scholarly journals Mycotoxin Contamination of Edible Non-Timber Forest Products in Cameroon

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 430
Author(s):  
Joseph Fovo Djeugap ◽  
Sita Ghimire ◽  
Immaculate Wanjuki ◽  
Anne Muiruri ◽  
Jagger Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Congo Basin ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Legal Limit ◽  
Non Timber Forest Products

The prevalence and concentrations of three major mycotoxins, total aflatoxin (AFs), fumonisin (F), and zearalenone (ZEN), were determined on seven edible non-timber forest products (ENTFP) in Cameroon. A total of 210 samples consiting of 30 samples from each ENTFP commodity was collected from farmers and local markets in three agroecological zones of Cameroon and analyzed for moisture content and mycotoxins. Mycotoxins were analyzed using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits and results were validated using the VICAM fluorometric method. The European Union regulation of mycotoxins for human consumption (N°1881/2006) was adopted as reference. The moisture content of samples varied from 5.0% to 22.6%. Aflatoxin contamination was detected in 84.3% samples and only 5.7% exceeded the legal limit (10 ppb). Similarly, 53% of samples were contaminated with fumonisin and 5% of samples exceeded the legal limit (1000 ppb). Zearalenone contamination was detected in 92% of samples and 21% of samples exceeded the legal limit (100 ppb). This is the first report on mycotoxin contamination of ENTFP in the Congo Basin forest. The findings of this study will form a basis for educating farmers and other stakeholders of ENTFP values chain on mycotoxins and mycotoxin mitigation measures to produce safe ENTFP for local and international markets.

Ethnic heterogeneity of knowledge on Zonocerus variegatus and reasons for consumption and non-consumption in the southern part of Cameroon

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-283
Author(s):  
S. Kekeunou ◽  
P.S. Laïda ◽  
M.B. Achu-Loh ◽  
C.L. Djuideu Tchouamou ◽  
L. Simo-Guiadem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Good Taste ◽  
Stomach Pain ◽  
Non Timber Forest Products ◽  
Variegated Grasshopper

With the growth of the human population, non-timber forest products of animal origin, such as grasshoppers, could be an approach to the solution of food shortage. The variegated grasshopper is an edible insect and an agricultural pest in several African countries. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, the level and reasons of consumption and non-consumption of this grasshopper in different ethnic groups in the south part of Cameroon. An individual structured survey, conducted from January to February 2018, among ten ethnic groups revealed that 99% of the participants know the variegated grasshopper. It has 22 local names, with mba’assana as the most common name. This grasshopper is mainly used for consumption (93.7%) and the level of consumption is higher among the Mbamois, Bulu, Ntumu, Pygmies and Maka people. It is used as medicine (3.9%), to treat splenomegaly, umbilical hernia, and to prevent rheumatism and benign prostatic hypertrophy. It is also used in traditional rites (0.6%) (Eton) and as a source of income (0.6%) (Ewondo). People consume the variegated grasshopper mainly because of its good taste and high nutritional value (73.24%). The adult is the stage mostly consumed when fried. The Bassa also consume the larvae (6%). Those who refuse the insect mostly talk of its bad odour and that its consumption can lead to the appearance of various pathologies (3.6%) such as cramps, stomach pain, paralysis, allergy, diarrhoea, nerve pain, abdominal pain, poisoning, vomiting and death. The repellent gland could be involved in the toxicity related to the consumption of this grasshopper. For the Bulu people, poor cooking is a risk factor. Further studies are needed on the potential risks of the variegated grasshopper before it could be recommended for general human consumption.

scholarly journals Distribution of fungi and their toxic metabolites in melon and sesame seeds marketed in two major producing states in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-369
Author(s):  
Adetoun O. Esan ◽  
Stephen O. Fapohunda ◽  
Chibundu N. Ezekiel ◽  
Michael Sulyok ◽  
Rudolf Krska
Keyword(s):  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Fusarium Fujikuroi ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Sesame Seeds ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

