scholarly journals A Review of Cost Estimates for Flood Adaptation

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen Aerts
Keyword(s):  
Unit Cost ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Construction Costs ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Cost Estimates ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Riverine Systems ◽  
Flood Adaptation

Floods are the most devastating of global natural disasters, and flood adaptation measures are needed to reduce future risk. Researchers have started to evaluate the costs and benefits of flood adaptation, but information regarding the cost of different flood adaptation measures is often not available or is hidden in non-peer-reviewed literature. Recent review studies have explored cost estimates for different aspects of flood adaptation, such as nature-based solutions. This study aims to contribute empirical data regarding the cost of flood adaptation by compiling peer-reviewed literature and research reports. The focus is on construction costs and expenses for operation and maintenance. This paper integrates the unit cost information of six main flood adaptation measure categories: (1) the flood-proofing of buildings, (2) flood protection, (3) beach nourishment and dunes, (4) nature-based solutions for coastal ecosystems, (5) channel management and nature-based solutions for riverine systems, and (6) urban drainage. Cost estimates are corrected for inflation and converted to U.S. dollars (2016). Measures are described, and cost figures for both developed and developing countries are provided. The results of this study can be used as input for economic-assessment studies on flood adaptation measures.

scholarly journals Calculation of Unit Cost School Information System Development using ABC (Activity Based Costing) Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 307-313
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fahson Hakim ◽  
Ahmad Sirojun Nuha ◽  
Widya Aini Lathifah ◽  
M. Ainul Yaqin
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
System Development ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Cost Calculation ◽  
Activity Based Costing ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Management Concepts ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost

In developing an information system the school must determine a strategy in its development. Look for managers who are reliable in making decisions that are oriented to reliable development. One of the proper management concepts is cost accuracy. Accuracy of charging costs on cost objects is very important for users of cost information. Beside the accuracy, it is also needed to find out the cost per unit needed in the information system. This is intended to have a price benchmark for the development of information systems in the future. In this study the unit cost calculation uses the ABC (Activity Based Costing) method which emphasizes the cost calculation for the activities involved. The allocation of costs is based on salary data from trusted institutions, namely the Pedoman Standard Minimal 2019 by INKINDO. The results of this study get a total cost value of 18.407.082,00while the cost of each complexity is 5,301.00 with the standard cost of procurement of goods and services issued by the government and several survey institutions.

scholarly journals First steps towards price transparency: comparability of online out-of-pocket tools from Australian private health funds

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 347
Author(s):  
Kelsey Chalmers ◽  
Adam G. Elshaug ◽  
Shaun Larkin
Keyword(s):  
Claims Data ◽  
Private Insurance ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Cost Estimates ◽  
Price Transparency ◽  
Online Tools ◽  
Procedure Cost ◽  
Insurance Funds ◽  
Health Insurance Funds ◽  
The Cost

Objective The aims of this study were to compare and contrast the information three Australian private health insurance funds (HCF, Bupa and Medibank) have provided on their online out-of-pocket cost tools and to consider the implications this has for price transparency in Australia. Methods Website data were downloaded from HCF, Bupa and Medibank on 18 February 2019. The information and statistics provided on these pages were reviewed, and the procedures compared across funds if their pages had referred to the same Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) item(s). Information was extracted regarding descriptions of the claims data used, the types of statistics provided, the out-of-pocket estimates, the total procedure cost, the MBS items referenced and the assumptions the funds described on their pages. Results HCF specified the MBS items used to select the claims data for their estimates, whereas Bupa and Medibank only referred to common MBS items associated with the procedures. On average, HCF had 1.44 more MBS items listed than Bupa and 2.08 more than Medibank. The funds organised procedures differently, such as HCF providing separate cost estimates for vaginal, abdominal and keyhole hysterectomy compared with Medibank’s single estimate for hysterectomy costs. Conclusions These funds have started to address the need for transparent out-of-pocket cost information, but the differences across these pages demonstrate complexities and the potential obfuscation of cost data. What is known about the topic? Out-of-pocket costs are highly variable and patient ‘bill shock’ is an increasing concern in Australia. Private insurance funds have created online tools to share procedure cost estimates based on their claims data. What does this paper add? This is the first review of Australian insurance funds’ price transparency tools. The cost information is difficult to interpret both within funds (for members) and across funds (for the system). What are the implications for practitioners? Policy makers will need to consider the complexities and presentation options for cost estimates within the health system if they move ahead with a public price transparency tool. There is still a requirement for cost information that can facilitate price shopping across providers and funders.

