scholarly journals Inositol Phosphates and Retroviral Assembly: A Cellular Perspective

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2516
Author(s):  
Clifton L. Ricaña ◽  
Robert A. Dick
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inositol Phosphates ◽  
Cellular Biology ◽  
Inositol Hexakisphosphate ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Retroviral Assembly ◽  
Enzymatic Pathways ◽  
Made In

Understanding the molecular mechanisms of retroviral assembly has been a decades-long endeavor. With the recent discovery of inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) acting as an assembly co-factor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), great strides have been made in retroviral research. In this review, the enzymatic pathways to synthesize and metabolize inositol phosphates (IPs) relevant to retroviral assembly are discussed. The functions of these enzymes and IPs are outlined in the context of the cellular biology important for retroviruses. Lastly, the recent advances in understanding the role of IPs in retroviral biology are surveyed.

The Role of the Endothelium in Premature Atherosclerosis: Molecular Mechanisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 1041-1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Spartalis ◽  
Eleftherios Spartalis ◽  
Antonios Athanasiou ◽  
Stavroula A. Paschou ◽  
Christos Kontogiannis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Number Of Genes ◽  
Causes Of Mortality ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Made In

Atherosclerotic disease is still one of the leading causes of mortality. Atherosclerosis is a complex progressive and systematic artery disease that involves the intima of the large and middle artery vessels. The inflammation has a key role in the pathophysiological process of the disease and the infiltration of the intima from monocytes, macrophages and T-lymphocytes combined with endothelial dysfunction and accumulated oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) are the main findings of atherogenesis. The development of atherosclerosis involves multiple genetic and environmental factors. Although a large number of genes, genetic polymorphisms, and susceptible loci have been identified in chromosomal regions associated with atherosclerosis, it is the epigenetic process that regulates the chromosomal organization and genetic expression that plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Despite the positive progress made in understanding the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the knowledge about the disease remains scarce.

scholarly journals From Capsids to Complexes: Expanding the Role of TRIM5α in the Restriction of Divergent RNA Viruses and Elements

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 446
Author(s):  
Kevin M. Rose ◽  
Stephanie J. Spada ◽  
Rebecca Broeckel ◽  
Kristin L. McNally ◽  
Vanessa M. Hirsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Hiv 1

An evolutionary arms race has been ongoing between retroviruses and their primate hosts for millions of years. Within the last century, a zoonotic transmission introduced the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1), a retrovirus, to the human population that has claimed the lives of millions of individuals and is still infecting over a million people every year. To counteract retroviruses such as this, primates including humans have evolved an innate immune sensor for the retroviral capsid lattice known as TRIM5α. Although the molecular basis for its ability to restrict retroviruses is debated, it is currently accepted that TRIM5α forms higher-order assemblies around the incoming retroviral capsid that are not only disruptive for the virus lifecycle, but also trigger the activation of an antiviral state. More recently, it was discovered that TRIM5α restriction is broader than previously thought because it restricts not only the human retroelement LINE-1, but also the tick-borne flaviviruses, an emergent group of RNA viruses that have vastly different strategies for replication compared to retroviruses. This review focuses on the underlying mechanisms of TRIM5α-mediated restriction of retroelements and flaviviruses and how they differ from the more widely known ability of TRIM5α to restrict retroviruses.

scholarly journals Rectal plasmablastic lymphoma in Ebstein Barr virus positive and human immunodeficiency virus negative subject after external radiation therapy for prostatic cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 659-661
Author(s):  
L Bricman ◽  
P Yengue ◽  
C Miscu ◽  
S Junius ◽  
F Waignein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Plasmablastic Lymphoma ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Ebstein Barr Virus ◽  
External Radiation Therapy ◽  
Negative Subject ◽  
Aggressive Subtype ◽  
Hiv Negative

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) represents a rare and aggressive subtype of diffuse large B cells lymphoma (DLBCL) most associated with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Prognosis remains poor despite various treatment approaches. We describe an evolution at six months of HIV negative PBL and Ebstein Barr virus (EBV) positive PBL with chemotherapy. Role of radiotherapy is still unclear.

scholarly journals Human Immunodeficiency Virus Inhibits Multilineage Hematopoiesis In Vivo

1998 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 5121-5127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasad S. Koka ◽  
John K. Fraser ◽  
Yvonne Bryson ◽  
Gregory C. Bristol ◽  
Grace M. Aldrovandi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Erythroid Differentiation ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Many ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals often exhibit multiple hematopoietic abnormalities reaching far beyond loss of CD4+ lymphocytes. We used the SCID-hu (Thy/Liv) mouse (severe combined immunodeficient mouse transplanted with human fetal thymus and liver tissues), which provides an in vivo system whereby human pluripotent hematopoietic progenitor cells can be maintained and undergo T-lymphoid differentiation and wherein HIV-1 infection causes severe depletion of CD4-bearing human thymocytes. Herein we show that HIV-1 infection rapidly and severely decreases the ex vivo recovery of human progenitor cells capable of differentiation into both erythroid and myeloid lineages. However, the total CD34+ cell population is not depleted. Combination antiretroviral therapy administered well after loss of multilineage progenitor activity reverses this inhibitory effect, establishing a causal role of viral replication. Taken together, our results suggest that pluripotent stem cells are not killed by HIV-1; rather, a later stage important in both myeloid and erythroid differentiation is affected. In addition, a primary virus isolated from a patient exhibiting multiple hematopoietic abnormalities preferentially depleted myeloid and erythroid colony-forming activity rather than CD4-bearing thymocytes in this system. Thus, HIV-1 infection perturbs multiple hematopoietic lineages in vivo, which may explain the many hematopoietic defects found in infected patients.

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