scholarly journals Prior Methamphetamine Use Disorder History Does Not Impair Interoceptive Processing of Soft Touch in HIV Infection

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2476
Author(s):  
Amanda Bischoff-Grethe ◽  
Ronald J. Ellis ◽  
Susan F. Tapert ◽  
Martin P. Paulus ◽  
Igor Grant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Past History ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Neural Response ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Methamphetamine Use ◽  
History Of ◽  
Interoceptive Cues ◽  
Methamphetamine Use Disorder

Introduction: Interoception, defined as the sense of the internal state of one’s body, helps motivate goal-directed behavior. Prior work has shown that methamphetamine (METH) use disorder is associated with altered interoception, and that this may contribute to risky behavior. As people with HIV (PWH) may also experience disrupted bodily sensations (e.g., neuropathy), an important question is whether PWH with a history of METH use disorder might exhibit greater impairment of interoceptive processing. Methods: Eighty-three participants stratified by HIV infection and a past history of methamphetamine use disorder experienced a soft touch paradigm that included slow brush strokes on the left forearm and palm during blood-oxygen level-dependent functional MRI acquisition. To assess differences in interoception and reward, voxelwise analyses were constrained to the insula, a hub for the evaluation of interoceptive cues, and the striatum, which is engaged in reward processing. Results: Overall, individuals with a history of METH use disorder had an attenuated neural response to pleasant touch in both the insula and striatum. Longer abstinence was associated with greater neural response to touch in the insula, suggesting some improvement in responsivity. However, only PWH with no METH use disorder history had lower brain activation in the insula relative to non-using seronegative controls. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that while METH use disorder history and HIV infection independently disrupt the neural processes associated with interoception, PWH with METH use disorder histories do not show significant differences relative to non-using seronegative controls. These findings suggest that the effects of HIV infection and past methamphetamine use might not be additive with respect to interoceptive processing impairment.

PREVALENCE AND RELATED FACTORS OF POSTNATAL DEPRESSION IN HIV INFECTED WOMEN

2014 ◽  
pp. 140-152
Author(s):  
Manh Hoan Nguyen ◽  
Ngoc Thanh Cao
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Postnatal Depression ◽  
Past History ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Depression

Background and Objective: HIV infection is also a cause of postpartum depression, however, in Vietnam, there has not yet the prevalence of postpartum depression in HIV infected women. The objective is to determine prevalence and related factors of postpartum depression in HIV infected women. Materials and Methods: From November 30th, 2012 to March 30th, 2014, a prospective cohort study is done at Dong Nai and Binh Duong province. The sample includes135 HIV infected women and 405 non infected women (ratio 1/3) who accepted to participate to the research. We used “Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) as a screening test when women hospitalized for delivery and 1 week, 6weeks postpartum. Mother who score EPDS ≥ 13 are likely to be suffering from depression. We exclude women who have EPDS ≥ 13 since just hospitalize. Data are collected by a structural questionaire. Results: At 6 weeks postpartum, prevalence of depression in HIV infected women is 61%, in the HIV non infected women is 8.7% (p < 0.001). There are statistical significant differences (p<0.05) between two groups for some factors: education, profession, income, past history of depression, child’s health, breast feeding. Logistical regression analysis determine these factors are related with depression: late diagnosis of HIV infection, child infected of HIV, feeling guilty of HIV infected and feeling guilty with their family. Multivariate regression analysis showed 4 factors are related with depression: HIV infection, living in the province, child’s health, past history of depression. Conclusion: Prevalence of postpartum depression in HIV infected women is 61.2%; risk of depression of postnatal HIV infected women is 6.4 times the risk of postnatal HIV non infected women, RR=6.4 (95% CI:4.3 – 9.4). Domestic women have lower risk than immigrant women from other province, RR=0.72 (95% CI:0.5 – 0.9). Past history of depression is a risk factor with RR=1.7 (95% CI:1.02 – 0.9. Women whose child is weak or die, RR=1.7(95% CI:0.9 – 3.1). Keywords: Postpartum depression, HIV-positive postpartum women

Current and Emerging Treatments for Methamphetamine-use Disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Moszczynska
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Methamphetamine Use ◽  
Current Prevalence ◽  
The Us ◽  
Emerging Treatments ◽  
History Of ◽  
Behavioral Therapies ◽  
New Treatments ◽  
Methamphetamine Use Disorder

: Almost two decades have passed since the last methamphetamine (METH) abuse epidemic. In recent years, METH abuse in the US has been rapidly increasing and is currently one of the leading causes of death in our country. Available statistical data indicates re-emergence of METH popularity and suggest an impending third epidemic of METH abuse. Alarmingly, there is no FDA- approved medication for METH use disorder (MUD). This disorder is currently treated with behavioral therapies; however, these therapies have limitations and would benefit from the addition of a MUD pharmacotherapy. Unfortunately, clinical trials have not yet found consistently effective pharmacotherapy for MUD. This review outlines the history of METH use, provides information on current prevalence of METH abuse and MUD, describes medications that have been in clinical trials for MUD, and addresses current as well as potential new treatments for MUD.