Abstract In this study, melon (n = 60) and sesame (n = 60) seeds purchased from markets within Benue and Nasarawa states, respectively, in Nigeria, during two seasons (dry and wet), were analysed for fungal and mycotoxin contamination in order to determine the safety of these foods for human consumption. Molecular analysis revealed the following seven fungal taxonomic groups in the foods: Aspergillus section Candidi, Aspergillus section Flavi, Aspergillus section Nigri, Cladosporium, Fusarium fujikuroi species group, Penicillium, and Pleosporales/Didymellaceae. A total of 78 microbial metabolites, including several mycotoxins, occurred in the foods. The most frequent mycotoxins in melon and sesame were aflatoxin B1 (occurrence: 76%) and alternariol monomethyl ether (occurrence: 59%), respectively. However, higher mean total aflatoxin levels occurred in sesame (17 μg kg−1) than in melon (11 μg kg−1). About 28 and 5% of melon and sesame, respectively, exceeded the 4 μg kg−1 total aflatoxin limit for oilseeds intended for direct human consumption in the European Union. Additionally, fumonisin B1 and moniliformin occurred only in sesame, whilst ochratoxins A and B occurred only in melon; ochratoxin B being reported for the first time in this food. Our data indicated seasonal variations in the fungal and mycotoxin contamination levels in both foods.

scholarly journals Microbiological Quality and Risk Assessment for Aflatoxins in Groundnuts and Roasted Cashew Nuts Meant for Human Consumption

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Modupeade Christianah Adetunji ◽  
Ogechi Precious Alika ◽  
Ngozi Precious Awa ◽  
Olusegun Oladimeji Atanda ◽  
Mulunda Mwanza
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Rhizopus Oryzae ◽  
Primary Liver Cancer ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Viable Count ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Human Consumption

Nuts are one of the commonly consumed snacks but poor handling and storage practices can make them prone to foodborne infections. The study aimed at assessing the microbiological quality and risk assessment for aflatoxins in groundnuts and cashew nuts consumed in selected locations in Nigeria. The moisture content, colony counts, incidence of pathogenic bacteria, aflatoxin contamination, and risk assessment for aflatoxins were evaluated using standard methods. The moisture content and total viable count ranged from 5.00–8.60% and 5.5–89 × 103 cfug−1, respectively, while the fungal count was between 4–24 × 103and 1.0–4.5 × 102 cfug−1, respectively. Eleven fungal species belonging to 5 genera were isolated from the nuts, withAspergillus flavus, Rhizopus oryzae, andFusarium oxysporumhaving the highest percentage occurrence of 50%. In addition, the aflatoxin concentration ranged 0.1–6.8 and 29–33.78 ng kg−1for cashew nuts and groundnuts, respectively. The margin of exposure (MOE) to aflatoxin contamination was 6.10 for groundnuts and 1000 for cashew nuts and the nuts consumers were at a risk of exposure to foodborne diseases and aflatoxin contamination with mean exposure values of 27.96 and 0.17 ng kg−1bwday−1, respectively. The risk of primary liver cancer for groundnuts and cashew nuts consumers was also estimated to be 1.38 and 0.01 canceryear−1100,000−1person, respectively. This calls for mitigation measures from appropriate governmental organizations.

scholarly journals Export of non-timber forest products in the context of free movement of goods to the European Union market

2019 ◽  
pp. 57-78
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Keca ◽  
Milica Marceta ◽  
Aleksandar Markovic
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Global Orientation ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Non Timber Forest Products ◽  
Free Movement Of Goods ◽  
Domestic Companies

The tendency to conquer foreign markets emerges as one of the starting ideas when setting up each company. From the point of view of domestic companies, the target markets are those located within the European Union (EU), which exists and operates under the Single Market system. If you look at the part related to non-timber forest products (NTFP), it can be pointed out that in the last period it has become wider and has increasingly gone beyond local limits. In the context of the global orientation towards organic products, the aspiration of domestic companies in trying to place their products to a foreign, primarily European market is justified. The subjects of work are: treaties of establishment, conventions between Member States and Union agreements with third countries and international organizations, which have stronger legal force than other (secondary) sources, such as: regulations, directives and resolutions, as binding acts, as well as recommendations and opinions, as non-binding acts. The aim of this paper is to present and analyze the functions of the competent institutions and procedures that follow the export of products and documentation necessary for the implementation of the export procedure, with special reference to the NTFP.

scholarly journals Ethnobotanical survey of wild edible plants used by Baka People in southeastern Cameroon.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal Eric Billong Fils ◽  
Natacha Afiong Nana ◽  
Jean Lagarde Betti ◽  
Oumar Farick Njimbam ◽  
Stéphanie Tientcheu Womeni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Congo Basin ◽  
Wild Edible Plants ◽  
Edible Plants ◽  
Ethnobotanical Survey ◽  
Hunting And Gathering ◽  
Non Timber Forest Products

