crisis development in Russian regions. Dynamics of regional output, investments and employment in 2008—2011 was determined by objective factors (economic specialization, level of development and location) and specific government policy measures. The impact of objective factors was stronger for the most regions, and competitive regions overcame the crisis easier. For a number of underdeveloped territories federal aid again turned out to be the safety cushion. Top-priority government projects played the same role for some regions. The crisis hasn't affected their development as much as it could have.

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