scholarly journals Vaccination into the Dermal Compartment: Techniques, Challenges, and Prospects

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Hettinga ◽  
Robert Carlisle
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Ablation ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Vaccination Site ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Chemical Enhancers ◽  
Humoral And Cellular Immunity ◽  
Current State ◽  
Opening Up

In 2019, an ‘influenza pandemic’ and ‘vaccine hesitancy’ were listed as two of the top 10 challenges to global health by the WHO. The skin is a unique vaccination site, due to its immune-rich milieu, which is evolutionarily primed to respond to challenge, and its ability to induce both humoral and cellular immunity. Vaccination into this dermal compartment offers a way of addressing both of the challenges presented by the WHO, as well as opening up avenues for novel vaccine formulation and dose-sparing strategies to enter the clinic. This review will provide an overview of the diverse range of vaccination techniques available to target the dermal compartment, as well as their current state, challenges, and prospects, and touch upon the formulations that have been developed to maximally benefit from these new techniques. These include needle and syringe techniques, microneedles, DNA tattooing, jet and ballistic delivery, and skin permeabilization techniques, including thermal ablation, chemical enhancers, ablation, electroporation, iontophoresis, and sonophoresis.

scholarly journals Two Decades of 4D-QSAR: A Dying Art or Staging a Comeback?

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 5212
Author(s):  
Andrzej Bak
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Conformation ◽  
Graphics Processing Unit ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Current State ◽  
Gpu Clusters ◽  
Pharmacophore Hypothesis ◽  
Rising Power ◽  
Graphics Processing ◽  
Ligand Conformation

A key question confronting computational chemists concerns the preferable ligand geometry that fits complementarily into the receptor pocket. Typically, the postulated ‘bioactive’ 3D ligand conformation is constructed as a ‘sophisticated guess’ (unnecessarily geometry-optimized) mirroring the pharmacophore hypothesis—sometimes based on an erroneous prerequisite. Hence, 4D-QSAR scheme and its ‘dialects’ have been practically implemented as higher level of model abstraction that allows the examination of the multiple molecular conformation, orientation and protonation representation, respectively. Nearly a quarter of a century has passed since the eminent work of Hopfinger appeared on the stage; therefore the natural question occurs whether 4D-QSAR approach is still appealing to the scientific community? With no intention to be comprehensive, a review of the current state of art in the field of receptor-independent (RI) and receptor-dependent (RD) 4D-QSAR methodology is provided with a brief examination of the ‘mainstream’ algorithms. In fact, a myriad of 4D-QSAR methods have been implemented and applied practically for a diverse range of molecules. It seems that, 4D-QSAR approach has been experiencing a promising renaissance of interests that might be fuelled by the rising power of the graphics processing unit (GPU) clusters applied to full-atom MD-based simulations of the protein-ligand complexes.

scholarly journals New Methods for Assessing Rapid Changes in Suicide Risk

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth D. Ballard ◽  
Jessica R. Gilbert ◽  
Christina Wusinich ◽  
Carlos A. Zarate
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Suicidal Thoughts ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Current State ◽  
Digital Phenotyping ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Assessment Strategies ◽  
Suicidal Thoughts And Behaviors

Rapid-acting interventions for the suicide crisis have the potential to transform treatment. In addition, recent innovations in suicide research methods may similarly expand our understanding of the psychological and neurobiological correlates of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. This review discusses the limitations and challenges associated with current methods of suicide risk assessment and presents new techniques currently being developed to measure rapid changes in suicidal thoughts and behavior. These novel assessment strategies include ecological momentary assessment, digital phenotyping, cognitive and implicit bias metrics, and neuroimaging paradigms and analysis methodologies to identify neural circuits associated with suicide risk. This review is intended to both describe the current state of our ability to assess rapid changes in suicide risk as well as to explore future directions for clinical, neurobiological, and computational markers research in suicide-focused clinical trials.

Historical analysis of the neural control of movement from the bedrock of animal experimentation to human studies

2004 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 1478-1485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter B. C. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Neural Control ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Animal Experimentation ◽  
Physical Sciences ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Magnetic Brain Stimulation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Neural Control Of Movement ◽  
Opening Up

The history of the investigation of the sensorimotor control of movement is outlined from its inception at the beginning of the 19th century. Particular emphasis is placed on the opening up of new possibilities by the development of new techniques, from chronophotography to magnetic brain stimulation, all of which have exploited developments in technology. Extrapolating from history, future advance in physiological understanding can be guaranteed to require seizing the new tools provided by the physical sciences and refining these to our particular need. The ever-present danger is that these are then deployed with triumphal optimism rather than critical doubt and earlier methods either jettisoned prematurely or used incautiously. The new techniques have enabled experimentation to become ever less intrusive, permitting a progressive shift from animal to human work, thereby offering the prospect of an increasing clinical reward.

