scholarly journals The Effect of Vaccination with Neospora caninum Live-Frozen Tachyzoites on Abortion Rates of Naturally Infected Pregnant Cows

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 401
Author(s):  
Monica L. Mazuz ◽  
Benjamin Leibovitz ◽  
Igor Savitsky ◽  
Elena Blinder ◽  
Daniel Yasur-Landau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
High Antibody ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽  
Attenuated Vaccine ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Caninum Tachyzoites

Neosporosis is a major cause of abortions in cattle worldwide. Recently a live attenuated vaccine showing promising results in preventing abortions, when administered at mid-pregnancy to seropositive cows, was developed. In this study, vaccination with 2 × 108 live frozen N. caninum tachyzoites (NcIs491) was used to immunize naturally infected seropositive pregnant dairy dams. The study was performed under field conditions in four herds, and a follow-up of three subsequent pregnancies was analyzed. A total of 1136 cows were serologically examined. Total seroprevalence was 41.4%, with 25.1% of the cows having titers of 1:800 or higher. Abortion rates were significantly higher in cows with high antibody titers (≥1:800) for two consecutive pregnancies. Vaccination was administered to 114 out of 285 cows with antibody titers higher than 1:800. Immunization resulted in lower abortion rates at three of the farms. Vaccine efficacy ranged from −19.8% to 75% at different farms, with overall efficacy of 28.4% in all four farms and overall efficacy of 58.2% in the three farms with positive results. Our results showed different vaccine efficacy in studied farms, suggesting that frozen live vaccination may generally be an effective method to control neosporosis in cattle.

Live attenuated vaccine efficacy six months after intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for Kawasaki disease

Vaccine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (39) ◽  
pp. 5680-5687
Author(s):  
Yoshihiko Morikawa ◽  
Hiroshi Sakakibara ◽  
Takahisa Kimiya ◽  
Toshimasa Obonai ◽  
Masaru Miura
Keyword(s):  
Kawasaki Disease ◽  
Intravenous Immunoglobulin ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Immunoglobulin Therapy ◽  
Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽  
Attenuated Vaccine

scholarly journals Can we predict antibody responses in SARS-CoV-2? A cohort analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Gaeddert ◽  
Philip Kitchen ◽  
Tobias Broger ◽  
Stefan Weber ◽  
Ralf Bartenschlager ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
High Antibody ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Median Increase ◽  
Antibody Titers

AbstractBackgroundAfter infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies and virus-specific neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) develop. This study describes antibody responses in a cohort of recovered COVID-19 patients to identify predictors.MethodsWe recruited patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection from Heidelberg, Germany. Blood samples were collected three weeks after COVID-19 symptoms ended. Participants with high antibody titers were invited for follow-up visits. IgG titers were measured by the Euroimmun Assay, and nAbs titers in a SARS-CoV-2 infection-based assay.Results281 participants were enrolled between April and August 2020 with IgG testing, 145 (51.6%) had nAbs, and 35 (12.5%) had follow-up. The median IgG optical density (OD) ratio was 3.1 (Interquartile range (IQR) 1.6-5.1), and 24.1% (35/145) had a nAb titer>1:80. Higher IgG titers were associated with increased age and more severe disease, and higher nAbs were associated with male gender and CT-value of 25-30 on RT-PCR at diagnosis. The median IgG OD ratio on follow-up was 3.7 (IQR 2.9-5.9), a median increase of 0.5 (IQR −0.3-1.7). Six participants with follow-up nAbs all had titers ≤ 1:80.ConclusionsWhile age and disease severity were correlated with IgG responses, predictive factors for nAbs in convalescent patients remain unclear.

