Heat Treatment Consideration in Structural Simulations of Machine Elements: Analysis of a Starter Clutch Barrel

Consideration of heat treatment in simulations of structural components and its impact on predictions of behaviour during operation is analysed here. An automotive machine element with a complex geometry and dynamic load is analysed rather than a standard laboratory specimen under controlled conditions. The heat treatment analysis of a starter clutch barrel has been performed in DANTE followed by a structural analysis in ANSYS 2019 R3 during operation simulating a load cycle due to the start of an internal combustion engine. The heat treatment simulation consisted of carburisation, quenching and tempering. First, the carbon content and its distribution have been simulated. Next, the hardness of the starter clutch barrel and its distribution have been analysed with respect to the carbon distribution and hardness-dependent material properties of the AISI/SAE 4142 steel. Finally, the stress field after the heat treatment and during the operation of the starter clutch barrel has been thoroughly evaluated and compared to the simulation without the consideration of the heat treatment. Results of the simulation show that the heat treatment introduces favourable compressive stresses at the critical location of the starter clutch barrel and reduces the effective amplitude of the equivalent stress during the operation. Furthermore, the results of the simulation prove that heat treatment should be considered already during the early stages of the R & D process as it can have a decisive effect on the operational behaviour of the structural component. Moreover, a non-consideration of the heat treatment can lead into erroneous conclusions regarding the suitability of machine elements.

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Fatigue Characteritics of Medium Carbon Steel after Heat Treatment Using Sand as Cooling Media

INTEK Jurnal Penelitian ◽

10.31963/intek.v8i2.2817 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 101

Author(s):

Sunardi Sunardi ◽

Randu Randu ◽

Erny Listijorini ◽

Iman Saefuloh ◽

Hamdan Akbar Notonegoro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Fatigue Life ◽

Medium Carbon Steel ◽

Stress Concentrations ◽

Medium Carbon ◽

Machine Element ◽

Aisi 4140 ◽

Tempering Treatment ◽

Machine Elements ◽

Cooling Media

Stress concentrations cause many machine element failures. Failure will occur more rapidly if the machine elements obtain repeated and fluctuating loading. For this reason, the material for machine elements must have better fatigue life. There are various attempts made to increase material life and other mechanical properties. In this study, the research sample used is AISI 4140 steel. The samples obtain hardening followed by cooling and tempering. The hardening temperature is 8500C with a holding time of 17 minutes. The cooling media in this research are dry sand, semi-wet sand, and wet sand. Wet measurements based on volumetric ratios. Semi-wet sand with a ratio of sand and water 4: 1, sandy sand 4: 2. The final process is tempering treatment, with a temperature of 2500C. The material fatigue test refers to the JIS Z 2274 Standard. From this study, the heat treatment given can reduce the fatigue life of the material, even though the hardness increases. The higher the cooling rate, the hardness of the material increases, but the fatigue life is low.

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INFLUENCE THE QUENCHING AND TEMPERING ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE, MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS, OF MEDIUM CARBON STEEL

THE IRAQI JOURNAL FOR MECHANICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING ◽

10.32852/iqjfmme.vol18.iss1.78 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 125-135

Author(s):

Sattar H A Alfatlawi

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Heat Treatment ◽

Surface Roughness ◽

Carbon Steel ◽

Cold Water ◽

Medium Carbon Steel ◽

Medium Carbon ◽

Heating And Cooling ◽

Treatment Processes ◽

Quenching And Tempering

One of ways to improve properties of materials without changing the product shape toobtain the desired engineering applications is heating and cooling under effect of controlledsequence of heat treatment. The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect ofheating and cooling on the surface roughness, microstructure and some selected propertiessuch as the hardness and impact strength of Medium Carbon Steel which treated at differenttypes of heat treatment processes. Heat treatment achieved in this work was respectively,heating, quenching and tempering. The specimens were heated to 850°C and left for 45minutes inside the furnace as a holding time at that temperature, then quenching process wasperformed in four types of quenching media (still air, cold water (2°C), oil and polymersolution), respectively. Thereafter, the samples were tempered at 200°C, 400°C, and 600°Cwith one hour as a soaking time for each temperature, then were all cooled by still air. Whenthe heat treatment process was completed, the surface roughness, hardness, impact strengthand microstructure tests were performed. The results showed a change and clearimprovement of surface roughness, mechanical properties and microstructure afterquenching was achieved, as well as the change that took place due to the increasingtoughness and ductility by reducing of brittleness of samples.