Beyond OpenURL

2009 ◽  
pp. 1405-1419
Author(s):  
George Boston ◽  
Randle J. Gedeon
Keyword(s):  
Web 2.0 ◽  
Computer Technology ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Resource Discovery ◽  
Research Experience ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
General Overview ◽  
Information Professionals ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Opening Up

This chapter provides a general overview of the development and implementation of existing techniques for the reference linking of scholarly research materials, additionally, some of the new techniques designed for advanced linking are described. Also presented are several new technologies currently under development, with an eye toward enhancing resource discovery and the interlinking of resources. The progress of computer technology, the adoption of those technologies by the information consumer, and the implementation of Web 2.0 and Library 2.0 tools to existing resources have combined in opening up new avenues of linking previously isolated resources together. Information professionals must come to appreciate and apply these new techniques and in doing so will provide library patrons with a more user friendly and thorough research experience.

scholarly journals Engineered nanomaterials and human health: Part 1. Preparation, functionalization and characterization (IUPAC Technical Report)

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (8) ◽  
pp. 1283-1324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Gubala ◽  
Linda J. Johnston ◽  
Ziwei Liu ◽  
Harald Krug ◽  
Colin J. Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Engineered Nanomaterials ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Current State ◽  
Technical Report ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
To Come ◽  
Number Of Publications

Abstract Nanotechnology is a rapidly evolving field, as evidenced by the large number of publications on the synthesis, characterization, and biological/environmental effects of new nano-sized materials. The unique, size-dependent properties of nanomaterials have been exploited in a diverse range of applications and in many examples of nano-enabled consumer products. In this account we focus on Engineered Nanomaterials (ENM), a class of deliberately designed and constructed nano-sized materials. Due to the large volume of publications, we separated the preparation and characterisation of ENM from applications and toxicity into two interconnected documents. Part 1 summarizes nanomaterial terminology and provides an overview of the best practices for their preparation, surface functionalization, and analytical characterization. Part 2 (this issue, Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(8): 1325–1356) focuses on ENM that are used in products that are expected to come in close contact with consumers. It reviews nanomaterials used in therapeutics, diagnostics, and consumer goods and summarizes current nanotoxicology challenges and the current state of nanomaterial regulation, providing insight on the growing public debate on whether the environmental and social costs of nanotechnology outweigh its potential benefits.

Millimeterwave and Submillimeterwave Laboratory Spectroscopy in Support of Observational Astronomy

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna L. Widicus Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Far Infrared ◽  
Rotational Spectroscopy ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Observational Astronomy ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Current State ◽  
Acquisition Speed ◽  
Ir Astronomy

The recent advancements in far-infrared (far-IR) astronomy brought about by the Herschel, SOFIA, and ALMA observatories have led to technological advancements in millimeterwave and submillimeterwave laboratory spectroscopy that is used to support molecular observations. This review gives an overview of rotational spectroscopy and its relationship with observational astronomy, as well as an overview of laboratory spectroscopic techniques focusing on both historical approaches and new advancements. Additional topics discussed include production and detection techniques for unstable molecular species of astrochemical interest, data analysis approaches that address spectral complexity and line confusion, and the current state of and limitations to spectral line databases. Potential areas for new developments in this field are also reviewed. To advance the field, the following challenges must be addressed: ▪ Data acquisition speed, spectral sensitivity, and analysis approaches for complex mixtures and broadband spectra are the greatest limitations—and hold the greatest promise for advancement—in this field of research. ▪ Full science return from far-IR observatories cannot be realized until laboratory spectroscopy catches up with the data rate for observations. ▪ New techniques building on those used in the microwave and IR regimes are required to fill the terahertz gap.

scholarly journals Microneedle-Based Delivery: An Overview of Current Applications and Trends

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio José Guillot ◽  
Ana Sara Cordeiro ◽  
Ryan F. Donnelly ◽  
M. Carmen Montesinos ◽  
Teresa M. Garrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
Safety Data ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Systemic Effects ◽  
Subcutaneous Injections ◽  
Chemical Enhancers ◽  
Current State ◽  
Microneedle Arrays ◽  
Physical Treatments