Information Requirements for Cost Estimating in the Automotive Industry

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajkumar Roy ◽  
Petros Souchoroukov ◽  
Harri S. Koponen
Keyword(s):  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Cost Estimating ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Information Requirements ◽  
Cost Estimates ◽  
Market Competitiveness ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Product Costs

The automotive companies operate in a very competitive market. Competitiveness requires controlling product costs, and cost estimation is an important activity for this. Cost estimation requires quality information but the conducted research found several issues that hinder this activity, namely a lack of resources and information acquiring and validation difficulties. Data and Information requirements are a major issue in cost estimating. Research in cost estimating mainly focus on improving techniques and methodologies. There is a need to investigate the data and information requirements and corresponding sources of information for cost estimating. These issues have led to the extensive use of expert judgement. Experienced cost estimators use a variety of information resources and cost elements to create a cost estimate, and this causes communication issues. Better information is needed for both creating sound cost estimates and increasing understanding of these created cost estimates. This paper proposes a novel idea, an information infrastructure for automotive cost estimation to address the issue. The constructed Infrastructure provides relevant cost information needed to develop sound and robust cost estimates using a webportal design. It defines in depth the necessary cost information, explains why it is used and gives details where to find it and how to validate it. The research increases understanding of the cost estimation information requirements for the automotive industry.

scholarly journals Perhitungan Unit Cost Pengembangan Sistem Informasi Pondok Pesantren Dengan Metode ABC (Activity Based Costing)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ainul Yaqin ◽  
Muhammad Bagus Wicaksono ◽  
Derida Elfraim Falahian ◽  
Eryan Rachman Hakim
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
System Development ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Boarding Schools ◽  
Quantitative Approach ◽  
Cost Calculation ◽  
Activity Based Costing ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Management Concepts ◽  
The Cost

The purpose of this study is to describe and calculate the unit cost in developing the information system for Islamic boarding schools. This research uses a descriptive-quantitative approach. Data collection methods are observation and documentation. The descriptive approach in this study is used to analyze and interpret the data from observations and documentation that have been collected, while the quantitative approach in this study is used to explain the nominal unit cost calculation using the ABC (Activity Based Costing) method. In every development of an information system, the costs required are quite a lot and have several complex parameters, so that one of the management concepts is needed, namely cost accuracy. This becomes important for users of cost information to determine the cost effectiveness used by each unit as well as a reference price in further information system development, in this case the cost of developing an information system for Islamic boarding schools. The method we use in calculating unit costs is ABC (Activity Based Costing), where the calculation system charges costs for each activity involved before calculating product costs. The number of activities in developing a software or information system makes this method suitable to be applied in cost accuracy. The standard benchmark for the cost of procuring goods and services in this study is in accordance with government regulations and several observations, while the amount of salary costs follows the 2019 Minimum Standard Guidelines issued by INKINDO (National Association of Indonesian Consultants). The results of this study show that in developing the information system for Islamic boarding schools, the total cost required is Rp. 79,100,000.00 with a unit cost of Rp. 17,673,607.35.

scholarly journals Producing Standardized Country-Level Immunization Delivery Unit Cost Estimates