Clinical relevance of serum natalizumab concentration and anti-natalizumab antibodies in multiple sclerosis

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 593-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anke Vennegoor ◽  
Theo Rispens ◽  
Eva MM Strijbis ◽  
Alexandra Seewann ◽  
Bernard MJ Uitdehaag ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
High Antibody ◽  
Natalizumab Treatment ◽  
Undetectable Serum ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Observational Cohort ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Background: Antibodies against natalizumab have been found in 4.5–14.1% of natalizumab-treated multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. If antibodies persist, they are associated with an adverse effect on treatment response. However, it has proved to be difficult to standardize anti-drug antibody measurements. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological impact of serum natalizumab concentrations and their relation with anti-natalizumab antibodies in MS patients. Methods: In this prospective observational cohort study of 73 consecutive patients treated with natalizumab, we measured serum natalizumab levels and antibody titers before the start of natalizumab treatment, at weeks 12 and 24 and annually after natalizumab initiation. Antibodies against natalizumab were measured by radioimmunoassay and serum natalizumab concentrations using a newly developed enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan and clinical evaluation were performed before the start of natalizumab treatment and subsequently every year. Results: Antibodies were detected in 58% of the natalizumab-treated patients. All patients developed their antibodies before week 24. The large majority of these patients reverted to neutralizing antibody (NAb) negative status during follow-up. The presence of antibodies was inversely correlated with serum natalizumab concentration ( p<0.001). Only high antibody titers are associated with very low or undetectable serum natalizumab concentration. Both high antibody titers and low serum natalizumab concentrations are associated with relapses and gadolinium-enhancing lesions on MRI. Conclusions: Our data show that both low natalizumab serum concentration and high antibody titers are associated with a lack of efficacy of natalizumab. Measuring serum natalizumab, using a highly specific assay, might lead to more enhanced precision using natalizumab in individual patients.

scholarly journals In Vitro and In Vivo Analyses of Constitutive and In Vivo-Induced Promoters in Attenuated Vaccine and Vector Strains ofVibrio cholerae

2000 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 1171-1175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manohar John ◽  
Thomas I. Crean ◽  
Stephen B. Calderwood ◽  
Edward T. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vaccine Strain ◽  
Antigen Expression ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽  
Attenuated Vaccine ◽  
In Vivo Expression ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Heterologous Antigens

ABSTRACT The optimal promoter for in vivo expression of heterologous antigens by live, attenuated vaccine vector strains of Vibrio cholerae is unclear; in vitro analyses of promoter activity may not accurately predict expression of antigens in vivo. We therefore introduced plasmids expressing the B subunit of cholera toxin (CtxB) under the control of a number of promoters into V. choleraevaccine strain Peru2. We evaluated the tac promoter, which is constitutively expressed in V. cholerae, as well as the in vivo-induced V. cholerae heat shock htpGpromoter and the in vivo-induced V. cholerae iron-regulatedirgA promoter. The functionality of all promoters was confirmed in vitro. In vitro antigenic expression was highest in vaccine strains expressing CtxB under the control of thetac promoter (2 to 5 μg/ml/unit of optical density at 600 nm [OD600]) and, under low-iron conditions, in strains containing the irgA promoter (5 μg/ml/OD600). We orally inoculated mice with the various vaccine strains and used anti-CtxB immune responses as a marker for in vivo expression of CtxB. The vaccine strain expressing CtxB under the control of thetac promoter elicited the most prominent specific anti-CtxB responses in vivo (serum immunoglobulin G [IgG], P≤ 0.05; serum IgA, P ≤ 0.05; stool IgA,P ≤ 0.05; bile IgA, P ≤ 0.05), despite the finding that the tac and irgApromoters expressed equivalent amounts of CtxB in vitro. Vibriocidal antibody titers were equivalent in all groups of animals. Our results indicate that in vitro assessment of antigen expression by vaccine and vector strains of V. cholerae may correlate poorly with immune responses in vivo and that of the promoters examined, thetac promoter may be best suited for expression from plasmids of at least certain heterologous antigens in such strains.

Short-Term Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide Therapy in Patients with Myasthenia Gravis: a Pilot Study to Possible Future Implications of Treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuela Onesti ◽  
Vittorio Frasca ◽  
Marco Ceccanti ◽  
Giorgio Tartaglia ◽  
Maria Cristina Gori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Myasthenia Gravis ◽  
Repetitive Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide ◽  
Open Pilot