Risk factors for HIV infection in a gynaeco - obstetric population in Vietnam — a case-control study

Sexual Health ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thi Thu Ha Tran ◽  
Brian P. Mulhall ◽  
Petra Macaskill ◽  
Thanh Quang Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Past History ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Current History

Background: Vietnam has an emerging HIV epidemic, particularly in male drug injectors. Data on HIV infections in women in the general population, and their risk factors, are scanty. Methods: A case-control study was performed in a large gynaeco–obstetric hospital in Haiphong city in 1998–2001. The sample was 22000 attendees. The medical records of 58 HIV-seropositive cases were compared with 422 randomly chosen HIV-seronegative controls for potential risk factors. Results: A multivariate analysis found that HIV infection was associated with young age, past/current history of sexually transmitted infections (STI) and being unemployed. Patients aged 21–30 years were 10-fold less likely to be infected than women aged <20 years (OR 0.11, 95%CI 0.04–0.33). Women with a past/current history of STI had over 20 times the risk of those who did not (95% CI 6.7–62.3). Unemployed women had at least twice the risk of infection of any other occupational group. Conclusions: We have identified risk factors in women that have not been highlighted previously in Vietnam. Our study suggests that all antenatal women, especially those who are young or unemployed (or, with a current/past history of STI), should be offered free HIV tests, counselling and management.

scholarly journals Epigenetic Regulatory Dynamics in Models of Methamphetamine-Use Disorder

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1614
Author(s):  
Subramaniam Jayanthi ◽  
Michael T. McCoy ◽  
Jean Lud Cadet
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Methamphetamine Use ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Methamphetamine Use Disorder ◽  
Disease Exposure

Methamphetamine (METH)-use disorder (MUD) is a very serious, potentially lethal, biopsychosocial disease. Exposure to METH causes long-term changes to brain regions involved in reward processing and motivation, leading vulnerable individuals to engage in pathological drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior that can remain a lifelong struggle. It is crucial to elucidate underlying mechanisms by which exposure to METH leads to molecular neuroadaptive changes at transcriptional and translational levels. Changes in gene expression are controlled by post-translational modifications via chromatin remodeling. This review article focuses on the brain-region specific combinatorial or distinct epigenetic modifications that lead to METH-induced changes in gene expression.

Identification of women at high STD risk among STD clinic attendees: implications for STD programmes

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 526-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Moodley ◽  
P D J Sturm ◽  
C Connolly ◽  
A W Sturm
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Past History ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
History Of ◽  
Current Infection ◽  
Std Risk ◽  
Clinic Population ◽  
Genital Disease

We showed an association between current infection with a recognized sexually transmitted infection (STI) pathogen and HIV infection in women but not in men with non-ulcerative genital disease. While the accuracy of recognition of male urethritis and genital ulcer syndromes is high, this is significantly less for non-ulcerative STIs in women. The symptoms associated with the latter have a broad differential diagnosis including conditions of a non-STI nature. Local sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic attendees often comprise patients with and without STIs. We hypothesized that this may be responsible for the association of current STI pathogens and HIV in women. To identify a group of women that would be representative of a true STD clinic population we looked at those with a past history of treated genital ulcers. When we analysed in this subset the association of current STI pathogen and HIV infection, a pattern emerged that was comparable with that in men.

scholarly journals Comparing the Facial Emotion Recognition in Opioid Antecedent Subjects and Mixed Opioid-methamphetamine Antecedent Subjects under Methadone Maintenance Therapy with Control Group-A Retrospective Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamaledin Alaedini ◽  
Maryam Farahmandfar ◽  
Maryam Sefidgarnia ◽  
Parisa Islami Parkoohi ◽  
Sepideh --- Jafari
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Methadone Maintenance ◽  
Opioid Use Disorder ◽  
Methadone Maintenance Therapy ◽  
Facial Emotion ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Methamphetamine Use ◽  
History Of ◽  
Methamphetamine Use Disorder

