scholarly journals Determination of Micropollutants in Water Samples from Swimming Pool Systems

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Lempart ◽  
Edyta Kudlek ◽  
Mariusz Dudziak
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Selected Ion Monitoring ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
Available Information

The present study investigated the occurrence of selected micropollutants, including emerging contaminants from a group of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water samples from swimming pool systems. The study area was selected based on the lack of available information regarding suspected contamination of swimming pool water by PPCPs. The variety and concentration of chemical compounds in these aquatic systems can be quite diversified, presenting a challenge in terms of both purification and quality control. Determination of PPCPs requires very sensitive analytical methods that make it possible to confirm the presence of tested compounds in a complex organic extract. In this field, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) can be used. With this system, selected ion monitoring can be performed, which reduces the detection limits of the investigated analyte. This paper aims to present an analytical method and strategy that can be adapted to obtain information on the composition of water in swimming pool systems. The sample preparation methodology, including Solid Phase Extraction, has been developed for the trace determination of two pharmaceuticals—caffeine, carbamazepine—and one sunscreen constituent—benzophenone-3—in swimming pool water samples.

scholarly journals Chromatographic Methods for the Determination of a Broad Spectrum of UV Filters in Swimming Pool Water

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samia MOKH ◽  
Rania NASSAR ◽  
Aitika BERRY ◽  
Samah DOUMIATI ◽  
Mariam TAHA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Detection Sensitivity ◽  
Uv Filters ◽  
Ionization Source ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
By Products

Abstract This paper describes an analytical approach based on Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) followed by analysis using liquid and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry detectors for a simultaneous determination of 18 organic UV filters from water samples. Extraction method parameters were optimized: 250 ml of water sample loaded on Chromo-Bond C18 cartridges after adjustment to pH 4 and then eluted with acetonitrile. The mobile phase, the parameters of the mass spectrometer, as well as those of the ionization source were tested to enhance detection sensitivity. During method validation, the extracted target compounds showed good recoveries (> 68%) with acceptable values in terms of repeatability (CVr) and reproducibility (CVR), that were lower than 20%. The validated method was applied to different real water samples collected from different swimming pools located in Lebanon where nine UV filters among the eighteen targets compounds were detected at concentrations up to 1500 µg/L in some samples. Padimate-O and Octocrylene were detected frequently. This study represents the first available data on the occurrence of UV filter residues in swimming pool in Lebanon opening hence future perspectives to evaluate their degradation by-products and their toxicity on human health and marine ecosystem.

scholarly journals Perchlorate Levels in Polish Water Samples of Various Origin

Separations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Przemysław Niziński ◽  
Patrycja Wiśniewska ◽  
Joanna Kończyk ◽  
Rajmund Michalski
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Reliable Determination ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

Perchlorate ion (ClO4−) is known as a potent endocrine disruptor and exposure to this compound can result in serious health issues. It has been found in drinking water, swimming pools, and surface water in many countries, however, its occurrence in the environment is still poorly understood. The information on perchlorate contamination of Polish waters is very limited. The primary objective of this study was to assess ClO4− content in bottled, tap, river, and swimming pool water samples from different regions of Poland and provide some data on the presence of perchlorate. We have examined samples of bottled, river, municipal, and swimming pool water using the IC–CD (ion chromatography–conductivity detection) method. Limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.43 µg/L and 1.42 µg/L, respectively, and they were both above the current health advisory levels in drinking water. The concentration of perchlorate were found to be 3.12 µg/L in one river water sample and from 6.38 to 8.14 µg/L in swimming pool water samples. Importantly, the level of perchlorate was below the limit of detection (LOD) in all bottled water samples. The results have shown that the determined perchlorate contamination in Polish drinking waters seems to be small, nevertheless, further studies are required on surface and river samples. The inexpensive, fast, and sensitive IC–CD method used in this study allowed for a reliable determination of perchlorate in the analyzed samples. To the best of our knowledge, there are no other studies seeking to assess the perchlorate content in Polish waters.

Simultaneous Determination of Alachlor, Metolachlor, Atrazine, and Simazine in Water and Soil by Isotope Dilution Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

1989 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Q Huang
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Simultaneous Determination ◽  
Isotope Dilution ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Selected Ion Monitoring ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

Abstract A multiresidue method was developed for the simultaneous determination of low parts per billion (ppb) concentrations of the herbicides alachlor, metolachlor, atrazine, and simazine in water and soil using isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Known amounts of 15N,13C-alachlor and 2H5-atrazine were added to each sample as internal standards. The samples were then prepared by a solid phase extraction with no further cleanup. A high resolution GC/low resolution MS system with data acquisition in selected ion monitoring mode was used to quantitate herbicides in the extract. The limit of detection was 0.05 ppb for water and 0.5 ppb for soil. Accuracy greater than 80% and precision better than 4% was demonstrated with spiked samples.

scholarly journals Variability of residual chlorine in swimming pool water and determination of chlorine consumption for maintaining hygienic safety of bathers with a simple mass balance model

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-236
Author(s):  
Alvyn P. Berg ◽  
Ting-An Fang ◽  
Hao L. Tang
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Mass Balance Model ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

Abstract Trial-and-error chlorination as a conventional practice for swimming pool water disinfection may fail to consistently maintain the pool's residual chlorine within regulatory limits. This study explored the variability of residual chlorine and other common water quality parameters of two sample swimming pools and examined the potential of using a mass balance model for proactive determination of chlorine consumption to better secure the hygienic safety of bathers. A lightly loaded Pool 1 with a normalized bather load of 0.038 bather/m3/day and a heavily loaded Pool 2 with a normalized bather load of 0.36 bather/m3/day showed great variances in residual free and combined chlorine control by trial-and-error methods due to dynamic pool uses. A mass balance model based on chemical and physical chlorine consumption mechanisms was found to be statistically valid using field data obtained from Pool 1. The chlorine consumption per capita coefficient was determined to be 4120 mg/bather. The predictive method based on chlorine demand has a potential to be used as a complementary approach to the existing trial-and-error chlorination practices for swimming pool water disinfection. The research is useful for pool maintenance to proactively determine the required chlorine dosage for compliance of pool regulations.

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