scholarly journals Suggestions for Revegetation over the Next 30 Years Based on Precipitation in the Three North Region of China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12649
Author(s):  
Yu Xiao ◽  
Gaodi Xie ◽  
Chunxia Lu ◽  
Changshun Zhang ◽  
Jie Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Maintenance Management ◽  
Vegetation Patterns ◽  
Vegetation Distribution ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Natural Restoration ◽  
Ecological Water Requirements

Afforestation in the Three North Region (TNR) of China has received wide concern due to the low survival rate and threats to water security associated with the lack of available precipitation for vegetation. It is crucial to provide a spatial layout for revegetation according to the available precipitation to achieve the vegetation cover target. This study investigated the spatial pattern of precipitation, determined the suitable vegetation distribution based on the ecological water requirements and precipitation, and proposed an optimized revegetation scheme by comparing the actual and suitable vegetation patterns. The results indicated that the actual vegetation that matched the pixel-level precipitation accounted for 67.24% of the total vegetation area in the TNR. However, 18.50% of the actual forest, 21.82% of the actual shrublands, and 19.95% of the actual grasslands were overloaded with respect to precipitation. The total suitable vegetation area was reduced slightly compared to the actual vegetation area. There is still some potential for the revegetation of forest and shrublands, mainly those in the eastern and south-eastern parts of the TNR. The optimized revegetation area in the TNR was 3.04 × 106 km2, including a maintenance management type of 2.19 × 106 km2, an upgrade type of 0.49 × 106 km2, and a degradation type of 0.37 × 106 km2. Maintenance management (natural restoration) and transformation to vegetation types with lower ecological water requirements were recognized as important revegetation practices in the TNR. This study provides guidelines to adjust the Three North Shelterbelt Project policies based on precipitation data to reduce the negative impact of revegetation on the hydrological cycle.

scholarly journals Cities and Water Security in the Anthropocene: Research Challenges and Opportunities for International Relations

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana Castro Pereira ◽  
Miguel Rodrigues Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Environmental Politics ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Human Security ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Research Challenges ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities

Abstract Cities have become important actors in international relations, and integral to security and environmental politics. We are living in an increasingly urban world, dominated by human settlements and activities. The central role now played by humans in shaping the planet has led us into an uncertain, unstable, and dangerous geological epoch – the Anthropocene – that poses great and additional challenges to security. Local and global spheres are connected as never before, generating ‘glocal’ issues in which water plays a central role. Water is the element that interconnects the complex web of food, energy, climate, economic growth, and human security. In a rapidly urbanising world, cities influence the hydrological cycle in major but uncertain ways, affecting water resources beyond their boundaries. There is no doubt that these issues are highly relevant to the discipline of International Relations (IR). However, IR scholars have been slow to engage with them, and most academic studies of cities and water security still emanate from the natural sciences. This article examines the ways in which cities in the Anthropocene challenge water security, and why IR needs to reinvent itself if it wants to sustain its contribution to global security.

scholarly journals Some Aspects of Environment and Children’s Health in Yakutia: а Sociological Dimension

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-41
Author(s):  
Natalia Dmitrievna Fedotova
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Children's Health ◽  
Children’S Health ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Regional Problems ◽  
Climatic Features

The paper deals with the problem of water pollution in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Considerable water resources are concentrated on the territory of this subject of the Russian Federation. However, providing the population with high-quality drinking water is one of the main regional problems. Water sources are negatively affected by industrial enter-prises. Natural and climatic features of Yakutia also play a significant role. As a result, there is a negative impact of water consumption on human health, pri-marily children’s health. The author of the paper analyzes how this problem manifests itself in urban and rural settlements. It is concluded that ensuring water security is an important component of the security of Yakutia and the national security of Rus-sia. Solving this problem requires an integrated ap-proach and comprehensive research.

scholarly journals Spatial Variation and Controlling Factors of H and O Isotopes in Lancang River Water, Southwest China

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (24) ◽  
pp. 4932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunhua Yang ◽  
Guilin Han ◽  
Jie Zeng ◽  
Bin Liang ◽  
Rui Qu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
River Water ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Controlling Factors ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Lancang River ◽  
O Isotopes

Climate changes and other human activities have substantially altered the hydrological cycle with respect to elevation. In this study, longitudinal patterns in the stable isotopic composition (δ2H and δ18O) of Lancang River water, originating from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, are presented, and several controlling factors in the wet season are hypothesized. Lancang River water δ2H (−145.2‰ to −60.7‰) and δ18O (−18.51‰ to −8.49‰) were low but close to those of the Global Meteoric Water Line. In the upper reaches of the river, δ2H decreased longitudinally, potentially due to groundwater inputs and melting ground ice in the headwater zone and to an increasing proportion of glacier meltwater with decreasing elevation. In the middle reaches of the river, δ2H values increased slowly moving downstream, likely due to shifts in precipitation inputs, as evidenced by the isotopic composition of tributaries to the main stream. In the lower reaches of the river, the isotopic composition was relatively invariant, potentially related to the presence of large artificial reservoirs that increase the water resident time. The results reveal different hydrological patterns along an alpine river in central Asia associated with both natural and anthropogenic processes. Understanding the degree and type of human interference with the water cycle in this region could improve water management and water security.