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Network Carbide Inheritance during Heat Treatment Process of Large Shield Machine Bearing Steel GCr15SiMn

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.817.115 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 817 ◽

pp. 115-120 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dan Zhang ◽

Le Yu Zhou ◽

Chao Lei Zhang ◽

Chao Huang ◽

Min Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Treatment Process ◽

Bearing Steel ◽

Treatment Temperature ◽

Heat Treatment Process ◽

Soaking Time ◽

Hot Rolled ◽

Chinese Standard ◽

Shield Machine ◽

Quenching And Tempering

Network carbide inheritance during heat treatment process of large shield machine bearing steel GCr15SiMn was investigated by heat treatment experiments and quantitative metallographic. Samples with the proeutectoid cementite network thickness in the range of 0.19~0.54 μm were obtained by changing austenitizing temperature and soaking time of pearlite transformation. The results show that the network in hot rolled bar can be improved when the pre-heat treatment temperature is 950 °C. When the network thickness is above 0.40 μm, the undissolved cementite networks present in microstructures after quenching and tempering. In a Chinese standard, the network grades are 1.5 and 3.0 degree when the networks thickness are 0.40 μm and 0.54 μm, respectively. The critical network thickness that can be eliminated by heat treatment is 0.29 μm.

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Correlation of Residual Stresses in the Fatigue Strength of Axles

Journal of Applied Mechanics ◽

10.1115/1.4009189 ◽

1942 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. A85-A90

Author(s):

O. J. Horger ◽

H. R. Neifert

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Fatigue Strength ◽

Residual Stresses ◽

High Surface ◽

Full Size ◽

Tensile Stresses ◽

Compressive Stresses ◽

Actual Service

Abstract The object of this paper is to present a correlation between residual stresses, obtained by heat-treatment, with fatigue values, determined from an investigation of full-size railroad axles. The axles tested were of both solid and tubular design and represent members which could be used under a car in actual service. It was found from these tests that high axle fatigue strength is associated with high surface residual compressive stresses, and lowest axle strength values with surface residual tensile stresses.

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Experimental and Numerical Investigation of High-Temperature Multi-Axial Fatigue

Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power ◽

10.1115/1.4053153 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Harish Ramesh Babu ◽

Marco Böcker ◽

Mario Raddatz ◽

Sebastian Henkel ◽

Horst Biermann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gas Turbines ◽

Biaxial Loading ◽

Complex Geometry ◽

Low Cycle Fatigue ◽

Axial Stress ◽

Equivalent Stress ◽

Turbine Blades ◽

Damage Development ◽

Simulation Results ◽

Axial Fatigue

Abstract Gas turbines and aircraft engines are dominated by cyclic operating modes with fatigue-related loads. This may result in the acceleration of damage development on the components. Critical components of turbine blades and discs are exposed to cyclic thermal and mechanical multi-axial fatigue. In the current work, planar-biaxial Low-Cycle-Fatigue tests are conducted using cruciform specimens at different test temperatures. The influence on the deformation and lifetime behaviour of the nickel-base disk alloy IN718 is investigated at selected cyclic proportional loading cases. The calculation of the stress and strain distribution of the cruciform specimens from the experimental data is difficult to obtain due to complex geometry and temperature gradients. Therefore, there is a need for Finite Element Simulations. A viscoplastic material model is considered to simulate the material behaviour subjected to uniaxial and the selected planar-biaxial loading conditions. At first, uniaxial simulation results are compared with the uniaxial experiment results for both batches of IN718. Then, the same material parameters are used for simulating the biaxial loading cases. The prediction of FE simulation results is in good agreement with the experimental LCF test for proportional loadings. The equivalent stress amplitude results of the biaxial simulation are compared with the uniaxial results. Furthermore, the lifetime is calculated from the simulation and by using Crossland and Sines multi-axial stress-based approaches. The Crossland model predicts fatigue life significantly better than the Sines model. Finally, the simulated lifetime results are compared with the experimental lifetime

