scholarly journals An Overview of Current Knowledge of Deadly CoVs and Their Interface with Innate Immunity

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 560
Author(s):  
Yamei Zhang ◽  
Siobhan Gargan ◽  
Yongxu Lu ◽  
Nigel J. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Immunosuppressive Treatment ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Type I ◽  
Respiratory Tract Disease ◽  
Vaccine Research ◽  
Tract Disease ◽  
Human Coronaviruses

Coronaviruses are a large family of zoonotic RNA viruses, whose infection can lead to mild or lethal respiratory tract disease. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1) first emerged in Guangdong, China in 2002 and spread to 29 countries, infecting 8089 individuals and causing 774 deaths. In 2012, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in Saudi Arabia and has spread to 27 countries, with a mortality rate of ~34%. In 2019, SARS-CoV-2 emerged and has spread to 220 countries, infecting over 100,000,000 people and causing more than 2,000,000 deaths to date. These three human coronaviruses cause diseases of varying severity. Most people develop mild, common cold-like symptoms, while some develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The success of all viruses, including coronaviruses, relies on their evolved abilities to evade and modulate the host anti-viral and pro-inflammatory immune responses. However, we still do not fully understand the transmission, phylogeny, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-1 and -2. Despite the rapid application of a range of therapies for SARS-CoV-2, such as convalescent plasma, remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine and type I interferon, no fully effective treatment has been determined. Remarkably, COVID-19 vaccine research and development have produced several offerings that are now been administered worldwide. Here, we summarise an up-to-date understanding of epidemiology, immunomodulation and ongoing anti-viral and immunosuppressive treatment strategies. Indeed, understanding the interplay between coronaviruses and the anti-viral immune response is crucial to identifying novel targets for therapeutic intervention, which may even prove invaluable for the control of future emerging coronavirus.

scholarly journals Challenges in Diabetic Micro-Complication Management: Focus on Diabetic Neuropathy

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-186
Author(s):  
Prawej Ansari ◽  
J.M.A. Hannan ◽  
Shofiul Azam ◽  
Md. Jakaria
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Neuropathy ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Microvascular Complications ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Sensory Function ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Type I ◽  
Substantial Morbidity

The progression of diabetes leads to macro and microvascular complications, including diabetic neuropathy, which is the most prevalent microvascular complication with diabetes. Clinical manifestations of diabetic neuropathy begin with the loss of distal sensory function, pain, and substantial morbidity. It has been evident that ~50% of diabetic patients develop neuropathy at a certain stage in their lifetime. Interestingly, two major subtypes (type I and II) of diabetes do not share the same epidemiology and pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy; thus, their management or treatment strategies may vary from each other. The past few decades of research suggest that many etiological features, diagnosis, and management complexities depend on the type of diabetes. However, the underlying mechanism of neuropathy in type I and type II diabetes remains unclear. This review provides the current knowledge on successful assessment, management, and pharmacological biomarkers to explore the treatment and surpass current challenges in diabetic neuropathy.

scholarly journals Immunology of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Solid Tumors: A Brief Review

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimír Koucký ◽  
Jan Bouček ◽  
Anna Fialová
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Solid Tumors ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Type I ◽  
Numerous Cell

The immune response, both innate and adaptive, is a key player in cancer development and progression. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a subset of dendritic cells that play one of the central roles in the immune system. They are known mostly as the major IFN type I-producing cells upon stimulation of Toll-like receptors 7 and 9. However, based on current knowledge, the functionality of pDCs is very complex, as they have the ability to affect many other cell types. In the context of the tumor tissue, pDCs were mostly described to show substantial functional defects and therefore contribute to the establishement of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Immunotherapeutic approaches have proven to be one of the most promising treatment strategies in the last decade. In view of this fact, it is crucial to map the complexity of the tumor microenvironment in detail, including less numerous cell types. This review focuses on pDCs in relation to solid tumors. We provide a summary of current data on the role of pDCs in different tumor types and suggest their possible clinical applications.

PCR diagnosis of primary herpesvirus type I in poliomyelitis-like paralysis and respiratory tract disease

1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mårten G. Kyllerman ◽  
Susanne Herner ◽  
Tomas B. Bergström ◽  
Sven E. Ekholm
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Type I ◽  
Respiratory Tract Disease ◽  
Herpesvirus Type ◽  
Pcr Diagnosis ◽  
Tract Disease

scholarly journals Acute Upper Limb Arterial Thrombosis associated with COVID-19: A Case Report

2020 ◽  
Vol 07 (04) ◽  
pp. 11-14
Author(s):  
Naresh Kumar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Arterial Thrombosis ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Respiratory Tract Disease ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Disease ◽  
Tract Disease ◽  
Viral Respiratory