Estimation of ecological water requirements based on habitat response to water level in Huanghe River Delta, China

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 318-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baoshan Cui ◽  
Yanyan Hua ◽  
Chongfang Wang ◽  
Xiaolin Liao ◽  
Xuejie Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
River Delta ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Huanghe River ◽  
Huanghe River Delta ◽  
Response To Water ◽  
Ecological Water Requirements ◽  
Habitat Response

Results of a Three Year Monitoring Programme on the Natural Recovery of Vegetation after the Erika Oil Spill: Lessons for Adapting Response Techniques

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 (1) ◽  
pp. 1155-1159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florence Poncet ◽  
Franck Laruelle ◽  
Rémy Ragot ◽  
Frederic Tintilier
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Sandy Beaches ◽  
Oil Removal ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Terrestrial Vegetation ◽  
Développement Durable ◽  
High Degree

ABSTRACT The Erika oil spill and the attendant cleaning operations it required have impacted almost every type of Breton shoreline, habitats and plant communities on shingle and sandy beaches, rocky cliffs, marshlands and dunes. The French Ministry of the Environment (Ministère de l'écologie et du développement durable) launched an impact assessment in 2000 on oil spill clean-up operations and the recovery of impacted vegetation via the «Réseau de suivi des conséquences écologiques et écotoxicologiques de la marée noire résultant du naufrage de l'Erika» (Monitoring network of the ecological and ecotoxicological consequences of the Erika oil spill). The Cedre and the Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest are dealing with the terrestrial vegetation program. Vegetation was surveyed in sixty locations where one hundred quadrates were recorded covering all vegetation types including all the degrees of oiling and the varying amounts of damage resulting from the removal of the HFO. A few examples of the oiled areas are discussed. The three year monitoring program shows a high degree of persistence of the HFO in uncleaned quadrates of a number of habitats. The FO 6 did no really serious damage in terms of mortality, vegetation cover and species composition. The survey illustrates how gentle manual oil removal techniques can enhance vegetation recovery within the space of a few years. It also exemplifies how some techniques have a very negative impact such as HWHP washing which only serves to delay recovery.

scholarly journals Low-cost soil conservation technique for controlling gully erosion in the semi-arid area of the Free State province

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 136-142
Author(s):  
Joseph ◽  
Van der Westhuizen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Gully Erosion ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Demonstration Site

In South Africa, soil erosion is a major problem confronting natural resources. Gully erosion has a huge negative impact on soil productivity and potable water supplies, while measures to control it are expensive. Sannaspos farm which has been threatened by gully erosion was selected as a demonstration site for controlling gully erosion using low-cost control measures. The main aim of this study was to control gully erosion resulting in improved rangeland production. The technique entailed the use of old tyres and bags filled with soil. Three reference points were selected along a 240 m gully in August 2016 and monitored over 42 months. After 17 months (January 2018), gully depth decreased from 70 to 34 cm, 45 to 20 cm and 35 to 19 cm at the three reference points. After 24 months (August 2018) gully depth further decreased from 34 to 27 cm, 20 to 14 cm, and 19 to 10 cm for the three points. Thirty months after installing control measures (February 2019), the gully was sealed at all reference points. By February 2020 (42 months after initiation of the trial), the entire gully was sealed and covered with various vegetation types. Use of this low-cost method to control gully erosion is recommended under similar conditions.

Palynological evidence for vegetation patterns in the Transvaal (South Africa) during the late Pleistocene and Holocene

Bothalia ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 14 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 445-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Late Holocene ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Vegetation Patterns ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Maximum Period ◽  
Plant Migrations ◽  
The Last Glacial Maximum ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
The Last Glacial

Palynological evidence relating to the nature of Late Quaternary vegetation types and plant migrations in the Transvaal is briefly summarized. It is suggested that, after an early temperate, relatively moist phase and a subsequent relatively dry phase lasting until about 25 000 yr B.P., a vegetation-type with ericaceous elements developed. It resembled belts presently occurring above the treeline and was possibly widespread over the plains of the Transvaal during the last glacial maximum period. In the central parts of the province, warm semi-arid savanna subsequently expanded during the early Holocene and was followed by a more broad-leafed type of woodland in the late Holocene. This change probably resulted from slightly wetter and, at times, also slightly warmer and cooler conditions.

Present and future water security under socioeconomic and climate changes in the Vilcanota-Urubamba basin

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andres Goyburo ◽  
Pedro Rau ◽  
Waldo Lavado ◽  
Fabian Drenkhan ◽  
Wouter Buytaert
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Hydrological Modeling ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Glacier Melt ◽  
Current Water ◽  
The Impact

<p>This research assesses present (2009-2016) and future (until 2100) levels of water security taking into consideration socioeconomic and climate change scenarios using the WEAP (Water Evaluation and Planning) tool for semidistributed hydrological modeling. The study area covers the  Vilcanota-Urubamba basin in the southern Peruvian Andes and presents a complex water demand context as a glacier-fed system.</p><p>Current total water demand is estimated in 5.12E+9 m3/year and includes agriculture (6674.17 m3/year), domestic (7.79E+07m3/year), industrial (1.01E+06 m3/year) and energy (5.03e+9 m3/year) consumption. For assessing the current water supply, observed flow data is used to simulate and validate the model (also accounting for glacier melt contribution). The analysis of unmet water demand for the period 2016–2100 was computed using the soil moisture scheme of the WEAP model, which simulates the hydrological cycle and generates future scenarios for water demand. Different scenarios were generated for external driving factors (population growth and increasing agriculture area) and the impact of climate change to evaluate their effect on the current water supply system. </p><p>These results will allow for the first time to evaluate the impact of changes in glacier melt contributions on water security taking into account also changes in water demand.</p><p>This study also further explores the importance of incorporating science and policy within a broader study of water security. As a result, it is expected to deliver high spatial resolution water demand maps and adaptation strategies for stakeholders. This research is part of the RAHU project as a new multidisciplinary collaboration between UK and Peruvian scientists.</p>

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