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 995-1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison Portnoy ◽  
Kelsey Vaughan ◽  
Emma Clarke-Deelder ◽  
Christian Suharlim ◽  
Stephen C. Resch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Unit Cost ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Cost Category ◽  
Delivery Cost ◽  
Cost Estimates ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Delivery Costs ◽  
Delivery Unit ◽  
Childhood Vaccines ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background To plan for the financial sustainability of immunization programs and make informed decisions to improve immunization coverage and equity, decision-makers need to know how much these programs cost beyond the cost of the vaccine. Non-vaccine delivery cost estimates can significantly influence the cost-effectiveness estimates used to allocate resources at the country level. However, many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) do not have immunization delivery unit cost estimates available, or have estimates that are uncertain, unreliable, or old. We undertook a Bayesian evidence synthesis to generate country-level estimates of immunization delivery unit costs for LMICs. Methods From a database of empirical immunization costing studies, we extracted estimates of the delivery cost per dose for routine childhood immunization services, excluding vaccine costs. A Bayesian meta-regression model was used to regress delivery cost per dose estimates, stratified by cost category, against a set of predictor variables including country-level [gross domestic product per capita, reported diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis third dose coverage (DTP3), population, and number of doses in the routine vaccination schedule] and study-level (study year, single antigen or programmatic cost per dose, and financial or economic cost) predictors. The fitted prediction model was used to generate standardized estimates of the routine immunization delivery cost per dose for each LMIC for 2009–2018. Alternative regression models were specified in sensitivity analyses. Results We estimated the prediction model using the results from 29 individual studies, covering 24 countries. The predicted economic cost per dose for routine delivery of childhood vaccines (2018 US dollars), not including the price of the vaccine, was $1.87 (95% uncertainty interval $0.64–4.38) across all LMICs. By individual cost category, the programmatic economic cost per dose for routine delivery of childhood vaccines was $0.74 ($0.26–1.70) for labor, $0.26 ($0.08–0.67) for supply chain, $0.22 ($0.06–0.57) for capital, and $0.65 ($0.20–1.66) for other service delivery costs. Conclusions Accurate immunization delivery costs are necessary for assessing the cost-effectiveness and strategic planning needs of immunization programs. The cost estimates from this analysis provide a broad indication of immunization delivery costs that may be useful when accurate local data are unavailable.

scholarly journals Should consumers request cost transparency?

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (11/12) ◽  
pp. 1961-1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonis C. Simintiras ◽  
Yogesh K Dwivedi ◽  
Geetanjali Kaushik ◽  
Nripendra P. Rana
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Choice ◽  
Consumer Satisfaction ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Price Fairness ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cost Transparency ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Conceptual Work

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose that consumer choice be guided by price fairness judgements to increase consumer satisfaction and subsequently enhance market efficiency. Consumers en masse lack the information to judge price fairness, thereby causing their ability to influence the economy to be overlooked. Design/methodology/approach – This is an argumentative and conceptual work that aims to initiate a debate on this important yet unexplored issue. The arguments presented in the paper are based on economic and technological considerations. Findings – The measure for enabling a consumer price fairness judgement is unit cost information – the cost incurred by a firm to produce a product and/or service. The benefits and challenges stemming from the availability of unit cost information (i.e. cost transparency) to consumers and companies are presented and the likely impact of cost transparency on addressing information asymmetries between buyers and sellers are discussed. Originality/value – Although a significant body of knowledge exists on issues such as price transparency and how it is driven and enabled by the growth of the Internet, there is little or no evidence of research yet on issues related to cost transparency. The authors believe this work would create a new line of research for scholarly community leading to an impact on practice.

scholarly journals A GIS-MCE based model for forest road planning

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 171-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Abdi ◽  
B. Majnounian ◽  
A. Darvishsefat ◽  
Z. Mashayekhi ◽  
J. Sessions
Keyword(s):  
Planning Process ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Construction Costs ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Multi Criteria Evaluation ◽  
Suitability Map ◽  
Road Planning ◽  
The Cost

One of the cost factors in forest management is the development of road infrastructure. The objective of study was to develop a method using GIS and Multi-criteria Evaluation (MCE) to design a forest road network with the lowest construction cost while maintaining other technical requirements. Six road alternatives meeting technical requirements were developed using PEGGER. Then MCE was used to evaluate the construction costs of the candidate networks. The decision making group identified six factors as being relevant to the costs of forest roads. Then factors were compared in a pair-wise comparison, in the context of the Analytic Hierarchy Process to develop weights of map layers. Then weights and factors were entered into the MCE module to create a final suitability map. The total cost of each alternative was extracted from the suitability map and the unit cost of each alternative was calculated. The results showed that alternatives one and two had the highest and lowest unit costs, respectively. The results illustrated the utility of using GIS and MCE to improve the planning process.