Microneedle arrays (MNA) are considered as one of the most promising resources to achieve systemic effects by transdermal delivery of drugs. They are designed as a minimally invasive, painless system which can bypass the stratum corneum, overcoming the potential drawbacks of subcutaneous injections and other transdermal delivery systems such as chemical enhancers, nano and microparticles, or physical treatments. As a trendy field in pharmaceutical and biomedical research, its applications are constantly evolving, even though they are based on very well-established techniques. The number of molecules administered by MNA are also increasing, with insulin and vaccines administration being the most investigated. Furthermore, MNA are being used to deliver cells and applied in other organs and tissues like the eyes and buccal mucosae. This review intends to offer a general overview of the current state of MNA research, focusing on the strategies, applications, and types of molecules delivered recently by these systems. In addition, some information about the materials and manufacturing processes is presented and safety data is discussed.

Rhodium-Catalyzed Allylation Reactions

Synthesis ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (13) ◽  
pp. 2585-2631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahesh Bhagwan Thoke ◽  
Qiang Kang
Keyword(s):  
Natural Product ◽  
Memory Effect ◽  
Bond Formation ◽  
Allylic Substitution ◽  
Design And Development ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Current State ◽  
Drug Synthesis ◽  
Oxabicyclic Alkenes ◽  
Made In

Rhodium-catalyzed allylation reactions are well known for their unique selectivity and reactivity due to the high memory effect of Rh as compared to other metals. These reactions involve the substitution of allylic rhodium intermediates with a diverse range of different nucleophiles, leading to C–C and C–heteroatom bond formation. Modern organic chemists are, however, interested in atom-economical protocols under greener pathways and following recent increased understanding of mechanistic aspects of Rh-catalyzed allylation via the hydrofunctionalization of allenes or alkynes, great strides have made in the design and development of new atom-economical protocols. In this article, we review this field from its beginning to current state.1 Introduction2 Rhodium-Catalyzed Allylic Substitution3 Rhodium-Catalyzed Allylation with Allenes4 Rhodium-Catalyzed Allylation with Alkynes5 Rhodium-Catalyzed Allylation with Dienes6 Rhodium-Catalyzed Allylation by ARO of Oxabicyclic Alkenes7 Rhodium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Allylation in Natural Product and Drug Synthesis8 Conclusion

scholarly journals Nanotechnology-Based Cosmeceuticals

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alka Lohani ◽  
Anurag Verma ◽  
Himanshi Joshi ◽  
Niti Yadav ◽  
Neha Karki
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Personal Care ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Aesthetic Appeal ◽  
Care Industry ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Opening Up

Cosmeceuticals are the fastest growing segment of the personal care industry, and a number of topical cosmeceutical treatments for conditions such as photoaging, hyperpigmentation, wrinkles, and hair damage have come into widespread use. In the cosmeceutical arena nanotechnology has played an important role. Using new techniques to manipulate matter at an atomic or molecular level, they have been at the root of numerous innovations, opening up new perspectives for the future of cosmeceutical industry. Nanotechnology-based cosmeceuticals offer the advantage of diversity in products, and increased bioavailability of active ingredients and increase the aesthetic appeal of cosmeceutical products with prolonged effects. However increased use of nanotechnology in cosmeceuticals has raised concern about the possible penetration of nanoparticles through the skin and potential hazards to the human health. This review outlines the different nanoparticles used in various classes of cosmeceuticals, nanotechnology-based cosmeceutical products present in the market, and the potential risk caused by nanoparticles on exposure and recent regulatory steps taken to overcome them.

scholarly journals Understanding ENSO Diversity

2015 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 921-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonietta Capotondi ◽  
Andrew T. Wittenberg ◽  
Matthew Newman ◽  
Emanuele Di Lorenzo ◽  
Jin-Yi Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Current State ◽  
Global Impacts ◽  
Enso Diversity

Abstract El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a naturally occurring mode of tropical Pacific variability, with global impacts on society and natural ecosystems. While it has long been known that El Niño events display a diverse range of amplitudes, triggers, spatial patterns, and life cycles, the realization that ENSO’s impacts can be highly sensitive to this event-to-event diversity is driving a renewed interest in the subject. This paper surveys our current state of knowledge of ENSO diversity, identifies key gaps in understanding, and outlines some promising future research directions.

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