Background: The cannabinoid system may be involved in the humoral mechanisms at the neuromuscular junction. Ultramicronized-palmitoylethanolamide (μm-PEA) has recently been shown to reduce the desensitization of Acetylcholine (ACh)-evoked currents in denervated patients modifying the stability of ACh receptor (AChR) function. <p> Objective: To analyze the possible beneficial effects of μm-PEA in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) on muscular fatigue and neurophysiological changes. <p> Method: The duration of this open pilot study, which included an intra-individual control, was three weeks. Each patient was assigned to a 1-week treatment period with μm-PEA 600 mg twice a day. A neurophysiological examination based on repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) of the masseteric and the axillary nerves was performed, and the quantitative MG (QMG) score was calculated in 22 MG patients every week in a three-week follow-up period. AChR antibody titer was investigated to analyze a possible immunomodulatory effect of PEA in MG patients. <p> Results: PEA had a significant effect on the QMG score (p=0.03418) and on RNS of the masseteric nerve (p=0.01763), thus indicating that PEA reduces the level of disability and decremental muscle response. Antibody titers did not change significantly after treatment. <p> Conclusion: According to our observations, μm-PEA as an add-on therapy could improve muscular response to fatigue in MG. The possible modulation of AChR currents as a means of eliciting a direct effect from PEA on the conformation of ACh receptors should be investigated. The co-role of cytokines also warrants an analysis. Given the rapidity and reversibility of the response, we suppose that PEA acts directly on AChR, though further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.

scholarly journals Macrolide-Resistant and Macrolide-Sensitive Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia in Children Treated Using Early Corticosteroids

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1309
Author(s):  
Hye Young Han ◽  
Ki Cheol Park ◽  
Eun-Ae Yang ◽  
Kyung-Yil Lee
Keyword(s):  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
Serological Test ◽  
Corticosteroid Treatment ◽  
23S Rrna ◽  
Laboratory Parameters ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Domain V ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Pneumonia

We have found that early corticosteroid therapy was effective for reducing morbidity during five Korea-wide epidemics. We evaluated the clinical and laboratory parameters of 56 children who received early corticosteroid treatment for pneumonia that was caused by macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) or macrolide-sensitive M. pneumoniae between July 2019 and February 2020. All subjects had dual positive results from a PCR assay and serological test, and received corticosteroids within 24–36 h after admission. Point mutation of residues 2063, 2064, and 2067 was identified in domain V of 23S rRNA. The mean age was 6.8 years and the male:female ratio was 1.2:1 (31:25 patients). Most of the subjects had macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae (73%), and all mutated strains had the A2063G transition. No significant differences in clinical and laboratory parameters were observed between macrolide-resistant and macrolide-sensitive M. pneumoniae groups that were treated with early dose-adjusted corticosteroids. Higher-dose steroid treatment may be needed for patients who have fever that persists for >48 h or increased biomarkers such as lactate dehydrogenase concentration at follow-up despite a usual dose of steroid therapy.

scholarly journals Anti-HPV16 Antibody Titers Prior to an Incident Cervical HPV16/31 Infection

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1548
Author(s):  
Ana Gradissimo ◽  
Viswanathan Shankar ◽  
Fanua Wiek ◽  
Lauren St. Peter ◽  
Yevgeniy Studentsov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Incident Detection ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Circulating Antibodies ◽  
Prospective Association ◽  
Nested Case Control ◽  
Incident Cases

The goal of this study was to investigate the serological titers of circulating antibodies against human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 (anti-HPV16) prior to the detection of an incident HPV16 or HPV31 infection amongst vaccinated participants. Patients were selected from a prospective post-HPV vaccine longitudinal cohort at Mount Sinai Adolescent Health Center in Manhattan, NY. We performed a nested case–control study of 43 cases with incident detection of cervical HPV16 (n = 26) or HPV31 (n = 17) DNA who had completed the full set of immunizations of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine (4vHPV). Two control individuals whom had received three doses of the vaccine (HPV16/31-negative) were selected per case, matched on age at the first dose of vaccination and follow-up time in the study: a random control, and a high-risk control that was in the upper quartile of a sexual risk behavior score. We conducted an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies specific to anti-HPV16 virus-like particles (VLPs). The results suggest that the average log antibody titers were higher among high-risk controls than the HPV16/31 incident cases and the randomly selected controls. We show a prospective association between anti-HPV16 VLP titers and the acquisition of an HPV16/31 incident infection post-receiving three doses of 4vHPV vaccine.

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