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Classification and examples of next generation machine elements

Forschung im Ingenieurwesen ◽

10.1007/s10010-019-00382-1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 84 (1) ◽

pp. 21-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

G. Vorwerk-Handing ◽

T. Gwosch ◽

S. Schork ◽

E. Kirchner ◽

S. Matthiesen

Keyword(s):

System Analysis ◽

Signal Transmission ◽

Main Research ◽

Related Data ◽

Research Areas ◽

Machine Element ◽

Machine Elements ◽

Technical Systems ◽

Key Aspects ◽

Sensory Functions

Abstract In order to fully exploit the potential of the rapidly progressing digitalisation of technical systems, it is necessary to provide reliable and significant process and condition related data. In this context, solutions are especially aspired to allow a simple integration into the surrounding system and to influence it as little as possible. The main challenges regarding the measurement of process and condition data in the operation and control of technical systems as well as in test environments are identified and presented at the beginning of this article. A promising approach to meet the resulting requirements is the integration of sensory functions into simple standardised machine elements. In order to facilitate the discussion and interdisciplinary development of machine elements with sensory functions, an extension of the existing classification of mechatronic machine elements is introduced and illustrated with examples. The introduced classification takes into account the classification according to Stücheli and Meboldt and is based on a comparison of conventional and mechatronic machine elements on a functional level with regard to the function structure. As a result, the three classes sensor carrying machine elements, sensor integrating machine elements and sensory utilizable machine elements are introduced and subsequently discussed in more detail on the basis of examples. Finally, an outlook is given on the main research areas with regard to the development of mechatronic machine elements. Key aspects include working principles and effects for application in mechatronic machine elements, system analysis with regard to load conditions, power supply of sensor and data processor in the environment of the machine element as well as data processing and signal transmission under typical environmental conditions of mechanical engineering.

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Austenite Reversion Tempering-Annealing of 4 wt.% Manganese Steels for Automotive Forging Application

Metals ◽

10.3390/met9050575 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 575 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Alexander Gramlich ◽

Robin Emmrich ◽

Wolfgang Bleck

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Heat Treatment ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Impact Toughness ◽

Temperature Control ◽

Annealing Process ◽

Air Cooling ◽

Metastable Austenite ◽

Quenching And Tempering ◽

Manganese Steels

New medium Mn steels for forged components, in combination with a new heat treatment, are presented. This new annealing process implies air-cooling after forging and austenite reversion tempering (AC + ART). This leads to energy saving compared to other heat treatments, like quenching and tempering (Q + T) or quenching and partitioning (Q + P). Furthermore, the temperature control of AC + ART is easy, which increases the applicability to forged products with large diameters. Laboratory melts distinguished by Ti, B, Mo contents have been casted and consecutively forged into semi-finished products. Mechanical properties and microstructure have been characterized for the AC and the AC + ART states. The as forged-state shows YS from 900 MPa to 1000 MPa, UTS from 1350 MPa to 1500 MPa and impact toughness from 15 J to 25 J. Through the formation of nanostructured retained metastable austenite an increase in impact toughness was achieved with values from 80 J to 100 J dependent on the chemical composition.

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Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High Strength Alloyed Steel for Aerospace Application

Solid State Phenomena ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.284.351 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 284 ◽

pp. 351-356 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mikhail V. Maisuradze ◽

Maksim A. Ryzhkov

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Heat Treatment ◽

High Strength ◽

Single Stage ◽

The Novel ◽

Tempering Temperature ◽

Quenching And Partitioning ◽

Aerospace Application ◽

Cooling Conditions ◽

Quenching And Tempering

The high strength aerospace steel alloyed with Cr, Mn, Si, Ni, W and Mo was studied. The austenite transformations under continuous cooling conditions were investigated using the dilatometer analysis at the cooling rates 0.1...30 °C/s. The mechanical properties of the studied steel were determined after the conventional quenching and tempering heat treatment. The dependences of the mechanical properties on the tempering temperature were obtained. The novel quenching and partitioning heat treatment was applied to the steel under consideration. The microstructure and the mechanical properties were studied after three different modes of the quenching and partitioning (QP) treatment: single-stage QP, two-stage QP and single-stage QP with subsequent tempering (QPT).

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