scholarly journals PROBLEMS IN FORMING COST ESTIMATES FOR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 179-186
Author(s):  
Sergey Oparin ◽  
Nikolay Chepachenko ◽  
Marina Yudenkо
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Construction Costs ◽  
Cost Estimates ◽  
Construction Companies ◽  
Construction Organizations ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Competitive Pricing

Problems of forming cost estimates for the construction industry is relevant in Russia, where many construction organizations face the issue of a current pricing system that does not consider new technologies in construction. This leads to underestimations of costs in construction and limits opportunity for competitive pricing between construction companies. This article aims to provide recommendations for improving reliability in calculating construction costs and enhance efficiencies in capital investments by construction participants. The article provides an analysis of the existing system of pricing in construction, and the peculiarities of the system of pricing in both Russia and the United States. Results indicate the need for expediency in applying certain provisions of the foreign system into that of Russia’s for determining the cost of construction. These measures would help minimize the presence of contractors in the construction market who do not actually perform the construction and installation work on their own, and to achieve the desired level of profitability of 8 to 10%.

scholarly journals Economics of zoonoses surveillance in a ‘One Health’ context: an assessment ofCampylobactersurveillance in Switzerland

2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (6) ◽  
pp. 1148-1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. BABO MARTINS ◽  
J. RUSHTON ◽  
K. D. C. STÄRK
Keyword(s):  
One Health ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
The Public ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The One

SUMMARYCross-sectorial surveillance and general collaboration between the animal and the public health sectors are increasingly recognized as needed to better manage the impacts of zoonoses. From 2009, the Swiss established aCampylobactermitigation system that includes human and poultry surveillance data-sharing within a multi-sectorial platform, in a ‘One Health’ approach. The objective of this study was to explore the economics of this cross-sectorial approach, including surveillance and triggered interventions. Costs and benefits of the One Health and of the uni-sectorial approach toCampylobactersurveillance were identified using an economic assessment framework developed earlier. Cost information of surveillance activities and interventions was gathered and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) associated with the disease estimated for 2008 and 2013. In the first 5 years of this One Health approach toCampylobactermitigation, surveillance contributed with information mainly used to perform risk assessments, monitor trends and shape research efforts onCampylobacter. There was an increase in costs associated with the mitigation activities following integration, due mainly to the allocation of additional resources to research and implementation of poultry surveillance. The overall burden of campylobacteriosis increased by 3·4–8·8% to 1751–2852 DALYs in 2013. In the timing of the analysis, added value associated with this cross-sectorial approach to surveillance ofCampylobacterin the country was likely generated through non-measurable benefits such as intellectual capital and social capital.

scholarly journals Effects of Height and Plan Geometry on the Costs of Tunnel Form Residential Buildings

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
Zeynep Yeşim İlerisoy ◽  
Mehmet Emin Tuna
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Design Phase ◽  
Construction Costs ◽  
Housing Projects ◽  
The Cost

Tunnel form systems, which are industrialised construction systems developed in the last century, are widely used in reinforced concrete projects. Accurate determination of the costs of the building properties in the design phases of construction with the tunnel form system can lead to lower construction costs. The purpose of this study is to examine the cost variations resulting from changes in geometrical characteristics of buildings in the architectural design phase. The research was carried out on residential projects, which have the biggest share in the construction sector. Six housing projects with different plan geometries were designed, and these projects were examined for nine different numbers of floors. The study aims to reveal the extent to which both the plan shape and the number of floors influence the building costs. During the design phase, recommendations are given for reducing the building costs and finding the optimal form. It has been shown that tunnel form projects are not cost-effective in low-rise buildings and after a certain height. Furthermore, when different geometries are examined, the most economical cost is obtained in square form, and the cost increases as the two dimensions in plan plane move away from each other. As a result, the data obtained from this study will provide a better assessment of the relationship between building properties and unit cost in buildings constructed with tunnel form systems.

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