COVID-19 is a viral respiratory illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Majority of the cases present with upper or lower respiratory tract disease. Common complications of the disease include cytokine storm and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The disease is also found to be associated with an increased incidence of thromboembolism. However, data and literature regarding this dreadful complication are limited. Here, we present a case report of arterial thrombosis in COVID-19 which led to ischemia and gangrene of the fingers.

scholarly journals Fast-Onset Diffuse Interstitial Lung Disease in Anti-MDA5 Antibodies-Associated Amyopathic Dermatomyositis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-240
Author(s):  
Houari Aissaoui ◽  
Kinan Drak Alsibai ◽  
Naji Khayath
Keyword(s):  
Interstitial Lung Disease ◽  
Lung Disease ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Immunosuppressive Treatment ◽  
Amyopathic Dermatomyositis ◽  
Pulmonary Manifestations ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Adequate Management ◽  
Chest Ct Scan

Anti-MDA5 antibodies-associated amyopathic dermatomyositisis a rare autoimmune disease that involve polyarthritis, cutaneous and pulmonary manifestations. The development of rapidly progressing interstitial lung disease is a life-threatening complication. We report the case of a 45-year-old woman without medical history, who was addressed to the Pulmonary Department for a polyarthritis with dry cough and hypoxemic dyspnea. Initially there was neither cutaneous manifestation nor interstitial lung disease on chest CT scan. After a few days, the patient developed fatal acute respiratory failure with diffuse ground glass opacities. Identification of anti-MDA5 antibodies allowed establishing diagnosis, despite the fact that the first immunological assessment was negative. Corticosteroid bolus of 1 g for three days and immunosuppressive treatment by cyclophosphamide was only initiated at the acute respiratory distress syndrome stage. Given the rapidly unfavorable prognosis of this entity of amyopathic dermatomyositis, the testing for anti-MDA5 antibodies should be recommended in case of progressive pulmonary symptoms associated with joint signs in order to identify this disease at an early stage and to begin rapid and adequate management.

scholarly journals Current Insights into Immunology and Novel Therapeutics of Atopic Dermatitis

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1392
Author(s):  
Hidaya A. Kader ◽  
Muhammad Azeem ◽  
Suhib A. Jwayed ◽  
Aaesha Al-Shehhi ◽  
Attia Tabassum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Food Allergies ◽  
Th2 Response ◽  
Therapeutic Outcomes ◽  
Environmental Agents ◽  
Novel Treatment Strategies

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most prevalent inflammatory disease among non-fatal skin diseases, affecting up to one fifth of the population in developed countries. AD is characterized by recurrent pruritic and localized eczema with seasonal fluctuations. AD initializes the phenomenon of atopic march, during which infant AD patients are predisposed to progressive secondary allergies such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, and food allergies. The pathophysiology of AD is complex; onset of the disease is caused by several factors, including strong genetic predisposition, disrupted epidermal barrier, and immune dysregulation. AD was initially characterized by defects in the innate immune system and a vigorous skewed adaptive Th2 response to environmental agents; there are compelling evidences that the disorder involves multiple immune pathways. Symptomatic palliative treatment is the only strategy to manage the disease and restore skin integrity. Researchers are trying to more precisely define the contribution of different AD genotypes and elucidate the role of various immune axes. In this review, we have summarized the current knowledge about the roles of innate and adaptive immune responsive cells in AD. In addition, current and novel treatment strategies for the management of AD are comprehensively described, including some ongoing clinical trials and promising therapeutic agents. This information will provide an asset towards identifying personalized targets for better therapeutic outcomes.

scholarly journals The Antiviral Properties of Cyclosporine. Focus on Coronavirus, Hepatitis C Virus, Influenza Virus, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections

Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Glowacka ◽  
Lidia Rudnicka ◽  
Olga Warszawik-Hendzel ◽  
Mariusz Sikora ◽  
Mohamad Goldust ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Immunosuppressive Treatment ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

This review updates current knowledge regarding the risk of viral infections, including COVID-19, in patients treated with cyclosporine. We also shortly refer to bacterial infections and parasitic infestations in patients treated with cyclosporin. Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressive drug, which is widely used in medicine, including in the treatment of autoimmune skin diseases in dermatology, rheumatology, ophthalmology and nephrology, and in organ transplantation. A usual concern associated with immunosuppressive treatment is the potential risk of infections. Interestingly, several data indicate a relatively low risk of infections, especially viral infections, in patients receiving cyclosporine. It was shown that cyclosporine exerts an inhibitory effect on the replication of some viruses, or may have a potentially beneficial effect on the disease course in infections. These include hepatitis C, influenza virus, rotavirus, human immunodeficiency virus and coronavirus infections. Available data indicate that cyclosporine may have a beneficial effect on COVID-19, which is caused by the coronavirus SARS-COV2.

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