Abstract Background: Forest inhabitants worldwide, and Indigenous Peoples especially, have depended for generations on plants and animals harvested in these ecosystems. A number of Baka hunter-gatherer populations in south-eastern Cameroon became sedentarised in the 1950s, but still rely on hunting and gathering to meet their basic needs. The use of wild edible plants (WEP) by these communities remains largely undocumented. In this study we record the diversity of WEP used by Baka people in dense rainforests in the Mintom region. The area still contains relatively undisturbed forest expanses, just south of the Dja Biosphere Reserve, one of the most important protected areas in the Congo Basin.Methods: We conducted two ethnobotanical surveys in 2019 in four villages on the Mintom road. In the first survey, we interviewed a total of 73 individuals to determine WEP usage. In our second survey, we specifically quantified WEP harvested and consumed daily in a number of households over a two-week period during the major rainy season, when use of forest products is highest. Specimens of all recorded plants were collected and identified at the National Herbarium of Cameroon.Results: We documented 88 plant species and 119 unique species/plant organ/recipes in 1,519 different citations. A total of 61 genera and 43 families were noted. Excluding 14 unidentified wild yam species, 17 WEP species had not been reported in previous ethnobotanical surveys of the Baka. Our results showed that cultivated starchy plant foods make up a significant proportion of our study population’s daily nutritional intake.Conclusions: A high diversity of WEP are consumed by the studied Baka communities. The study area is likely to be significant in terms of WEP diversity since 18 out of the 30 ‘key’ Non-Timber Forest Products, NTFP, in Cameroon were mentioned. Documentation of the use of WEP by Indigenous communities is vital to ensure the continuity of traditional knowledge and future food security.

scholarly journals Validation of HPLC and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Techniques for Detection and Quantification of Aflatoxins in Different Food Samples

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharaf S. Omar ◽  
Moawiya A. Haddad ◽  
Salvatore Parisi
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Coffee Beans ◽  
Almost All

Background: In Jordan as in other worldwide countries, mycotoxins are considered a serious national problem in food supplies. As a result, almost all nations are setting and adopting different regulations targeting the control of mycotoxins levels in the domestic food supply, including the problem of reliable sampling and analysis methods. Objective: It is necessary to improve and give evidence of analytical abilities of laboratories within Jordan and developing countries enabling them to monitor mycotoxins effectively in food to overcome non-tariff obstacles. Methods: We analyzed 40 samples from wheat, corn, dried fig and dried coffee beans for total aflatoxin content using High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Enzyme Linked Immunesorbent Assay (ELISA) methods. Results: 40% of samples from wheat, 60% from corn, 30% from dried fig, and 50% from dried coffee beans were found positive when speaking of total aflatoxins, with average values between 1.14 and 4.12 μg/kg. Obtained results allow considering all tested food samples as fit for human consumption if compared with the labeled regulatory limit of allowed aflatoxins in the European Union. In detail, the limit of detection and the limit of quantification for methods used in this study were significantly lower than the maximum limits established by the European Union. Highlights: The procedure used in this study is suitable for detection of mycotoxins at very low concentration.

scholarly journals Sulfamethazine contamination level and exposure assessment in domestic and imported poultry meats in Jordan

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1992-1997
Author(s):  
Saddam S. Awaisheh ◽  
Mohammad S. Khalifeh ◽  
Razan J. Rahahleh ◽  
Ja'far M. Al-Khaza'leh ◽  
Rania M. Algroom
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Daily Consumption

Background and Aim: Sulfamethazine (SMZ) is an important and widely used antibiotic in poultry industry due to its high efficacy in fighting diseases and promoting growth. In addition, SMZ is a possible human carcinogen and has been found in many food types including poultry meat. Accordingly, this study aimed to survey the contamination level and estimated daily intake (EDI) of SMZ in domestic and imported poultry meat samples in Jordan. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 samples; 60, 30, and 30 of fresh and frozen domestic and frozen imported poultry samples, respectively, were collected from different cities in Jordan. Poultry samples were analyzed for SMZ incidence rate and contamination level using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. EDI values were calculated from the SMZ concentration, average poultry daily consumption rate, and adult body weight (b.w.). Results: Of the 120 surveyed samples, 20 samples (16.7%) were SMZ violative positive and exceeded the European Union maximum limit (100 μg/kg) and accordingly were unfit for human consumption. Whereas, 51 samples (42.5%) were with SMZ concentrations of 10-100 μg/kg. The average SMZ concentration was 235.58 μg/kg, with a range of 11.47-800 μg/kg poultry meat. It is also noteworthy the high EDI of SMZ by Jordanian adults, 0.286 μg SMZ/kg b.w./day. Moreover, results prevailed that the highest SMZ incidence rate and contamination level were for imported poultry samples followed by domestic poultry samples, which may indicate that SMZ contamination in poultry meat is an international issue. Conclusion: The current study prevailed high SMZ incidence rate, contamination level, and EDI values, which is likely due to indiscriminate use of SMZ in poultry production. Results also prevailed the high risk that consumers in Jordan may expose due to SMZ residues. Therefore, more strict program and good agricultural practices should be applied to monitor antibiotic withdrawal periods in animals used for human consumption to ensure the legal residue requirements of these antibiotics.