Background: Facial emotion recognition (FER) is an important social skill. Some studies have determined the capability of FER in substance abusers, but their results are contradictory. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate FER ability in opioid antecedent subjects and mixed opioid-methamphetamine antecedent subjects under methadone maintenance therapy compared to a control group. Methods: Following a retrospective cohort design, 71 methadone-maintained subjects (MMS) (40 individuals with a history of only opioid use disorder and 31 patients with a history of both opioid and methamphetamine use disorder) and 40 healthy participants filled the Persian version of Ackman and Friesen facial emotion experiment, which were matched based on age, education, and gender. Demographic and substance use characteristics were evaluated. Both groups were similar concerning the duration of the opioid use disorder, methadone maintenance treatment, and currently prescribed methadone dose. Data were analyzed using the chi-square, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Welch test. Statistical significance was considered when P-value < 0.05. Results: Total FER scores were significantly lower in MMS compared to the control group. Concerning the subgroups, recognition of sadness was impaired in patients with a history of opioid use disorder (with and without a history of methamphetamine use disorder), while in recognition of anger and wonder, patients with both opioid and methamphetamine use disorder history had a significantly lower performance. There was no other significant difference between the groups. Conclusions: The findings suggest that social cognition deficit should be considered in strategies related to the addiction (both treatment and rehabilitation).

Depressive Symptoms in Patients with HIV Infection: A Further Exploration

1997 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 862-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona Judd ◽  
Anne Mijch ◽  
Jean McCausland ◽  
Alex Cockram
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Social Adjustment ◽  
Past History ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sickness Benefits ◽  
Adjustment To Illness ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and severity of depressive symptoms, to determine the rate of depressive disorder, to explore possible reasons for the development of depressive symptoms and to examine the effects of depression in a group of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients. Method: HIV-positive patients attending an outpatient treatment facility were assessed by the research psychologist and completed a number of questionnaires: the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI); the Life Event Inventory (LEI); the Core Bereavement Item (CBI-17) questionnaire; and the Psycho social Adjustment to Illness Scale (PAIS). Patients scoring 2 14 on the BDI were seen by the psychiatrist for further assessment, and where appropriate, diagnoses were made according to DSM-III-R criteria. Results: One hundred and ninety-two patients participated in the study; 95 scored ≥ 14 on the BDI and one-third of these were found to have a depressive disorder. Factors significantly predictive of a BDI score ≥ 14 were: an LEI score ≥ 77; a diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); being on sickness benefits or a pension; no current relationship; and a past history of depression. Few differences were demonstrated between those with a depressive disorder and those with a BDI score ≥ 14 but no diagnosis of depressive disorder. Both groups had high mean PAIS scores indicating significant illness effects in multiple areas of function. Conclusions: Depressive symptoms are common among patients with HIV infection. Few factors differentiate between patients with a depressive disorder and those whose depressive symptoms do not meet diagnostic criteria. Substantial disability is present in both groups.

Nonlocal Gravity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahram Mashhoon
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Gravitational Lensing ◽  
Past History ◽  
Lorentz Invariance ◽  
Minkowski Spacetime ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Local Principle ◽  
History Of ◽  
Expansion Of The Universe ◽  
Nearby Galaxies

A postulate of locality permeates through the special and general theories of relativity. First, Lorentz invariance is extended in a pointwise manner to actual, namely, accelerated observers in Minkowski spacetime. This hypothesis of locality is then employed crucially in Einstein’s local principle of equivalence to render observers pointwise inertial in a gravitational field. Field measurements are intrinsically nonlocal, however. To go beyond the locality postulate in Minkowski spacetime, the past history of the accelerated observer must be taken into account in accordance with the Bohr-Rosenfeld principle. The observer in general carries the memory of its past acceleration. The deep connection between inertia and gravitation suggests that gravity could be nonlocal as well and in nonlocal gravity the fading gravitational memory of past events must then be taken into account. Along this line of thought, a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein’s theory of gravitation has recently been developed. In this nonlocal gravity (NLG) theory, the gravitational field is local, but satisfies a partial integro-differential field equation. A significant observational consequence of this theory is that the nonlocal aspect of gravity appears to simulate dark matter. The implications of NLG are explored in this book for gravitational lensing, gravitational radiation, the gravitational physics of the Solar System and the internal dynamics of nearby galaxies as well as clusters of galaxies. This approach is extended to nonlocal Newtonian cosmology, where the attraction of gravity fades with the expansion of the universe. Thus far only some of the consequences of NLG have been compared with observation.

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