scholarly journals Ethnobotanical survey of wild edible plants used by Baka people in southeastern Cameroon

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal Eric Billong Fils ◽  
Natacha Afiong Nana ◽  
Jean Lagarde Betti ◽  
Oumar Farick Njimbam ◽  
Stéphanie Tientcheu Womeni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Congo Basin ◽  
Wild Edible Plants ◽  
Edible Plants ◽  
Ethnobotanical Survey ◽  
Hunting And Gathering ◽  
Non Timber Forest Products

Abstract Background Forest inhabitants worldwide, and indigenous people especially, have depended for generations on plants and animals harvested in these ecosystems. A number of Baka hunter-gatherer populations in south-eastern Cameroon became sedentarised in the 1950s, but still rely on hunting and gathering to meet their basic needs. The use of wild edible plants (WEP) by these communities remains largely undocumented. In this study, we record the diversity of WEP used by Baka people in dense rainforests in the Mintom region. The area still contains relatively undisturbed forest expanses, just south of the Dja Biosphere Reserve, one of the most important protected areas in the Congo Basin. Methods We conducted two ethnobotanical surveys in 2019 in four villages on the Mintom road. In the first survey, we interviewed a total of 73 individuals to determine WEP usage. In our second survey, we specifically quantified WEP harvested and consumed daily in a number of households over a 2-week period during the major rainy season, when use of forest products is highest. Specimens of all recorded plants were collected and identified at the National Herbarium of Cameroon. Results We documented 88 plant species and 119 unique species/plant organ/recipes in 1519 different citations. A total of 61 genera and 43 families were noted. Excluding 14 unidentified wild yam species, 17 WEP species had not been reported in previous ethnobotanical surveys of the Baka. Our results showed that cultivated starchy plant foods make up a significant proportion of our study population’s daily nutritional intake. Conclusions A high diversity of WEP is consumed by the studied Baka communities. The study area is likely to be significant in terms of WEP diversity since 18 out of the 30 “key” non-timber forest products, NTFP, in Cameroon were mentioned. Documentation of the use of WEP by indigenous communities is vital to ensure the continuity of traditional knowledge and future food security.

scholarly journals Ethnobotanical survey of wild edible plants used by Baka People in southeastern Cameroon.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal Eric Billong Fils ◽  
Natacha Afiong Nana ◽  
Jean Lagarde Betti ◽  
Oumar Farick Njimbam ◽  
Stéphanie Tientcheu Womeni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Congo Basin ◽  
Wild Edible Plants ◽  
Edible Plants ◽  
Ethnobotanical Survey ◽  
Hunting And Gathering ◽  
Non Timber Forest Products

Abstract Background: Forest inhabitants worldwide, and Indigenous Peoples especially, have depended for generations on plants and animals harvested in these ecosystems. A number of Baka hunter-gatherer populations in south-eastern Cameroon became sedentarised in the 1950s, but still rely on hunting and gathering to meet their basic needs. The use of wild edible plants (WEP) by these communities remains largely undocumented. In this study we record the diversity of WEP used by Baka people in dense rainforests in the Mintom region. The area still contains relatively undisturbed forest expanses, just south of the Dja Biosphere Reserve, one of the most important protected areas in the Congo Basin.Methods: We conducted two ethnobotanical surveys in 2019 in four villages on the Mintom road. In the first survey, we interviewed a total of 73 individuals to determine WEP usage. In our second survey, we specifically quantified WEP harvested and consumed daily in a number of households over a two-week period during the major rainy season, when use of forest products is highest. Specimens of all recorded plants were collected and identified at the National Herbarium of Cameroon.Results: We documented 88 plant species and 119 unique species/plant organ/recipes in 1,519 different citations. A total of 61 genera and 43 families were noted. Excluding 14 unidentified wild yam species, 17 WEP species had not been reported in previous ethnobotanical surveys of the Baka. Our results showed that cultivated starchy plant foods make up a significant proportion of our study population’s daily nutritional intake.Conclusions: A high diversity of WEP are consumed by the studied Baka communities. The study area is likely to be significant in terms of WEP diversity since 18 out of the 30 ‘key’ Non-Timber Forest Products, NTFP, in Cameroon were mentioned. Documentation of the use of WEP by Indigenous communities is vital to ensure the continuity of traditional knowledge and future food security.

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